Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second...

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SECOND EDITION

Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement

CRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

SECOND EDITION

ED ITED BYJohn G. WebsterHalit Eren

Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement

MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion Date: 20130725

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4889-0 (eBook - PDF)

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v

Contents

Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv

Editors���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii

Contributors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xix

Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

� 1� Measurements,�Instrumentation,�and�Sensors...................................................1-1Halit.Eren

� 2� Characteristics�of�Instrumentation.....................................................................2-1John.R..Hansman,.Jr.

� 3� Operational�Modes�of�Instrumentation..............................................................3-1Richard.S..Figliola

� 4� Static�and�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrumentation................................. 4-1Peter.H..Sydenham

� 5� Measurement�Accuracy.........................................................................................5-1Ronald.H..Dieck

� 6� Development�of�Standards................................................................................... 6-1Halit.Eren

� 7� Measurement�Standards........................................................................................7-1DeWayne.B..Sharp

� 8� Calibrations�in�Instrumentation�and�Measurements....................................... 8-1Halit.Eren

� 9� Intelligent�Sensors�and�Instruments....................................................................9-1Halit.Eren

�10� Virtual�Instruments.............................................................................................10-1David.Potter.and. Halit.Eren

vi Contents

�11� Fail-Safe�Instruments�and�Devices.................................................................... 11-1Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro.Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano

�12� Dynamic�Error�Measurements�of�Force�Sensors..............................................12-1Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii

Part II Spatial Variables

�13� Thickness�Measurement......................................................................................13-1John.C..Brasunas,.G..Mark.Cushman,.and.Brook.Lakew

�14� Distance�Measurement........................................................................................14-1W..John.Ballantyne

�15� Altitude�Measurement.........................................................................................15-1Dimitris.E..Manolakis

�16� Attitude�Measurement.........................................................................................16-1Mark.A..Stedham,.Partha.P..Banerjee,.Seiji.Nishifuji,.and.Shogo.Tanaka

�17� Inertial�Navigation............................................................................................... 17-1Halit.Eren

�18� Level�Measurement...............................................................................................18-1Detlef.Brumbi

�19� Area�Measurement...............................................................................................19-1Charles.B..Coulbourn.and.Wolfgang.P..Buerner

�20� Volume�Measurement......................................................................................... 20-1René.G..Aarnink.and.Hessel.Wijkstra

�21� Tilt�Measurement................................................................................................. 21-1Adam.Chrzanowski.and.James.M..Secord

�22� Proximity�Sensing�for�Robotics..........................................................................22-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.Ben.Benhabib,.A..Bonen,.and K.C..Smith

Part III Displacement

�23� Resistive�Displacement�Sensors..........................................................................23-1Keith.Antonelli,.James.Ko,.and.Shyan.Ku

�24� Inductive�Displacement�Sensors........................................................................ 24-1Halit.Eren

�25� Capacitive�Sensors:�Displacement,�Humidity,�Force.......................................25-1Halit.Eren

�26� Piezoelectric�Sensors�and�Transducers............................................................ 26-1Ahmad.Safari,.Victor.F..Janas,.Amit Bandyopadhyay,.and.Andrei.Kholkine

�27� Laser�Interferometer�Displacement�Sensor....................................................... 27-1Bernhard.Günther.Zagar

viiContents

�28� Bore-Gaging�Displacement�Sensors.................................................................. 28-1Viktor.P..Astakhov

�29� Ultrasonic�Displacement�Sensors.......................................................................29-1Nils.Karlsson.and.Ole.Pedersen

�30� Optical�Encoder�Displacement�Sensors............................................................ 30-1J.R..René.Mayer

�31� Magnetic�Displacement�Sensors......................................................................... 31-1David.S..Nyce

�32� Synchro/Resolver�Displacement�Sensors...........................................................32-1Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr..and.David.Dayton

�33� Optical�Fiber�Displacement�Sensors..................................................................33-1Richard.O..Claus,.Vikram.Bhatia,.and.Anbo.Wang

�34� Optical�Beam�Def lection�Sensors..................................................................... 34-1Grover.C..Wetsel

�35� Velocity�Measurement.........................................................................................35-1Charles.P..Pinney.and.William.E..Baker

Part IV Mechanical Variables

�36� Acceleration,�Vibration,�and�Shock�Measurement......................................... 36-1Halit.Eren

�37� Strain�Measurement............................................................................................. 37-1Christopher S..Lynch

�38� Tactile�Sensing......................................................................................................38-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.A..Bonen,.K.C..Smith,.and.Ben.Benhabib

�39� Pressure�Measurement.........................................................................................39-1Kevin.H.L..Chau

�40� Vacuum�Measurement........................................................................................ 40-1Ron.Goehner,.Emil.Drubetsky,.Howard.M..Brady,.and.William.H..Bayles,.Jr.

�41� Force�Measurement.............................................................................................. 41-1M.A..Elbestawi

�42� Angle�Measurement.............................................................................................42-1Robert.J..Sandberg

�43� Mass,�Weights,�and�Instrumentation............................................................... 43-1Emil.Hazarian

�44� Torque�and�Power�Measurement....................................................................... 44-1Ivan.J..Garshelis

�45� Density�Measurement......................................................................................... 45-1Halit.Eren

viii Contents

�46� Fluid�Viscosity�Measurement............................................................................ 46-1R.A..Secco,.M..Kostic,.and.J.R..deBruyn

�47� Surface�Tension�Measurement............................................................................ 47-1David.B..Thiessen.and.Kin.F..Man

Part V acoustics

�48� Acoustic�Measurement........................................................................................ 48-1Per.Rasmussen

�49� Ultrasound�Measurement....................................................................................49-1Peder.C..Pedersen

Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity

�50� Capillary-Type�Mass�Flow�Meter...................................................................50-1Reza.Pakdaman.Zangabad.and.Manouchehr Bahrami

�51� Differential�Pressure�Flowmeters....................................................................... 51-1Richard.Thorn

�52� Variable�Area�Flowmeters...................................................................................52-1Adrian.Melling,.Herbert.Köchner,.and.Reinhard.Haak

�53� Positive�Displacement�Flowmeters.....................................................................53-1Zaki.D..Husain.and.Donald.J..Wass

�54� Turbine�and�Vane�Flowmeters........................................................................... 54-1David.Wadlow

�55� Impeller�Flowmeters............................................................................................55-1Harold.M..Miller

�56� Electromagnetic�Flowmeters.............................................................................. 56-1Halit.Eren

�57� Ultrasonic�Flowmeters......................................................................................... 57-1Hans-Peter.Vaterlaus,.Thomas.Hossle,.Paolo.Giordano,.and.Christophe.Bruttin

�58� Vortex-Shedding�Flowmeters..............................................................................58-1Wade.M..Mattar.and.James.H..Vignos

�59� Thermal�Anemometry.........................................................................................59-1Jugal.K..Agarwal.and.John.G..Olin

�60� Coriolis�Effect�Mass�Flowmeters....................................................................... 60-1Jesse.Yoder

�61� Drag�Force�Flowmeters........................................................................................ 61-1Rekha.Philip-Chandy,.Roger.Morgan,.and.Patricia J. Scully

ixContents

�62� Pitot�Probe�Anemometer.....................................................................................62-1John.A..Kleppe

�63� Thermal�Dispersion�Mass�Flow�Meters.............................................................63-1John.G..Olin

�64� Laser�Anemometry.............................................................................................. 64-1Rajan.K..Menon

Part VII thermal and temperature Measurement

�65� Temperature�Measurements,�Scales,�and�Calibrations...................................65-1Franco.Pavese

�66� Thermal�Conductivity�Measurement............................................................... 66-1William.A. Wakeham.and.Marc.J..Assael

�67� Heat�Flux................................................................................................................ 67-1Thomas.E..Diller

�68� Resistive�Thermometers..................................................................................... 68-1Jim.Burns

�69� Thermistor�Thermometers..................................................................................69-1Rod.White.and.Meyer.Sapoff

�70� Thermocouple�Thermometry..............................................................................70-1R.P..Reed

�71� Semiconductor�Junction�Thermometers........................................................... 71-1Randy.Frank

�72� Noncontact�Thermometers.................................................................................72-1Jacob.Fraden

�73� Pyroelectric�Detectors�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������73-1Jacob.Fraden

�74� Liquid-in-Glass�Thermometers..........................................................................74-1Rod.White.and.J.V..Nicholas

�75� Manometric�Thermometers................................................................................75-1Franco.Pavese

�76� Temperature�Indicators.......................................................................................76-1Jan.Stasiek,.Tolestyn.Madaj,.and.Jaroslaw.Mikielewicz

�77� Fiber-Optic�Thermometers.................................................................................77-1Brian.Culshaw

�78� Thermal�Imaging..................................................................................................78-1Herbert.M..Runciman

x Contents

�79� Calorimetry�Measurement..................................................................................79-1Sander.van.Herwaarden.and.Elina.Iervolino

Part VIII radiation

�80� Radioactivity�Measurement............................................................................... 80-1Bert.M..Coursey

�81� Radioactivity�Detectors........................................................................................... 81-1Larry.A..Franks,.Ralph.B..James,.and.Larry.S..Darken

�82� Charged-Particle�Measurement..........................................................................82-1John.C..Armitage,.Madhu.S..Dixit,.Jacques Dubeau,.Hans.Mes,.and.F..Gerald.Oakham

�83� Neutron�Measurement.........................................................................................83-1Steven.M..Grimes

�84� Dosimetry�Measurement.................................................................................... 84-1Brian.L..Justus,.Mark.A..Miller,.and.Alan.L..Huston

Part IX Wireless Instrumentation

�85� Wireless�Instrumentation....................................................................................85-1J.P..Carmo.and.J.H..Correria

�86� Wireless�Sensor�Node�Hardware....................................................................... 86-1Michael.Healy,.Thomas.Newe,.and.Elfed.Lewis

�87� Mobile�Instrumentation�with�Wireless�Design�and�Implementation...........87-1Frederick Fortson.and.Kenneth.Johnson

�88� Powering�Autonomous�Sensors�......................................................................... 88-1Manel.Gasulla,.Maria.Teresa.Penella,.and.Oscar Lopez-Lapeña

�89� Wireless�Sensing�Technology..............................................................................89-1Gregory.C..Willden,.Ben.A..Abbott,.and.Ronald T. Green

�90� Telemetry.............................................................................................................. 90-1Albert.Lozano-Nieto

Part X Control and Human Factors

�91� PID�Control��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91-1F..Greg.Shinskey

�92� Optimal�Control�and�the�Software���������������������������������������������������������������92-1Halit.Eren

�93� Electropneumatic�and�Electrohydraulic�Instruments:�Modeling����������������93-1M..Pachter.and.C.H..Houpis

xiContents

�94� Explosion-Proof�Instruments�����������������������������������������������������������������������94-1Sam.S..Khalilieh

�95� Measurement�and�Identification�of�DC�Brush�and�Brushless�Stepping Motors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95-1Stuart.Schweid,�Robert.Lofthus,.and.John.McInroy

�96� Human�Factors�in�Displays���������������������������������������������������������������������������96-1Jeffrey.D..Onken,.Barrett.S..Caldwell,.and.Steven A. Murray

Appendix:.Units.and.Conversions........................................................ Appendix-1B.W..Petley

Index............................................................................................................. Index-1

xiii

Preface

Introduction

The�second�edition�of�The.Measurement,. Instrumentation,.and.Sensors.Handbook� comes� in� two�vol-umes��This�edition�reflects�the�current�state�of�the�art�in�measurement,�instrumentation,�and�sensors��In�this�two-volume�set,�all�chapters�have�been�updated,�and�40�new�chapters�have�been�included�to�provide�the�finest�possible�reference�that�is�both�concise�and�useful�for�engineers�practicing�in�industry,�scien-tists�and�engineers�involved�in�R&D,�designers,�college�and�university�personnel�and�students,�as�well�as�managers,�together�with�many�others�who�are�involved�in�instrumentation�and�measurement�design�and�applications�

The�handbook�covers�an�extensive�range�of�topics�that�comprise�the�subject�of�measurement,�instru-mentation,�and�sensors��It�describes�the�use�of�instruments�and�techniques�for�practical�measurements�required�in�engineering,�physics,�chemistry,�environmental�science,�and�the�life�sciences��It�also�explains�sensors,�techniques,�hardware,�and�the�associated�software��The�handbook�includes�information�pro-cessing�systems,�automatic�data�acquisition,�reduction�and�analysis,�operation�characteristics,�accuracy,�errors,�calibrations,�standards,�and�their�incorporation�for�control�purposes��Emphasis�is�given�on�mod-ern�intelligent�instruments�and�techniques,�wireless�network�operations,�human�factors,�and�modern�display�methods,�as�well�as�virtual�instruments�

The�chapters�include�descriptive�information�for�professionals,�students,�and�workers�interested�in�measurement��They�include�equations�to�assist�engineers�and�scientists�who�seek�to�discover�applica-tions�and�solve�problems�that�arise�in�fields�not�in�their�specialty��They�also�include�specialized�informa-tion�needed�by�informed�specialists�who�seek�to�learn�advanced�applications�of�the�subject,�evaluative�opinions,� and� possible� areas� for� future� study�� Thus,� the� handbook� serves� the� reference� needs� of� the�broadest�group�of�users—from�the�advanced�high-school�science�student�to�industrial�and�university�professionals�

Organization

In� this�edition,� the�first�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,� for�a� total�of�96�chapters��written�by�experts�in�their�areas�� It�concentrates�on�concepts� in�instrumentation�and�measurements,�spatial�variable�measurement,�displacement�measurement,�mechanical�variable�measurement,�acous-tics,� flow� and� spot� velocity,� thermal� and� temperature� measurement,� and� radiation�� It� reflects� recent�trends�in�instrumentation�and�measurements�with�the�addition�of�a�new�part�on�wireless�instrumenta-tion��Concepts�in�control�systems�and�human�factors�are�given�as�a�separate�part�

The�second�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,�for�a�total�of�96�chapters�written�by�experts�in�their�areas�as�in�volume�1��It�concentrates�on�sensors�and�sensor�technology,�electric�variable�measurement,�electromagnetic�variables,�time�and�frequency,�optical�measurement,�chemical�variables,�

xiv Preface

medical,�biomedical�and�health,�and�environmental�measurement��Signal�processing,�and�displays�and�recorders�constitute�the�last�two�parts�of�this�volume�

Locating Your topic

To�find�out�how�to�measure�a�given�variable,�skim�the�table�of�contents,�turn�to�that�section,�and�find�the�chapters�that�describe�different�methods�of�making�the�measurement��Consider�the�alternative�methods�of�making�the�measurement�and�each�of�their�advantages�and�disadvantages��Select�a�method,�sensor,�and�signal�processing�method��Many�chapters�list�a�number�of�vendors�to�contact�for�more�information��You�can�also�visit�http://www�globalspec�com/�to�obtain�a�list�of�vendors�

For� more� detailed� information,� consult� the� index,� since� certain� principles� of� measurement� may�appear�in�more�than�one�chapter�

MATLAB®�is�a�registered�trademark�of�The�MathWorks,�Inc��For�product�information,�please�contact:

The�MathWorks,�Inc�3�Apple�Hill�DriveNatick,�MA�01760-2098,�USATel�:�508-647-7000Fax:�508-647-7001E-mail:�info@mathworks�comWeb:�www�mathworks�com

John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors

xv

Acknowledgments

We�would�like�to�thank�all�the�authors�for�their�valuable�contribution�toward�this�two-volume�set�book��We�appreciate�the�time�and�effort�devoted�by�all�our�new�authors�and�those�authors�who�went�an�extra�mile�to�revise�and�update�their�chapters��We�are�grateful�to�the�CRC�Press�team�for�their�encouragement�to�prepare�this�second�edition��The�publication�of�this�book�would�not�have�been�possible�without�their�tireless�dedication�in�putting�it�together��Last�but�not�least,�we�would�like�to�thank�all�our�readers�in�selecting�this�book�for�advancing�their�knowledge�and�technical�skills�

John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors

xvii

Editors

John.G..Webster�received�his�BEE�from�Cornell�University,�Ithaca,�New�York,�in�1953,�and�his�MSEE�and�PhD�from�the�University�of�Rochester,�Rochester,�New�York,�in�1965�and�1967,�respectively�

He�is�professor�emeritus�of�biomedical�engineering�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin–Madison��He�is�a�highly�cited�researcher�at�King�Abdulaziz�University,�Jeddah,�Saudi�Arabia�� In�the�field�of�medical�instrumentation,� he� teaches� undergraduate� and� graduate� courses� and� does� research� on� intracranial�pressure�monitors,�ECG�dry�electrodes,�and�tactile�vibrators�

Dr��Webster� is� the�author�of�Transducers.and.Sensors,.an. IEEE/EAB. Individual. Learning.Program�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE,�1989)��He�is�the�coauthor,�with�B��Jacobson,�of�Medicine.and.Clinical.Engineering�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1977)�and,�with�R��Pallas-Areny,�of�Sensors.and.Signal.Conditioning,�Second� Edition� (New� York:� Wiley,� 2001),� and� Analog. Signal. Conditioning� (New� York:� Wiley,� 1999)��He�is�the�editor�of�Encyclopedia.of.Medical.Devices.and.Instrumentation,�Second�Edition�(New�York:�Wiley,�2006),�Tactile.Sensors.for.Robotics.and.Medicine�(New�York:�Wiley,�1988),�Electrical.Impedance.Tomography�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1990),�Teaching.Design.in.Electrical.Engineering�(Piscataway,�NJ:�Educational�Activities�Board,�IEEE,�1990),�Prevention.of.Pressure.Sores:.Engineering.and.Clinical.Aspects�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1991),�Design.of.Cardiac.Pacemakers�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE�Press,�1995),� Design. of. Pulse. Oximeters� (Bristol,� U�K�:� IOP� Publishing,� 1997),� Medical. Instrumentation:.Application. and. Design,� Fourth� Edition� (Hoboken� NJ:� Wiley,� 2010),� Encyclopedia. of. Electrical. and.Electronics.Engineering�(New�York,�Wiley,�1999),�Minimally.Invasive.Medical.Technology�(Bristol,�U�K�:�IOP�Publishing,�2001),�and�Bioinstrumentation�(Hoboken�NJ:�Wiley,�2004)��He�is�the�coeditor,�with�A��M��Cook,�of�Clinical.Engineering:.Principles.and.Practices�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1979)�and�Therapeutic.Medical.Devices:.Application.and.Design�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1982),�with�W��J��Tompkins�of�Design.of.Microcomputer-Based.Medical.Instrumentation�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1981)�and�Interfacing.Sensors.to.the.IBM.PC�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice�Hall,�1988),�and,�with�A��M��Cook,�W�J��Tompkins,�and�G��C��Vanderheiden,�of�Electronic.Devices.for.Rehabilitation�(London,�U�K�:�Chapman�&�Hall,�1985)�

Dr��Webster�has�been�a�member�of�the�IEEE-EMBS�Administrative�Committee�and�the�NIH�Surgery�and�Bioengineering�Study�Section��He�is�a�fellow�of�the�Institute�of�Electrical�and�Electronics�Engineers,�the�Instrument�Society�of�America,�the�American�Institute�of�Medical�and�Biological�Engineering,�the�Biomedical� Engineering� Society,� and� the� Institute� of� Physics��He� is� the� recipient� of� the� IEEE� EMBS�Career�Achievement�Award�

Halit.Eren�received�his�BEng�in�1973,�MEng�in�1975,�and�PhD�in�1978�from�the�University�of�Sheffield,�United�Kingdom��He�obtained�an�MBA�from�Curtin�University�in�1999�

After�his�graduation,�Dr��Eren�worked�in�Etibank�(a�mining�and�metallurgy�company�in�Turkey)�as�an�instrumentation�engineer�for�two�years��He�was�an�assistant�professor�at�Hacettepe�University�in�1980–1981�and�Middle�East�Technical�University�in�1982��He�has�been�at�Curtin�University�since�

xviii Editors

1983,� researching� and� teaching� primarily� in� the� areas� of� control� systems,� instrumentation,� and�engineering�management�

Dr��Eren�was�appointed�as�visiting�associate�professor�at�the�Polytechnic�University�in�Hong�Kong�in�2004�and�is�currently�a�visiting��professor�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin,�USA��He�is�a�senior�member�of�IEEE,�taking�roles�in�Region�10�activities,�various�committees�for�organizing�conferences,�and�as�a�mem-ber�of�editorship�in�transactions��Dr��Eren�has�over�180�publications�in�conference�proceedings,�books,�and�transactions��He�is�the�author�of�Electronic.Portable.Instruments—Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2004)�and�Wireless.Sensors.and.Instruments—Networks,.Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2006)��He�has�coedited,�with�Bela�Liptak,�Instruments.Engineers’.Handbook—Process.Software.and.Digital.Networks,�Vol��3,�edn��4�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2011)��He�is�involved�in�writing�a�number�of�books�in�the�field�of� instrumentation�and�measurement��Dr��Eren�is�active� in�researching�and�publishing�on�intelligent�sensors,�wireless�instrumentation,�wireless�sensor�networks,�automation�and�control�systems,�and�very�large�control�systems�

xix

René.G..AarninkUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands

Ben.A..AbbottSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Jugal.K..AgarwalTSI,�Inc�Shoreview,�Minnesota

Keith.AntonelliKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Colombia,�Canada

John.C..ArmitageOttawa–Carleton�Institute�for�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

Marc.J..Assael.Faculty�of�Chemical�EngineeringDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringAristotle�University�of�ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece

Viktor.P..Astakhov.Astakhov�Tool�ServiceRochester�Hills,�Michigan

Manouchehr.BahramiUniversity�of�TabrizTabriz,�Iran

William.E..BakerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�New�MexicoAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico

W..John.BallantyneDepartment�of�Systems�EngineeringSpar�Aerospace�Ltd�Brampton,�Ontario,�Canada

Amit.BandyopadhyayDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�

EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Partha.P..BanerjeeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama

William.H..Bayles,.Jr.The�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Ben.BenhabibDepartment�of�Mechanical�and�Industrial�

EngineeringUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Vikram.BhatiaVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

A..BonenUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Contributors

xx Contributors

Howard.M..BradyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

John.C..BrasunasGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

Detlef.BrumbiKrohne�Messtechnik�GmbHDuisburg,�Germany

Christophe.BruttinRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

Wolfgang.P..BuernerLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California

Jim.BurnsBurns�Engineering,�Inc�Minnetonka,�Minnesota

Barrett.S..CaldwellPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana

J.P..CarmoDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal

Kevin.H.L..ChauMicromachined�Products�DivisionAnalog�Devices,�Inc�Cambridge,�Massachusetts

Adam.ChrzanowskiUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada

Richard.O..ClausBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

J.H..CorreriaDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal

Charles.B..CoulbournLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California

Bert.M..CourseyIonizing�Radiation�DivisionPhysics�LaboratoryNational�Institute�of�Standards�and�

TechnologyGaithersburg,�Maryland

Brian.CulshawDepartment�of�Electronic�and�Electrical�

EngineeringUniversity�of�StrathclydeGlasgow,�England

G..Mark.CushmanGoddard�Space�Flight CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�

AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

Larry.S..DarkenOxford�Instruments,�Inc�Oak�Ridge,�Tennessee

David.DaytonILC�Data�Device�Corp�Bohemia,�New�York

J.R..deBruynUniversity�of�Western�OntarioDeKalb,�Illinois

Ronald.H..DieckPratt�&�WhitneyandRon�Dieck�Associates,�Inc�Palm�Beach�Gardens,�Florida

Thomas.E..DillerVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

Madhu.S..DixitCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

xxiContributors

Emil.DrubetskyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Jacques.DubeauCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

M.A..ElbestawiDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringMcMaster�UniversityHamilton,�Ontario,�Canada

Halit.ErenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringCurtin�UniversityPerth,�Western�Australia,�Australia

Giuseppe.FazioDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

and

Isatel�Ltd�Moscow,�Russia

Richard.S..FigliolaDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringClemson�UniversityClemson,�South�Carolina

Frederick.FortsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan

Jacob.FradenFraden�CorporationSan�Diego,�California

Randy.FrankRandy�Frank�&�Associates,�LtdScottsdale,�Arizona

and

Motorola,�Inc�Phoenix,�Arizona

Larry.A..FranksSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California

Yusaku.FujiiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

Ivan.J..GarshelisMagnova,�Inc�Pittsfield,�Massachusetts

Manel.GasullaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

Mauro.GiaconiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Paolo.GiordanoRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

Ron.GoehnerThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Ronald.T..GreenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Steven.M..GrimesDepartment�of�Physics�and�AstronomyOhio�UniversityAthens,�Ohio

Reinhard.HaakUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

John.R..Hansman,.Jr.Department�of�Aeronautics�and�AstronauticsMassachusetts�Institute�of�TechnologyCambridge,�Massachusetts

xxii Contributors

Emil.HazarianMaster�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramandBachelor�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramCalifornia�State�University,�Dominguez�HillsCarson,�California

and

ANSI-ASQ�National�Accreditation�BoardACLASSAlexandria,�Virginia

Michael.HealyUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

Sander.van.HerwaardenXensor�IntegrationDelft,�the�Netherlands

Thomas.HossleRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

C.H..HoupisAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio

Zaki.D..HusainDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Bellaire,�Texas

Alan.L..HustonNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr.Howell�Electric�MotorsPlainfield,�New�Jersey

Elina.IervolinoXensor�Integration

Ralph.B..JamesSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California

Victor.F..JanasCenter�for�Ceramic�ResearchRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Kenneth.JohnsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan

Brian.L..JustusDepartment�of�Optical�ScienceNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Nils.KarlssonDepartment�of�Sensor�and�EW�SystemsSwedish�Defence�Research�AgencyLinköping,�Sweden

Sam.S..KhaliliehDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringEarth�TechGrand�Rapids,�Michigan

Andrei.KholkineRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

John.A..KleppeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Biomedical�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Nevada,�RenoReno,�Nevada

James.KoKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada

Herbert.KöchnerUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

M..KosticNorthern�Illinois�UniversityDeKalb,�Illinois

Shyan.KuKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada

Brook.LakewGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

xxiiiContributors

Elfed.LewisUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

Robert.LofthusXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York

Oscar.Lopez-LapeñaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

Albert.Lozano-NietoPenn�State�UniversityLehman,�Pennsylvania

Christopher.S..LynchDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringGeorgia�TechAtlanta,�Georgia

Tolestyn.MadajTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland

Kin.F..ManJet�Propulsion�LaboratoryCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California

Dimitris.E..ManolakisAlexander�Technological�Education�Institute�

of ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece

Wade.M..MattarThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts

J.R..René.MayerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringEcole�Polytechnique�de�MontrealMontreal,�Quebec,�Canada

John.McInroyDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringUniversity�of�WyomingLaramie,�Wyoming

Adrian.MellingUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

Rajan.K..MenonLaser�Velocimetry�ProductsTSI�Inc�St��Paul,�Minnesota

Hans.MesCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

Jaroslaw.MikielewiczInstitute�of�Fluid�Flow�MachineryGdansk,�Poland

Harold.M..MillerData�Industrial�CorporationMattapoisett,�Massachusetts

Mark.A..MillerNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Roger.MorganSchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

Steven.A..MurrayUniversity�of�San�DiegoSan�Diego,�California

Thomas.NeweUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

J.V..NicholasTemperature�Standards�SectionMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�

New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand

Seiji.NishifujiDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�

EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan

David.S..NyceRevolution�Sensor�CompanyCary,�North�Carolina

xxiv Contributors

F..Gerald.OakhamCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

John.G..OlinSierra�Instruments,�Inc�Monterey,�California

Jeffrey.D..OnkenPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana

M..PachterAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio

Reza.Pakdaman.ZangabadFaculty�of�Engineering�and�Natural�SciencesSabanci�UniversityIstanbul,�Turkey

Franco.PaveseThermodynamic�DivisionNational�Institute�of�Meterology�ResearchTurin,�Italy

Ole.PedersenDepartment�of�Science�and�TechnologyLinköping�UniversityLinköping,�Sweden

Peder.C..PedersenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringWorcester�Polytechnic�InstituteWorcester,�Massachusetts

Maria.Teresa.PenellaUrbiotica�S�L�Barcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

B.W..PetleyCentre�for�Basic,�Thermal�and�Length�MetrologyNational�Physical�LaboratoryLondon,�England

Rekha.Philip-ChandySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

Charles.P..PinneyPinney�Technologies,�Inc�Albuquerque,�New�Mexico

David.PotterNational�InstrumentsAustin,�Texas

Davide.QuatriniItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Per.RasmussenG�R�A�S��Sound�and�VibrationVedback,�Denmark

R.P..ReedProteun�ServicesAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico

Herbert.M..RuncimanPilkington�OptronicsScotland,�United�Kingdom

Ricardo.E..SaadHarmonics�LightwavesSunnyvale,�California

Ahmad.SafariDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Adelio.SalsanoItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Robert.J..SandbergDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�Wisconsin–MadisonMadison,�Wisconsin

Meyer.SapoffMS�ConsultantsPrinceton,�New�Jersey

xxvContributors

Stuart.SchweidXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York

Patricia.J..ScullySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

R.A..SeccoUniversity�of�Western�OntarioLondon,�Ontario,�Canada

James.M..SecordDepartment�of�Geodesy�and�Geomatics�

EngineeringUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada

DeWayne.B..SharpShape�of�ThingsSan�Luis�Obispo,�California

F..Greg.ShinskeyProcess�Control�ConsultantNorth�Sandwich,�New�Hampshire

K.C..SmithUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Jan.StasiekDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland

Mark.A..StedhamDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama

Peter.H..SydenhamUniversity�of�South�AustraliaMawsons�Lakes,�South�Australia,�Australia

Akihiro.TakitaDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

Shogo.TanakaDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�

EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan

Jin.TaoDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

David.B..ThiessenCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California

Richard.ThornSchool�of�EngineeringUniversity�of�DerbyDerby,�United�Kingdom

Hans-Peter.VaterlausDepartment�of�InstrumentRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

James.H..VignosThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts

David.WadlowSensors�Research�Consulting,�Inc�Basking�Ridge,�New�Jersey

William.A..WakehamDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringImperial�College,�LondonLondon,�England

Anbo.WangBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

Donald.J..WassDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Houston,�Texas

Grover.C..WetselErik�Jonsson�School�of�Engineering�

and Computer�ScienceUniversity�of�Texas�at�DallasRichardson,�Texas

xxvi Contributors

Rod.WhiteTemperature�Standards�SectionCallaghan�InnovationMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�

New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand

Hessel.WijkstraUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands

Gregory.C..WilldenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Jesse.YoderFlow�Research,�Inc�Wakefield,�Massachusetts

and

Automation�Research�CorporationDedham,�Massachusetts

Bernhard.Günther.ZagarDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GrazGraz,�Austria

I-1

IInstrumentation and Measurement Concepts

. 1. Measurements,.Instrumentation,.and.Sensors. Halit.Eren..............................................1-1Introduction� •� Measurements� •� 1�3� Instruments� •� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments� •� Sensors�and�Transducers� •� Instrumentation�and�Networks� •� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments� •� Application�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers

. 2. Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. John.R..Hansman,.Jr............................................... 2-1Simple�Instrument�Model� •� Bibliography

. 3. Operational.Modes.of.Instrumentation. Richard.S..Figliola............................................ 3-1Null�Instrument� •� Deflection�Instrument� •� Analog�and�Digital�Sensors� •� Analog�and�Digital�Readout�Instruments� •� Input�Impedance� •� Defining�Terms� •� Further�Information

. 4. Static.and.Dynamic.Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. Peter.H..Sydenham............. 4-1Static�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Calibration�of�Measurements� •� References

. 5. Measurement.Accuracy. Ronald.H..Dieck........................................................................... 5-1Error:�The�Normal�Distribution�and the�Uniform�Distribution� •� Measurement�Uncertainty�Model� •� Calculation�of�Expanded�Uncertainty� •� Summary� •� Defining�Terms� •� References� •� Further�Information

. 6. Development.of.Standards. Halit.Eren................................................................................ 6-1Introduction� •� Standard�Organizations� •� Development�of�Standards� •� Obtaining�and�Using�Standards� •� Examples�of�Standards� •� Software�Standards� •� Bibliography

. 7. Measurement.Standards. DeWayne.B..Sharp......................................................................7-1Historical�Perspective� •� What�Are�Standards?� •� Conceptual�Basis�of�Measurements� •� Need�for�Standards� •� Types�of�Standards� •� Numbers,�Dimensions,�and�Units� •� Multiplication�Factors� •� Conversions�of�Units� •� Examples�of�Defining�Terms� •� Bibliography

I-2 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

. 8. Calibrations.in.Instrumentation.and.Measurements. Halit.Eren.................................. 8-1Introduction� •� Errors�and�Uncertainties�in�Calibrations� •� Benefits�of�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Procedure�and�Personnel� •� Calibration�Methods� •� Laboratories�and�Institutions� •� Calibration�Software�Support� •� Cost�of�Calibrations� •� Trends�in�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Calibration�Service�and�Software�Providers

. 9. Intelligent.Sensors.and.Instruments. Halit.Eren............................................................... 9-1Introduction� •� Intelligent�Sensors� •� The�IEEE�1451�Standard� •� Communications�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Plug-and-Play�Capability� •� Applications�and�Examples�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Intelligent�Instruments� •� Examples�of�Intelligent�Instruments�� •� References� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Manufacturers/Suppliers

. 10. Virtual.Instruments. David.Potter.and.Halit.Eren.......................................................... 10-1Introduction� •� Virtual�Instrument�Architecture� •� Virtual Instrument�Software� •�Supervisory�Control�and�Data�Acquisition� •� Conclusions� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of Suppliers

. 11. Fail-Safe.Instruments.and.Devices. Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano.....................................................................................11-1Introduction� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�Relevant�Features� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�In-Depth�Example� •� Case�Study:�Level�1�ERTMS� •� Summary� •� References

. 12. Dynamic.Error.Measurements.of.Force.Sensors. Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii............................................................................................................................ 12-1Introduction� •� Problems�and�Solutions�of�Dynamic�Calibrations� •� Evaluation�of�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Force�Sensors� •� Impulse�Response� •� Oscillation�Response� •� Conclusions� •� References

1-1

1.1 Introduction

Measurement� is� a� process� of� gathering� information� from� a� physical� world� and� comparing� this�information� with� agreed� standards�� As� highlighted� in� this� chapter� and� discussed� in� detail� in�this book,�measurements�are�essential�activities�for�observing�and�testing�scientific�and�technologi-cal�investigations�

Measurements�are�carried�out�by�using� instruments,�which�are�designed�and�manufactured� to�fulfill� specific� tasks�� Sensors� are� used� as� the� primary� elements� in� instruments� to� respond� to� the�physical� variable� under� investigation�� In� this� book,� a� diverse� range� of� sensors� and� instruments�are�discussed;�the�advances�and�the�recent�developments� in�measurements,� instrumentation,�and��sensors�are�introduced�in�the�proceeding�sections�and�chapters�

In�many�applications,�many�sensors�and�instruments�are�used�to�collect�information�about�the�pro-cess�under� investigation��These� instruments� are�connected� together�using� wired,�optical,�or�wireless�networks��The�details�of�the�supporting�hardware�and�software�technologies�behind�these�networks�are�discussed�extensively�

1Measurements,

Instrumentation, and Sensors

1�1� Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-11�2� Measurements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-21�3� Instruments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-2

Design�of�Instruments� •� Testing�and�Use�of Instruments� •� �Response�and�Drift� •� Accuracy�and�Errors� •� Error�Reduction� •� Calibration�of�Instruments

1�4� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments����������������������������������������������������� 1-6Analog�Instruments� •� Digital�Instruments

1�5� Sensors�and�Transducers������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-7Smart�Sensors� •� Wireless�and�Autonomous�Sensors�and Instruments

1�6� Instrumentation�and�Networks������������������������������������������������������1-101�7� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments���������������������������1-111�8� Application�Examples��������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-12Bibliography������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-13Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers���������������������������������������������������������1-14

Halit ErenCurtin University

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