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MatterPhase
Changes
Particles in Matter
• Particles in matter are atoms and molecules.
• They have a force of attraction for each other.
• They are constantly moving.
• They move faster at higher temperatures.
Phases of Matter
• The four most common phases of matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
Energy and Phases
• Matter can be changed to different phases by adding or removing energy.
• When energy is added – endothermic
• When energy is removed – exothermic
• Atoms and molecules are more ordered in matter that has less energy.
• Atoms and molecules become less ordered in matter that has more energy.
Changes of State
• Melting: solid liquid
• Freezing: liquid solid
• Vaporization: liquid gas
• Condensation: gas liquid
• Sublimation: solid gas
Summary of Phase Changes
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Ene
rgy
in
Sys
tem
Melting
Vaporization(boiling orevaporation)
Sublimation
Condensation
Freezing
Deposition
= Exo
= Endo
The Fourth State - Plasma
• The most common state of matter in the universe (estimates place it at 99%).
• No definite volume or shape.
• Particles are broken apart (even parts of the atoms themselves).
• Are effected by magnetic fields.
• Conduct electric currents.
Plasma
• Natural examples on Earth
• Lightning and Flame
• Artificial plasmas
• Inside fluorescent light bulbs and plasma TVs.
• Also inside - Fusion Reactors
Nuclear Fission vs Fusion
• Nuclear Fission – splitting atoms
• Releases large amounts of energy
• Can create chain reaction
• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml
Nuclear Explosion
• Hiroshima type bomb = 12 kilotons or 12,000 lbs of TNT.
• Injuries occur outward in 10 square mile area.
Fusion
• Hydrogen atoms are hitting each other.
• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/FusionMov.shtml
Fusion Reactors
• Could be future source of unlimited energy.
• We have test fusion reactor a few miles away in Sorrento Valley.
Inside a Fusion Reactor
The Sun – a very large fusion reactor
Hydrogen Bomb - Fusion
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