MatterPhase

Changes

Particles in Matter

• Particles in matter are atoms and molecules.

• They have a force of attraction for each other.

• They are constantly moving.

• They move faster at higher temperatures.

Phases of Matter

• The four most common phases of matter

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

Energy and Phases

• Matter can be changed to different phases by adding or removing energy.

• When energy is added – endothermic

• When energy is removed – exothermic

• Atoms and molecules are more ordered in matter that has less energy.

• Atoms and molecules become less ordered in matter that has more energy.

Changes of State

• Melting: solid liquid

• Freezing: liquid solid

• Vaporization: liquid gas

• Condensation: gas liquid

• Sublimation: solid gas

Summary of Phase Changes

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Ene

rgy

in

Sys

tem

Melting

Vaporization(boiling orevaporation)

Sublimation

Condensation

Freezing

Deposition

= Exo

= Endo

The Fourth State - Plasma

• The most common state of matter in the universe (estimates place it at 99%).

• No definite volume or shape.

• Particles are broken apart (even parts of the atoms themselves).

• Are effected by magnetic fields.

• Conduct electric currents.

Plasma

• Natural examples on Earth

• Lightning and Flame

• Artificial plasmas

• Inside fluorescent light bulbs and plasma TVs.

• Also inside - Fusion Reactors

Nuclear Fission vs Fusion

• Nuclear Fission – splitting atoms

• Releases large amounts of energy

• Can create chain reaction

• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml

Nuclear Explosion

• Hiroshima type bomb = 12 kilotons or 12,000 lbs of TNT.

• Injuries occur outward in 10 square mile area.

Fusion

• Hydrogen atoms are hitting each other.

• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/FusionMov.shtml

Fusion Reactors

• Could be future source of unlimited energy.

• We have test fusion reactor a few miles away in Sorrento Valley.

Inside a Fusion Reactor

The Sun – a very large fusion reactor

Hydrogen Bomb - Fusion