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Page 1: Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second ...preview.kingborn.net/1207000/06bd83cf723645ecae0cd8313a74f069.pdf · This book contains information obtained from authentic
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SECOND EDITION

Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement

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CRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

SECOND EDITION

ED ITED BYJohn G. WebsterHalit Eren

Measurement, Instrumentation, and SensorsHandbookSpatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement

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MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion Date: 20130725

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4889-0 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

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v

Contents

Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv

Editors���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii

Contributors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xix

Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

� 1� Measurements,�Instrumentation,�and�Sensors...................................................1-1Halit.Eren

� 2� Characteristics�of�Instrumentation.....................................................................2-1John.R..Hansman,.Jr.

� 3� Operational�Modes�of�Instrumentation..............................................................3-1Richard.S..Figliola

� 4� Static�and�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrumentation................................. 4-1Peter.H..Sydenham

� 5� Measurement�Accuracy.........................................................................................5-1Ronald.H..Dieck

� 6� Development�of�Standards................................................................................... 6-1Halit.Eren

� 7� Measurement�Standards........................................................................................7-1DeWayne.B..Sharp

� 8� Calibrations�in�Instrumentation�and�Measurements....................................... 8-1Halit.Eren

� 9� Intelligent�Sensors�and�Instruments....................................................................9-1Halit.Eren

�10� Virtual�Instruments.............................................................................................10-1David.Potter.and. Halit.Eren

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vi Contents

�11� Fail-Safe�Instruments�and�Devices.................................................................... 11-1Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro.Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano

�12� Dynamic�Error�Measurements�of�Force�Sensors..............................................12-1Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii

Part II Spatial Variables

�13� Thickness�Measurement......................................................................................13-1John.C..Brasunas,.G..Mark.Cushman,.and.Brook.Lakew

�14� Distance�Measurement........................................................................................14-1W..John.Ballantyne

�15� Altitude�Measurement.........................................................................................15-1Dimitris.E..Manolakis

�16� Attitude�Measurement.........................................................................................16-1Mark.A..Stedham,.Partha.P..Banerjee,.Seiji.Nishifuji,.and.Shogo.Tanaka

�17� Inertial�Navigation............................................................................................... 17-1Halit.Eren

�18� Level�Measurement...............................................................................................18-1Detlef.Brumbi

�19� Area�Measurement...............................................................................................19-1Charles.B..Coulbourn.and.Wolfgang.P..Buerner

�20� Volume�Measurement......................................................................................... 20-1René.G..Aarnink.and.Hessel.Wijkstra

�21� Tilt�Measurement................................................................................................. 21-1Adam.Chrzanowski.and.James.M..Secord

�22� Proximity�Sensing�for�Robotics..........................................................................22-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.Ben.Benhabib,.A..Bonen,.and K.C..Smith

Part III Displacement

�23� Resistive�Displacement�Sensors..........................................................................23-1Keith.Antonelli,.James.Ko,.and.Shyan.Ku

�24� Inductive�Displacement�Sensors........................................................................ 24-1Halit.Eren

�25� Capacitive�Sensors:�Displacement,�Humidity,�Force.......................................25-1Halit.Eren

�26� Piezoelectric�Sensors�and�Transducers............................................................ 26-1Ahmad.Safari,.Victor.F..Janas,.Amit Bandyopadhyay,.and.Andrei.Kholkine

�27� Laser�Interferometer�Displacement�Sensor....................................................... 27-1Bernhard.Günther.Zagar

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viiContents

�28� Bore-Gaging�Displacement�Sensors.................................................................. 28-1Viktor.P..Astakhov

�29� Ultrasonic�Displacement�Sensors.......................................................................29-1Nils.Karlsson.and.Ole.Pedersen

�30� Optical�Encoder�Displacement�Sensors............................................................ 30-1J.R..René.Mayer

�31� Magnetic�Displacement�Sensors......................................................................... 31-1David.S..Nyce

�32� Synchro/Resolver�Displacement�Sensors...........................................................32-1Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr..and.David.Dayton

�33� Optical�Fiber�Displacement�Sensors..................................................................33-1Richard.O..Claus,.Vikram.Bhatia,.and.Anbo.Wang

�34� Optical�Beam�Def lection�Sensors..................................................................... 34-1Grover.C..Wetsel

�35� Velocity�Measurement.........................................................................................35-1Charles.P..Pinney.and.William.E..Baker

Part IV Mechanical Variables

�36� Acceleration,�Vibration,�and�Shock�Measurement......................................... 36-1Halit.Eren

�37� Strain�Measurement............................................................................................. 37-1Christopher S..Lynch

�38� Tactile�Sensing......................................................................................................38-1Ricardo.E..Saad,.A..Bonen,.K.C..Smith,.and.Ben.Benhabib

�39� Pressure�Measurement.........................................................................................39-1Kevin.H.L..Chau

�40� Vacuum�Measurement........................................................................................ 40-1Ron.Goehner,.Emil.Drubetsky,.Howard.M..Brady,.and.William.H..Bayles,.Jr.

�41� Force�Measurement.............................................................................................. 41-1M.A..Elbestawi

�42� Angle�Measurement.............................................................................................42-1Robert.J..Sandberg

�43� Mass,�Weights,�and�Instrumentation............................................................... 43-1Emil.Hazarian

�44� Torque�and�Power�Measurement....................................................................... 44-1Ivan.J..Garshelis

�45� Density�Measurement......................................................................................... 45-1Halit.Eren

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viii Contents

�46� Fluid�Viscosity�Measurement............................................................................ 46-1R.A..Secco,.M..Kostic,.and.J.R..deBruyn

�47� Surface�Tension�Measurement............................................................................ 47-1David.B..Thiessen.and.Kin.F..Man

Part V acoustics

�48� Acoustic�Measurement........................................................................................ 48-1Per.Rasmussen

�49� Ultrasound�Measurement....................................................................................49-1Peder.C..Pedersen

Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity

�50� Capillary-Type�Mass�Flow�Meter...................................................................50-1Reza.Pakdaman.Zangabad.and.Manouchehr Bahrami

�51� Differential�Pressure�Flowmeters....................................................................... 51-1Richard.Thorn

�52� Variable�Area�Flowmeters...................................................................................52-1Adrian.Melling,.Herbert.Köchner,.and.Reinhard.Haak

�53� Positive�Displacement�Flowmeters.....................................................................53-1Zaki.D..Husain.and.Donald.J..Wass

�54� Turbine�and�Vane�Flowmeters........................................................................... 54-1David.Wadlow

�55� Impeller�Flowmeters............................................................................................55-1Harold.M..Miller

�56� Electromagnetic�Flowmeters.............................................................................. 56-1Halit.Eren

�57� Ultrasonic�Flowmeters......................................................................................... 57-1Hans-Peter.Vaterlaus,.Thomas.Hossle,.Paolo.Giordano,.and.Christophe.Bruttin

�58� Vortex-Shedding�Flowmeters..............................................................................58-1Wade.M..Mattar.and.James.H..Vignos

�59� Thermal�Anemometry.........................................................................................59-1Jugal.K..Agarwal.and.John.G..Olin

�60� Coriolis�Effect�Mass�Flowmeters....................................................................... 60-1Jesse.Yoder

�61� Drag�Force�Flowmeters........................................................................................ 61-1Rekha.Philip-Chandy,.Roger.Morgan,.and.Patricia J. Scully

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ixContents

�62� Pitot�Probe�Anemometer.....................................................................................62-1John.A..Kleppe

�63� Thermal�Dispersion�Mass�Flow�Meters.............................................................63-1John.G..Olin

�64� Laser�Anemometry.............................................................................................. 64-1Rajan.K..Menon

Part VII thermal and temperature Measurement

�65� Temperature�Measurements,�Scales,�and�Calibrations...................................65-1Franco.Pavese

�66� Thermal�Conductivity�Measurement............................................................... 66-1William.A. Wakeham.and.Marc.J..Assael

�67� Heat�Flux................................................................................................................ 67-1Thomas.E..Diller

�68� Resistive�Thermometers..................................................................................... 68-1Jim.Burns

�69� Thermistor�Thermometers..................................................................................69-1Rod.White.and.Meyer.Sapoff

�70� Thermocouple�Thermometry..............................................................................70-1R.P..Reed

�71� Semiconductor�Junction�Thermometers........................................................... 71-1Randy.Frank

�72� Noncontact�Thermometers.................................................................................72-1Jacob.Fraden

�73� Pyroelectric�Detectors�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������73-1Jacob.Fraden

�74� Liquid-in-Glass�Thermometers..........................................................................74-1Rod.White.and.J.V..Nicholas

�75� Manometric�Thermometers................................................................................75-1Franco.Pavese

�76� Temperature�Indicators.......................................................................................76-1Jan.Stasiek,.Tolestyn.Madaj,.and.Jaroslaw.Mikielewicz

�77� Fiber-Optic�Thermometers.................................................................................77-1Brian.Culshaw

�78� Thermal�Imaging..................................................................................................78-1Herbert.M..Runciman

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x Contents

�79� Calorimetry�Measurement..................................................................................79-1Sander.van.Herwaarden.and.Elina.Iervolino

Part VIII radiation

�80� Radioactivity�Measurement............................................................................... 80-1Bert.M..Coursey

�81� Radioactivity�Detectors........................................................................................... 81-1Larry.A..Franks,.Ralph.B..James,.and.Larry.S..Darken

�82� Charged-Particle�Measurement..........................................................................82-1John.C..Armitage,.Madhu.S..Dixit,.Jacques Dubeau,.Hans.Mes,.and.F..Gerald.Oakham

�83� Neutron�Measurement.........................................................................................83-1Steven.M..Grimes

�84� Dosimetry�Measurement.................................................................................... 84-1Brian.L..Justus,.Mark.A..Miller,.and.Alan.L..Huston

Part IX Wireless Instrumentation

�85� Wireless�Instrumentation....................................................................................85-1J.P..Carmo.and.J.H..Correria

�86� Wireless�Sensor�Node�Hardware....................................................................... 86-1Michael.Healy,.Thomas.Newe,.and.Elfed.Lewis

�87� Mobile�Instrumentation�with�Wireless�Design�and�Implementation...........87-1Frederick Fortson.and.Kenneth.Johnson

�88� Powering�Autonomous�Sensors�......................................................................... 88-1Manel.Gasulla,.Maria.Teresa.Penella,.and.Oscar Lopez-Lapeña

�89� Wireless�Sensing�Technology..............................................................................89-1Gregory.C..Willden,.Ben.A..Abbott,.and.Ronald T. Green

�90� Telemetry.............................................................................................................. 90-1Albert.Lozano-Nieto

Part X Control and Human Factors

�91� PID�Control��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91-1F..Greg.Shinskey

�92� Optimal�Control�and�the�Software���������������������������������������������������������������92-1Halit.Eren

�93� Electropneumatic�and�Electrohydraulic�Instruments:�Modeling����������������93-1M..Pachter.and.C.H..Houpis

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xiContents

�94� Explosion-Proof�Instruments�����������������������������������������������������������������������94-1Sam.S..Khalilieh

�95� Measurement�and�Identification�of�DC�Brush�and�Brushless�Stepping Motors��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95-1Stuart.Schweid,�Robert.Lofthus,.and.John.McInroy

�96� Human�Factors�in�Displays���������������������������������������������������������������������������96-1Jeffrey.D..Onken,.Barrett.S..Caldwell,.and.Steven A. Murray

Appendix:.Units.and.Conversions........................................................ Appendix-1B.W..Petley

Index............................................................................................................. Index-1

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xiii

Preface

Introduction

The�second�edition�of�The.Measurement,. Instrumentation,.and.Sensors.Handbook� comes� in� two�vol-umes��This�edition�reflects�the�current�state�of�the�art�in�measurement,�instrumentation,�and�sensors��In�this�two-volume�set,�all�chapters�have�been�updated,�and�40�new�chapters�have�been�included�to�provide�the�finest�possible�reference�that�is�both�concise�and�useful�for�engineers�practicing�in�industry,�scien-tists�and�engineers�involved�in�R&D,�designers,�college�and�university�personnel�and�students,�as�well�as�managers,�together�with�many�others�who�are�involved�in�instrumentation�and�measurement�design�and�applications�

The�handbook�covers�an�extensive�range�of�topics�that�comprise�the�subject�of�measurement,�instru-mentation,�and�sensors��It�describes�the�use�of�instruments�and�techniques�for�practical�measurements�required�in�engineering,�physics,�chemistry,�environmental�science,�and�the�life�sciences��It�also�explains�sensors,�techniques,�hardware,�and�the�associated�software��The�handbook�includes�information�pro-cessing�systems,�automatic�data�acquisition,�reduction�and�analysis,�operation�characteristics,�accuracy,�errors,�calibrations,�standards,�and�their�incorporation�for�control�purposes��Emphasis�is�given�on�mod-ern�intelligent�instruments�and�techniques,�wireless�network�operations,�human�factors,�and�modern�display�methods,�as�well�as�virtual�instruments�

The�chapters�include�descriptive�information�for�professionals,�students,�and�workers�interested�in�measurement��They�include�equations�to�assist�engineers�and�scientists�who�seek�to�discover�applica-tions�and�solve�problems�that�arise�in�fields�not�in�their�specialty��They�also�include�specialized�informa-tion�needed�by�informed�specialists�who�seek�to�learn�advanced�applications�of�the�subject,�evaluative�opinions,� and� possible� areas� for� future� study�� Thus,� the� handbook� serves� the� reference� needs� of� the�broadest�group�of�users—from�the�advanced�high-school�science�student�to�industrial�and�university�professionals�

Organization

In� this�edition,� the�first�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,� for�a� total�of�96�chapters��written�by�experts�in�their�areas�� It�concentrates�on�concepts� in�instrumentation�and�measurements,�spatial�variable�measurement,�displacement�measurement,�mechanical�variable�measurement,�acous-tics,� flow� and� spot� velocity,� thermal� and� temperature� measurement,� and� radiation�� It� reflects� recent�trends�in�instrumentation�and�measurements�with�the�addition�of�a�new�part�on�wireless�instrumenta-tion��Concepts�in�control�systems�and�human�factors�are�given�as�a�separate�part�

The�second�volume�has�10�parts,�each�having�several�chapters,�for�a�total�of�96�chapters�written�by�experts�in�their�areas�as�in�volume�1��It�concentrates�on�sensors�and�sensor�technology,�electric�variable�measurement,�electromagnetic�variables,�time�and�frequency,�optical�measurement,�chemical�variables,�

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xiv Preface

medical,�biomedical�and�health,�and�environmental�measurement��Signal�processing,�and�displays�and�recorders�constitute�the�last�two�parts�of�this�volume�

Locating Your topic

To�find�out�how�to�measure�a�given�variable,�skim�the�table�of�contents,�turn�to�that�section,�and�find�the�chapters�that�describe�different�methods�of�making�the�measurement��Consider�the�alternative�methods�of�making�the�measurement�and�each�of�their�advantages�and�disadvantages��Select�a�method,�sensor,�and�signal�processing�method��Many�chapters�list�a�number�of�vendors�to�contact�for�more�information��You�can�also�visit�http://www�globalspec�com/�to�obtain�a�list�of�vendors�

For� more� detailed� information,� consult� the� index,� since� certain� principles� of� measurement� may�appear�in�more�than�one�chapter�

MATLAB®�is�a�registered�trademark�of�The�MathWorks,�Inc��For�product�information,�please�contact:

The�MathWorks,�Inc�3�Apple�Hill�DriveNatick,�MA�01760-2098,�USATel�:�508-647-7000Fax:�508-647-7001E-mail:�info@mathworks�comWeb:�www�mathworks�com

John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors

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xv

Acknowledgments

We�would�like�to�thank�all�the�authors�for�their�valuable�contribution�toward�this�two-volume�set�book��We�appreciate�the�time�and�effort�devoted�by�all�our�new�authors�and�those�authors�who�went�an�extra�mile�to�revise�and�update�their�chapters��We�are�grateful�to�the�CRC�Press�team�for�their�encouragement�to�prepare�this�second�edition��The�publication�of�this�book�would�not�have�been�possible�without�their�tireless�dedication�in�putting�it�together��Last�but�not�least,�we�would�like�to�thank�all�our�readers�in�selecting�this�book�for�advancing�their�knowledge�and�technical�skills�

John.G..Webster.and.Halit.ErenCo-Editors

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xvii

Editors

John.G..Webster�received�his�BEE�from�Cornell�University,�Ithaca,�New�York,�in�1953,�and�his�MSEE�and�PhD�from�the�University�of�Rochester,�Rochester,�New�York,�in�1965�and�1967,�respectively�

He�is�professor�emeritus�of�biomedical�engineering�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin–Madison��He�is�a�highly�cited�researcher�at�King�Abdulaziz�University,�Jeddah,�Saudi�Arabia�� In�the�field�of�medical�instrumentation,� he� teaches� undergraduate� and� graduate� courses� and� does� research� on� intracranial�pressure�monitors,�ECG�dry�electrodes,�and�tactile�vibrators�

Dr��Webster� is� the�author�of�Transducers.and.Sensors,.an. IEEE/EAB. Individual. Learning.Program�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE,�1989)��He�is�the�coauthor,�with�B��Jacobson,�of�Medicine.and.Clinical.Engineering�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1977)�and,�with�R��Pallas-Areny,�of�Sensors.and.Signal.Conditioning,�Second� Edition� (New� York:� Wiley,� 2001),� and� Analog. Signal. Conditioning� (New� York:� Wiley,� 1999)��He�is�the�editor�of�Encyclopedia.of.Medical.Devices.and.Instrumentation,�Second�Edition�(New�York:�Wiley,�2006),�Tactile.Sensors.for.Robotics.and.Medicine�(New�York:�Wiley,�1988),�Electrical.Impedance.Tomography�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1990),�Teaching.Design.in.Electrical.Engineering�(Piscataway,�NJ:�Educational�Activities�Board,�IEEE,�1990),�Prevention.of.Pressure.Sores:.Engineering.and.Clinical.Aspects�(Bristol,�U�K�:�Adam�Hilger,�1991),�Design.of.Cardiac.Pacemakers�(Piscataway,�NJ:�IEEE�Press,�1995),� Design. of. Pulse. Oximeters� (Bristol,� U�K�:� IOP� Publishing,� 1997),� Medical. Instrumentation:.Application. and. Design,� Fourth� Edition� (Hoboken� NJ:� Wiley,� 2010),� Encyclopedia. of. Electrical. and.Electronics.Engineering�(New�York,�Wiley,�1999),�Minimally.Invasive.Medical.Technology�(Bristol,�U�K�:�IOP�Publishing,�2001),�and�Bioinstrumentation�(Hoboken�NJ:�Wiley,�2004)��He�is�the�coeditor,�with�A��M��Cook,�of�Clinical.Engineering:.Principles.and.Practices�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1979)�and�Therapeutic.Medical.Devices:.Application.and.Design�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1982),�with�W��J��Tompkins�of�Design.of.Microcomputer-Based.Medical.Instrumentation�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice-Hall,�1981)�and�Interfacing.Sensors.to.the.IBM.PC�(Englewood�Cliffs,�NJ:�Prentice�Hall,�1988),�and,�with�A��M��Cook,�W�J��Tompkins,�and�G��C��Vanderheiden,�of�Electronic.Devices.for.Rehabilitation�(London,�U�K�:�Chapman�&�Hall,�1985)�

Dr��Webster�has�been�a�member�of�the�IEEE-EMBS�Administrative�Committee�and�the�NIH�Surgery�and�Bioengineering�Study�Section��He�is�a�fellow�of�the�Institute�of�Electrical�and�Electronics�Engineers,�the�Instrument�Society�of�America,�the�American�Institute�of�Medical�and�Biological�Engineering,�the�Biomedical� Engineering� Society,� and� the� Institute� of� Physics��He� is� the� recipient� of� the� IEEE� EMBS�Career�Achievement�Award�

Halit.Eren�received�his�BEng�in�1973,�MEng�in�1975,�and�PhD�in�1978�from�the�University�of�Sheffield,�United�Kingdom��He�obtained�an�MBA�from�Curtin�University�in�1999�

After�his�graduation,�Dr��Eren�worked�in�Etibank�(a�mining�and�metallurgy�company�in�Turkey)�as�an�instrumentation�engineer�for�two�years��He�was�an�assistant�professor�at�Hacettepe�University�in�1980–1981�and�Middle�East�Technical�University�in�1982��He�has�been�at�Curtin�University�since�

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xviii Editors

1983,� researching� and� teaching� primarily� in� the� areas� of� control� systems,� instrumentation,� and�engineering�management�

Dr��Eren�was�appointed�as�visiting�associate�professor�at�the�Polytechnic�University�in�Hong�Kong�in�2004�and�is�currently�a�visiting��professor�at�the�University�of�Wisconsin,�USA��He�is�a�senior�member�of�IEEE,�taking�roles�in�Region�10�activities,�various�committees�for�organizing�conferences,�and�as�a�mem-ber�of�editorship�in�transactions��Dr��Eren�has�over�180�publications�in�conference�proceedings,�books,�and�transactions��He�is�the�author�of�Electronic.Portable.Instruments—Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2004)�and�Wireless.Sensors.and.Instruments—Networks,.Design.and.Applications�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2006)��He�has�coedited,�with�Bela�Liptak,�Instruments.Engineers’.Handbook—Process.Software.and.Digital.Networks,�Vol��3,�edn��4�(Boca�Raton,�FL:�CRC�Press,�2011)��He�is�involved�in�writing�a�number�of�books�in�the�field�of� instrumentation�and�measurement��Dr��Eren�is�active� in�researching�and�publishing�on�intelligent�sensors,�wireless�instrumentation,�wireless�sensor�networks,�automation�and�control�systems,�and�very�large�control�systems�

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xix

René.G..AarninkUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands

Ben.A..AbbottSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Jugal.K..AgarwalTSI,�Inc�Shoreview,�Minnesota

Keith.AntonelliKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Colombia,�Canada

John.C..ArmitageOttawa–Carleton�Institute�for�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

Marc.J..Assael.Faculty�of�Chemical�EngineeringDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringAristotle�University�of�ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece

Viktor.P..Astakhov.Astakhov�Tool�ServiceRochester�Hills,�Michigan

Manouchehr.BahramiUniversity�of�TabrizTabriz,�Iran

William.E..BakerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�New�MexicoAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico

W..John.BallantyneDepartment�of�Systems�EngineeringSpar�Aerospace�Ltd�Brampton,�Ontario,�Canada

Amit.BandyopadhyayDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�

EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Partha.P..BanerjeeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama

William.H..Bayles,.Jr.The�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Ben.BenhabibDepartment�of�Mechanical�and�Industrial�

EngineeringUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Vikram.BhatiaVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

A..BonenUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Contributors

Page 21: Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second ...preview.kingborn.net/1207000/06bd83cf723645ecae0cd8313a74f069.pdf · This book contains information obtained from authentic

xx Contributors

Howard.M..BradyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

John.C..BrasunasGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

Detlef.BrumbiKrohne�Messtechnik�GmbHDuisburg,�Germany

Christophe.BruttinRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

Wolfgang.P..BuernerLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California

Jim.BurnsBurns�Engineering,�Inc�Minnetonka,�Minnesota

Barrett.S..CaldwellPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana

J.P..CarmoDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal

Kevin.H.L..ChauMicromachined�Products�DivisionAnalog�Devices,�Inc�Cambridge,�Massachusetts

Adam.ChrzanowskiUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada

Richard.O..ClausBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

J.H..CorreriaDepartment�of�Industrial�ElectronicsUniversity�of�MinhoGuimarães,�Portugal

Charles.B..CoulbournLos�Angeles�Scientific�Instrumentation�Co�Los�Angeles,�California

Bert.M..CourseyIonizing�Radiation�DivisionPhysics�LaboratoryNational�Institute�of�Standards�and�

TechnologyGaithersburg,�Maryland

Brian.CulshawDepartment�of�Electronic�and�Electrical�

EngineeringUniversity�of�StrathclydeGlasgow,�England

G..Mark.CushmanGoddard�Space�Flight CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�

AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

Larry.S..DarkenOxford�Instruments,�Inc�Oak�Ridge,�Tennessee

David.DaytonILC�Data�Device�Corp�Bohemia,�New�York

J.R..deBruynUniversity�of�Western�OntarioDeKalb,�Illinois

Ronald.H..DieckPratt�&�WhitneyandRon�Dieck�Associates,�Inc�Palm�Beach�Gardens,�Florida

Thomas.E..DillerVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

Madhu.S..DixitCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

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xxiContributors

Emil.DrubetskyThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Jacques.DubeauCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

M.A..ElbestawiDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringMcMaster�UniversityHamilton,�Ontario,�Canada

Halit.ErenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringCurtin�UniversityPerth,�Western�Australia,�Australia

Giuseppe.FazioDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

and

Isatel�Ltd�Moscow,�Russia

Richard.S..FigliolaDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringClemson�UniversityClemson,�South�Carolina

Frederick.FortsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan

Jacob.FradenFraden�CorporationSan�Diego,�California

Randy.FrankRandy�Frank�&�Associates,�LtdScottsdale,�Arizona

and

Motorola,�Inc�Phoenix,�Arizona

Larry.A..FranksSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California

Yusaku.FujiiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

Ivan.J..GarshelisMagnova,�Inc�Pittsfield,�Massachusetts

Manel.GasullaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

Mauro.GiaconiDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Paolo.GiordanoRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

Ron.GoehnerThe�Fredericks�CompanyHuntington�Valley,�Pennsylvania

Ronald.T..GreenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Steven.M..GrimesDepartment�of�Physics�and�AstronomyOhio�UniversityAthens,�Ohio

Reinhard.HaakUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

John.R..Hansman,.Jr.Department�of�Aeronautics�and�AstronauticsMassachusetts�Institute�of�TechnologyCambridge,�Massachusetts

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xxii Contributors

Emil.HazarianMaster�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramandBachelor�of�Science�Quality�Assurance�ProgramCalifornia�State�University,�Dominguez�HillsCarson,�California

and

ANSI-ASQ�National�Accreditation�BoardACLASSAlexandria,�Virginia

Michael.HealyUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

Sander.van.HerwaardenXensor�IntegrationDelft,�the�Netherlands

Thomas.HossleRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

C.H..HoupisAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio

Zaki.D..HusainDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Bellaire,�Texas

Alan.L..HustonNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Robert.M..Hyatt,.Jr.Howell�Electric�MotorsPlainfield,�New�Jersey

Elina.IervolinoXensor�Integration

Ralph.B..JamesSandia�National�LaboratoriesLivermore,�California

Victor.F..JanasCenter�for�Ceramic�ResearchRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Kenneth.JohnsonSolidica,�Inc�Ann�Arbor,�Michigan

Brian.L..JustusDepartment�of�Optical�ScienceNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Nils.KarlssonDepartment�of�Sensor�and�EW�SystemsSwedish�Defence�Research�AgencyLinköping,�Sweden

Sam.S..KhaliliehDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringEarth�TechGrand�Rapids,�Michigan

Andrei.KholkineRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

John.A..KleppeDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Biomedical�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Nevada,�RenoReno,�Nevada

James.KoKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada

Herbert.KöchnerUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

M..KosticNorthern�Illinois�UniversityDeKalb,�Illinois

Shyan.KuKinetic�Sciences,�Inc�Vancouver,�British�Columbia,�Canada

Brook.LakewGoddard�Space�Flight�CenterNational�Aeronautics�and�Space�AdministrationGreenbelt,�Maryland

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xxiiiContributors

Elfed.LewisUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

Robert.LofthusXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York

Oscar.Lopez-LapeñaUniversitat�Politècnica�de�CatalunyaBarcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

Albert.Lozano-NietoPenn�State�UniversityLehman,�Pennsylvania

Christopher.S..LynchDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringGeorgia�TechAtlanta,�Georgia

Tolestyn.MadajTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland

Kin.F..ManJet�Propulsion�LaboratoryCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California

Dimitris.E..ManolakisAlexander�Technological�Education�Institute�

of ThessalonikiThessaloniki,�Greece

Wade.M..MattarThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts

J.R..René.MayerDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringEcole�Polytechnique�de�MontrealMontreal,�Quebec,�Canada

John.McInroyDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringUniversity�of�WyomingLaramie,�Wyoming

Adrian.MellingUniversity�of�Erlangen–NuernbergErlangen,�Germany

Rajan.K..MenonLaser�Velocimetry�ProductsTSI�Inc�St��Paul,�Minnesota

Hans.MesCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

Jaroslaw.MikielewiczInstitute�of�Fluid�Flow�MachineryGdansk,�Poland

Harold.M..MillerData�Industrial�CorporationMattapoisett,�Massachusetts

Mark.A..MillerNaval�Research�LaboratoryWashington,�District�of�Columbia

Roger.MorganSchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

Steven.A..MurrayUniversity�of�San�DiegoSan�Diego,�California

Thomas.NeweUniversity�of�LimerickLimerick,�Ireland

J.V..NicholasTemperature�Standards�SectionMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�

New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand

Seiji.NishifujiDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�

EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan

David.S..NyceRevolution�Sensor�CompanyCary,�North�Carolina

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xxiv Contributors

F..Gerald.OakhamCentre�for�Research�in�Particle�PhysicsCarleton�UniversityOttawa,�Ontario,�Canada

John.G..OlinSierra�Instruments,�Inc�Monterey,�California

Jeffrey.D..OnkenPurdue�UniversityWest�Lafayette,�Indiana

M..PachterAir�Force�Institute�of�TechnologyWright–Patterson�Air�Force�Base,�Ohio

Reza.Pakdaman.ZangabadFaculty�of�Engineering�and�Natural�SciencesSabanci�UniversityIstanbul,�Turkey

Franco.PaveseThermodynamic�DivisionNational�Institute�of�Meterology�ResearchTurin,�Italy

Ole.PedersenDepartment�of�Science�and�TechnologyLinköping�UniversityLinköping,�Sweden

Peder.C..PedersenDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringWorcester�Polytechnic�InstituteWorcester,�Massachusetts

Maria.Teresa.PenellaUrbiotica�S�L�Barcelona,�Catalonia,�Spain

B.W..PetleyCentre�for�Basic,�Thermal�and�Length�MetrologyNational�Physical�LaboratoryLondon,�England

Rekha.Philip-ChandySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

Charles.P..PinneyPinney�Technologies,�Inc�Albuquerque,�New�Mexico

David.PotterNational�InstrumentsAustin,�Texas

Davide.QuatriniItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Per.RasmussenG�R�A�S��Sound�and�VibrationVedback,�Denmark

R.P..ReedProteun�ServicesAlbuquerque,�New�Mexico

Herbert.M..RuncimanPilkington�OptronicsScotland,�United�Kingdom

Ricardo.E..SaadHarmonics�LightwavesSunnyvale,�California

Ahmad.SafariDepartment�of�Ceramic�Science�and�EngineeringRutgers�UniversityPiscataway,�New�Jersey

Adelio.SalsanoItalcertifer,�Inc�andDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringUniversity�of�Rome�“Tor�Vergata”Rome,�Italy

Robert.J..SandbergDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringUniversity�of�Wisconsin–MadisonMadison,�Wisconsin

Meyer.SapoffMS�ConsultantsPrinceton,�New�Jersey

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xxvContributors

Stuart.SchweidXerox�CorporationRochester,�New�York

Patricia.J..ScullySchool�of�EngineeringLiverpool�John�Moores�UniversityLiverpool,�England

R.A..SeccoUniversity�of�Western�OntarioLondon,�Ontario,�Canada

James.M..SecordDepartment�of�Geodesy�and�Geomatics�

EngineeringUniversity�of�New�BrunswickFredericton,�New�Brunswick,�Canada

DeWayne.B..SharpShape�of�ThingsSan�Luis�Obispo,�California

F..Greg.ShinskeyProcess�Control�ConsultantNorth�Sandwich,�New�Hampshire

K.C..SmithUniversity�of�TorontoToronto,�Ontario,�Canada

Jan.StasiekDepartment�of�Mechanical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GdanskGdansk,�Poland

Mark.A..StedhamDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Computer�

EngineeringUniversity�of�Alabama�at�HuntsvilleHuntsville,�Alabama

Peter.H..SydenhamUniversity�of�South�AustraliaMawsons�Lakes,�South�Australia,�Australia

Akihiro.TakitaDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

Shogo.TanakaDepartment�of�Electrical�and�Electronic�

EngineeringYamaguchi�UniversityUbe,�Japan

Jin.TaoDepartment�of�Electronic�EngineeringGunma�UniversityKiryu,�Japan

David.B..ThiessenCalifornia�Institute�of�TechnologyPasadena,�California

Richard.ThornSchool�of�EngineeringUniversity�of�DerbyDerby,�United�Kingdom

Hans-Peter.VaterlausDepartment�of�InstrumentRittmeyer�Ltd�Zug,�Switzerland

James.H..VignosThe�Foxboro�CompanyFoxboro,�Massachusetts

David.WadlowSensors�Research�Consulting,�Inc�Basking�Ridge,�New�Jersey

William.A..WakehamDepartment�of�Chemical�EngineeringImperial�College,�LondonLondon,�England

Anbo.WangBradley�Department�of�Electrical�EngineeringVirginia�TechBlacksburg,�Virginia

Donald.J..WassDaniel�Flow�Products,�Inc�Houston,�Texas

Grover.C..WetselErik�Jonsson�School�of�Engineering�

and Computer�ScienceUniversity�of�Texas�at�DallasRichardson,�Texas

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xxvi Contributors

Rod.WhiteTemperature�Standards�SectionCallaghan�InnovationMeasurement�Standards�Laboratory�of�

New ZealandLower�Hutt,�New�Zealand

Hessel.WijkstraUniversity�Hospital�NijmegenNijmegen,�the�Netherlands

Gregory.C..WilldenSouthwest�Research�InstituteSan�Antonio,�Texas

Jesse.YoderFlow�Research,�Inc�Wakefield,�Massachusetts

and

Automation�Research�CorporationDedham,�Massachusetts

Bernhard.Günther.ZagarDepartment�of�Electrical�EngineeringTechnical�University�of�GrazGraz,�Austria

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I-1

IInstrumentation and Measurement Concepts

. 1. Measurements,.Instrumentation,.and.Sensors. Halit.Eren..............................................1-1Introduction� •� Measurements� •� 1�3� Instruments� •� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments� •� Sensors�and�Transducers� •� Instrumentation�and�Networks� •� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments� •� Application�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers

. 2. Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. John.R..Hansman,.Jr............................................... 2-1Simple�Instrument�Model� •� Bibliography

. 3. Operational.Modes.of.Instrumentation. Richard.S..Figliola............................................ 3-1Null�Instrument� •� Deflection�Instrument� •� Analog�and�Digital�Sensors� •� Analog�and�Digital�Readout�Instruments� •� Input�Impedance� •� Defining�Terms� •� Further�Information

. 4. Static.and.Dynamic.Characteristics.of.Instrumentation. Peter.H..Sydenham............. 4-1Static�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Instrument�Systems� •� Calibration�of�Measurements� •� References

. 5. Measurement.Accuracy. Ronald.H..Dieck........................................................................... 5-1Error:�The�Normal�Distribution�and the�Uniform�Distribution� •� Measurement�Uncertainty�Model� •� Calculation�of�Expanded�Uncertainty� •� Summary� •� Defining�Terms� •� References� •� Further�Information

. 6. Development.of.Standards. Halit.Eren................................................................................ 6-1Introduction� •� Standard�Organizations� •� Development�of�Standards� •� Obtaining�and�Using�Standards� •� Examples�of�Standards� •� Software�Standards� •� Bibliography

. 7. Measurement.Standards. DeWayne.B..Sharp......................................................................7-1Historical�Perspective� •� What�Are�Standards?� •� Conceptual�Basis�of�Measurements� •� Need�for�Standards� •� Types�of�Standards� •� Numbers,�Dimensions,�and�Units� •� Multiplication�Factors� •� Conversions�of�Units� •� Examples�of�Defining�Terms� •� Bibliography

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I-2 Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

. 8. Calibrations.in.Instrumentation.and.Measurements. Halit.Eren.................................. 8-1Introduction� •� Errors�and�Uncertainties�in�Calibrations� •� Benefits�of�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Procedure�and�Personnel� •� Calibration�Methods� •� Laboratories�and�Institutions� •� Calibration�Software�Support� •� Cost�of�Calibrations� •� Trends�in�Calibrations� •� Calibration�Examples� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Calibration�Service�and�Software�Providers

. 9. Intelligent.Sensors.and.Instruments. Halit.Eren............................................................... 9-1Introduction� •� Intelligent�Sensors� •� The�IEEE�1451�Standard� •� Communications�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Plug-and-Play�Capability� •� Applications�and�Examples�of�Intelligent�Sensors� •� Intelligent�Instruments� •� Examples�of�Intelligent�Instruments�� •� References� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of�Manufacturers/Suppliers

. 10. Virtual.Instruments. David.Potter.and.Halit.Eren.......................................................... 10-1Introduction� •� Virtual�Instrument�Architecture� •� Virtual Instrument�Software� •�Supervisory�Control�and�Data�Acquisition� •� Conclusions� •� Bibliography� •� Partial�List�of Suppliers

. 11. Fail-Safe.Instruments.and.Devices. Davide.Quatrini,.Giuseppe.Fazio,.Mauro Giaconi,.and.Adelio.Salsano.....................................................................................11-1Introduction� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�Relevant�Features� •� Fail-Safe�Realization:�In-Depth�Example� •� Case�Study:�Level�1�ERTMS� •� Summary� •� References

. 12. Dynamic.Error.Measurements.of.Force.Sensors. Akihiro.Takita,.Jin.Tao,.and.Yusaku.Fujii............................................................................................................................ 12-1Introduction� •� Problems�and�Solutions�of�Dynamic�Calibrations� •� Evaluation�of�Dynamic�Characteristics�of�Force�Sensors� •� Impulse�Response� •� Oscillation�Response� •� Conclusions� •� References

Page 30: Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second ...preview.kingborn.net/1207000/06bd83cf723645ecae0cd8313a74f069.pdf · This book contains information obtained from authentic

1-1

1.1 Introduction

Measurement� is� a� process� of� gathering� information� from� a� physical� world� and� comparing� this�information� with� agreed� standards�� As� highlighted� in� this� chapter� and� discussed� in� detail� in�this book,�measurements�are�essential�activities�for�observing�and�testing�scientific�and�technologi-cal�investigations�

Measurements�are�carried�out�by�using� instruments,�which�are�designed�and�manufactured� to�fulfill� specific� tasks�� Sensors� are� used� as� the� primary� elements� in� instruments� to� respond� to� the�physical� variable� under� investigation�� In� this� book,� a� diverse� range� of� sensors� and� instruments�are�discussed;�the�advances�and�the�recent�developments� in�measurements,� instrumentation,�and��sensors�are�introduced�in�the�proceeding�sections�and�chapters�

In�many�applications,�many�sensors�and�instruments�are�used�to�collect�information�about�the�pro-cess�under� investigation��These� instruments� are�connected� together�using� wired,�optical,�or�wireless�networks��The�details�of�the�supporting�hardware�and�software�technologies�behind�these�networks�are�discussed�extensively�

1Measurements,

Instrumentation, and Sensors

1�1� Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-11�2� Measurements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-21�3� Instruments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-2

Design�of�Instruments� •� Testing�and�Use�of Instruments� •� �Response�and�Drift� •� Accuracy�and�Errors� •� Error�Reduction� •� Calibration�of�Instruments

1�4� Analog�and�Digital�Instruments����������������������������������������������������� 1-6Analog�Instruments� •� Digital�Instruments

1�5� Sensors�and�Transducers������������������������������������������������������������������ 1-7Smart�Sensors� •� Wireless�and�Autonomous�Sensors�and Instruments

1�6� Instrumentation�and�Networks������������������������������������������������������1-101�7� Software�Support�for�Sensors�and�Instruments���������������������������1-111�8� Application�Examples��������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-12Bibliography������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1-13Partial�List�of�Vendors�and�Suppliers���������������������������������������������������������1-14

Halit ErenCurtin University