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D E P
A R TM E N T
O F T H E A R M Y F I E LD
MA
NUA L
M N U V R
DE
GR DED
B Y
A U T H O R I T Y
1 5 1
U N L S S I R E
D
DEPARTME
NT O F THE
ARMY • A U G U S T
9 5 5
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CHANGE S
DEP RTME
NT OF THE RMY
N o. 1 WASH
INGTON 25,
D. C ., 6 une
956
FM
105-5,18
ugus
t
1955,
is
ch
anged
as
follows:
3
Umpire Miss io n s
6. The primary
missions of an umpire
re
3)
To create realism by depictin
g
those hostile
gr
ound
sea,
and
air
a
ctivities
whic
h should
compel
the individual
soldier
and
the
unit
comm
ander from the
squa
d
up
to
take
action ma
ke
d
ecisions,
during a tac
tical
ex
ercise jus
t as they would
be compelled
to do in com
bat.
*
65 C
apture of Person
nel
*
. Prisoners of wa
r mu
st be
g
uarded properly
to
prevent
escape
as
they
would
be
in
an
actual
si
tuation
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/.
Added)
Capturing force
s
or
units should
sub
ject
maneuver
prisoners
to
interrogation,
indoctrina
tion in Aggres
sor
forces
concepts and
expl
oitation in
res
pect to questionnaires,
broadcasts and written
stat
ements,
but
will not subject them
to
in
dignities
or
physical pressur
e. Captors w
ill remain responsible
f
or
the he
alth and welfa
re of
prison
ers
and
will not
endeavor by
undue
means
to
force
prisoners
to
violate
th
e Co
de of
Conduc
t. Commanders
a
nd
umpires wil
l
ensure that realism is kept
within reasonable
bounds.
In
consideri
ng the circumstances
o
f
capture,
proper
re
cognition w
ill be given
surprise, aggressiveness
stea
lth,
am
bush and mo
bility so th
at these factors are
tactically
rewarded in the play
of the
exercise.
When
appropri
ate umpires will
incl
ude in
their daily re
po
rts
the
following additio
nal
item
s:
1) Acti
ons of prisoners
while under con
trol of
opposi
ng
force.
2) Treatment accorded
pris
oners by their
captors.
3) Prisoner knowledge o
f provis
ions of
the
Code
of Con
duct
and
Geneva
C
onventions
of
12
August
1949.
igu
res and 9
So
much of
figures
and
9 as
reads AN
/GRC-10 is chang
ed to read
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P
P
E
N
D
IX
R
EF
E
R
E
N
CE
S
A
d
d
t
he
f
ol
lo
w
i
ng
re
fe
r
en
c
es
i
n
p
ro
p
e
r s
e
qu
e
n
ce
:
D
A
P
a
m
2
1
7
1
T
h
e
U
. S
.
Fi
g
h
ti
ng
M
a
n
's
C
o
de
T
O
2
1
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C
od
e
o
f
C
o
n
du
c
t
P
P
E
N
D
IX
I I
I
U
M
P
IR
E
T
R
IN
I
N
G
P
R
O
G
R
M
T
h
e
fo
ll
o
w
in
g
t
ra
in
i
n
g
th
e
se
sp
e
c
ia
l
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
s
.
B
y
O
r
d
er
o
f
W
i
lb
e
r
M
.
B
ru
c
ke
r
Se
c
re
ta
r
y
of
t
he
A
r
m
y
:
M
A
X
W
E
L
L
D
.
T
A
Y
L
O
E
G
e
ne
r
al
U
n
ite
d
S
ta
te
s
A
r
m
y
O
ffi
ci
al
C
h
ie
f
o
f
St
a
ff
.
J
O
H
N
A
.
K
L
E
I
N
M
a
jo
r
G
e
n
er
a
l
U
ni
te
d
S
ta
te
s
A
rm
y
The
Adjutant
General.
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O
t f
L Y
D
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
:
Active
Army
T
ec
S
v
c
, D
A
(
1
)
B
r
ig
(
2
)
A
d
m
i
n
T
e
c
Sv
c
B
d
E
e
g
t
2
)
(
1)
B
n
(2
)
H
q
C
O
N
A
R
C
(
6
0)
C
o
(
1)
A
rm
y
A
A
C
o
m
d
(5
)
F
t
C
p
(2
)
O
S
M
a
j
C
o
m
d
5
)
G
e
n
B
r
S
v
c
S
c
h
OS
ase
Comd
3)
5
)
L
o
g
C
o
m
d
3
)
A
R
W
C
(1
0
)
M
D
W
(
5
)
N
W
C
(
1
0
)
A
rm
i
e
s
5)
IC
A
F
(1
0
)
C
o
r
ps
3
)
P
M
S
T
1
)
D
i
v
3
)
M
i
lD
is
t
3
)
N
Q
S
ta
te
A
G
(6
)
u
n
it
s
s
am
e
a
s
A
c
ti
ve
A
r
m
y
e
x
ce
p
t
a
ll
ow
an
c
e
i
s
o
n
e
c
o
p
y
to
e
a
ch
u
n
i
t.
U
S
A
R
Same
as
Activ e Army
except
allowance
s
one
c
o
p
y
t
o
e
ac
h
u
n
it
.
F
o
r
ex
p
l
an
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
b
b
re
v
i
at
io
n
s
u
se
d
, s
e
e
S
E
3
20
-
50
-
1
.
T
A
G
O
74
6
1C
O R
O F
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FM
1
05
-5
,F
IE
LD
M
AN
U
A
L
D
EP
A
R
T
M
E
N
T
O
F
T
H
E
A
R
M
Y
No.
105-5
WASH INGTON
25,
D.
C.
8
ugust
9
M
A
N
E
U
V
E
R
O
N
T
R
O
P
ar
a
gra
ph
s
P
ag
e
CH
A
P
TE
R
1
IN
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
.
__
_
_
_
__
1
-8
3
2.
UMPIRE
ORGANIZATION
S
e
ct
io
n
I.
O
r
ga
ni
za
ti
on
a
nd
fu
n
ct
io
n
s o
f
th
e
um
p
ir
e
g
ro
u
p_
_
_
__
_
_
_
9
-1
2
1
1
I
I.
P
er
so
n
ne
l.
_
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
13
-2
3
17
I
II
.
U
m
pi
re
tr
ai
n
in
g_
_
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
2
4
-2
6
2
2
IV
.
Id
en
t
if
ic
at
io
n
s._
_
_
__
_
_
,._
_
._
2
7-
30
2
4
C
H
AP
T
ER
3
. U
M
PI
R
E
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
, M
ET
H
O
D
S
PR
O
C
E
D
U
R
E
S
S
ec
tio
n
I.
U
m
p
ire
c
on
t
ro
l
__
_
__
__
_
__
_
__
_
31
-3
6
27
I
I.
I
nf
a
nt
ry
a
ct
io
n_
_
__
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
3
7
-3
8
3
2
II
I.
A
r
m
or
ed
a
c
tio
n
_-
__
_
_
__
_
__
__
3
9-
4
1
3
9
I
V
.
A
r
til
le
ry
. __
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
_
__
_
4
2-
4
6
41
V
.
S
p
ec
ia
l o
pe
ra
ti
on
a
nd
st
af
f
um
p
ir
es
.
_
__
_
__
_
__
__
_
__
_
__
__
_
47
-5
2
4
8
V
I
. R
e
co
rd
s
a
nd
re
p
or
ts
_
_
__
_
__
__
_
53
-5
5
55
CHAPTER
4. FIRE
POWER
AND
LOSS
A
SS
E
S
S
M
E
N
T
Se
ct
io
n
I
. F
ir
e
po
w
e
r._
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
__
__
_
_
5
6-
64
5
8
t
er
ie
l-_
_
_
__
-_
-_
_
__
_
__
_
__
_
_
6
5
-6
6
75
II
I.
C
a
su
a
lty
a
nd
d
am
a
ge
a
ss
es
s-
m
en
t
__
_
__
_
__
-
__
_
--
__
_
_-
_
.
6
7-
77
7
8
IV.
Obstacles
and delay
s.
_
_
__
_
__
_
78
,7
9
95
C
H
AP
T
ER
5.
C
O
M
M
U
N
I
C
A
T
IO
N
S
A
N
D
T
R
A
N
SP
O
R
T
A
T
IO
N
-..
__
_
8
0-
89
1
03
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ara
graphs
age
APPENDIX I. RE
FERENCE
S.. _
______
112
If.
UMPIR
E PLAN
NING
GUID
E— — — —
..—
----
- 11
4
III. UMP
IRE
TRAIN
ING PRO
GRAM
-.-..---..-_
_______
__
--_
141
IV.
SAFETY
PREC
AUTION
S-__ -__-_ 1
44
V . T
HE
FI
RE POWER C
OM
PUTER
-———
-----------
148
VI.
THE CHEMI
CAL
CA
SUAL
TY
C O M P
UTER. .— —. .
157
VII.
PREPARING
AND
USING
i
THE ATO
MIC W E APO
NS
EFFEC
TS
O
VERLAY
S..—
167
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C H A P T E R
IN T RO D U CT IO N
1 Purpose
This
manual
is
designed as
a guide
for
use
in um
piring
tactical
exercises.
2 Application
and
S c o p e
This manual is specifically applicable to
umpiring
tactical exercises
in
which
Aggressor,
the maneuver
enemy,
is used
to furnish logical and realistic opposi
tion for United
States
troops. It contains the mis
sions
of
the umpire, the
organization
and functions
of an umpire group, methods of umpiring, umpire
training, umpire communications, and
transporta
tion. It also sets forth methods and procedures for
controlling the operations
of
one
or
both of the
op
posing forces
in order
to accomplish
the purpose or
objectives
of
the
exercise.
In
any
tactical
exercise,
regardless
of
the size
or
type of participating units
or
whether
or not an actual Aggressor enemy
is
em
ployed, the principles set forth herein should be ad
hered to
and the
procedures
modified only when the
scale and type
of
the
exercise
and
facilities
available
so
dictate.
3 Umpire Missions
a The umpire system is designated to provide
a
media through which the exercise director can in-
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fluence
the op
erations of th
e o
pposing forces.
The
re
for
e, the u
mpire syste
m
must provid
e the exe
rcise
d
irector w
ith curre
nt infor
mation
on the d
isposi
ti
ons,
oper
ations, plans,
and other
activ
ities of all
parti
cipating
units.
6 .
The prima
ry
m
issions o
f an umpir
e are—
(1)
To report,
as directe
d, all curren
t a
nd
pla
nned activ
ities of the
unit
s to which
assigned
.
(2)
To
determin
e and
por
tray th
e
effects of
movem
ent, dis
position,
and fire p
ower on
the de
velopmen
t
o
f a ta
ctical s
ituation by
th
e assessm
ent of lo
gical los
ses in
personn
el
a
nd
mat
erial
and
the
anno
uncement
of the
resu
lting
dec
isions affecting
,the
immedia
te
op
erations of
either or both
of the
opposing
forces.
(3)
To cr
eate realism
by depict
ing tho
se hosti
le
gro
und, sea,
and
air
acti
vities whic
h .should
compel
the i
ndividua
l soldi
er
a
nd the un
it
com
mander from
the squ
ad
up, to ta
ke
ac
tion
or
mak
e decis
ions du
ring a
tactic
al ex
ercise
just
as
they
would
be
compelled
to
do
in
combat.
(4) Wh
en direct
ed by the off
icer
responsi
ble for
t
he
preparati
on and
conduct
of
the
exe
rcise,
t
o
critiq
ue the
ope
rations, and
to repor
t
o
n
t
he pro
ficiency of
the unit
for
which he
is
umpire.
4 Objective
of
Any Ta
ctical Exerc i
se
The objecti
ve of a
ny ta
ctical exerci
se is
to
t
rain
tro
ops, staffs
and
co
mmander
s, and
to prepar
e them
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for com
bat operations.
For
effect
iveness, each
t
acti
cal
exercise m
ust have specific and
well-defined train
ing objectives.
5. Aggres sor th
e Maneuver
En e m y
a Ag
gressor, th
e
maneuver
enemy, with an
imagi
nary and fictiti
ous
n
ational backg
round
a
nd
history,
or
der
of bat
tle, uniform and insignia, lang
uage, cus
to
ms, basic philosophy, and
a soun
d
but decidedly
different
tactical doctr
ine, has been dev
eloped to
provide
a
real,
liv
e maneuver enemy to opp
ose
Un
ited
States
For
ces
in
all tactical exercises.
The detailed
organizatio
n,
doctrine a
nd
character
o
f aggr
essor
will provide
information on whi
ch
to base
intelli
gence
estim
ates for in
clusion
in the
exercise.
The
use of Ag
gressor
as
th
e
maneuver enem
y will leave
little
to
the imagination
of
the individual
soldier
and
will
make
it
possible to acquain
t him with
th
e immediate and
overall
situation concerning
a
real
istic
ene
my (FM's
30-101, 30-102, 30-103, and
30-104).
Aggressor will be em
ployed in all
tac
tical exercises
h
eld in the
zone of
interior. Else
where,
theater
commanders will
determine
whether
or
not Aggressor
will be
use
d.
b The Aggressor
Cadre provides
a permanent
agency to d
evelop the
doctrine and
techniques to
b
e
em
ployed
by A
ggressor, t
he
maneuver ene
my. When
directed
by competent
authority, elements of
the
Aggress
or Cadre
will be made available
to
th
e
c
om
mander
res
ponsible for the prepa
ration and
conduct
of
designated tactical ex
ercises for
the
purpose
of
ren
dering advice and
assistance on Aggressor
repre
sentation in
such
e
xercises (FM
30-104).
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6 Employment
of
Aggr
essor in Tactical E
x erc ises
a General
Aggresso
r
m
ay be e
mployed
in
any
type
tactical exercise. T
he Aggressor Forc
e may be
represented, outlined, or
imaginary,
and
its
opera
tions
may be controlled
by
the exercise dire
ctor or it
may
be free
to
react to
the
o
perations
of the opposing
United S
tates Force within
established limitations
as
to
mission, area, and
time availab
le, which are
appli
cable to both
sides. Th
e
mann
er in w
hich
Aggressor
is
employed
in
a
tactical
exercise
is
de
pende
nt upon the purpose a
nd type o
f
the exerc
ise
and is
normally determin
ed
b
y the exercise
director.
It is em
phasized
th
at, in any tactica
l
exercise
, suffi
c
ient
Ag
gressor
strength must be
present in order
to
develop logical and reali
stic
situ
ations; therefore,
United
States troop
units
of
the
size
and type
re
quired must be provi
ded. These
United
Sta
tes troop
units
must be
made avai
lable
to the Aggress
or Force
Com
mander
e
arly
in the preexercise training
phase
so that
they can be
organized, uniformed,
equipped,
and
trained as p
rescribed in
appropriate
Aggr
essor
field
manuals
(FM's
30-101,
30-102, 30-103, 30-104)
prior
to the start of
the tactical
phase
of
the exercise.
The training time
required
will vary with each
exer
cise. In t
he controlled exercise,
additio
nal
time mus
t
be
provided so that the
Aggr
essor Force ca
n rehearse
th
e preplanned
tactical operations on t
he actual ter
rain
and
prepare
neces
sary tactical pos
itions and
installa
tions. For
larger exercises the
time required
for such
training and rehearsals
will
approximate
month.
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1
)
I
n
th
o
se
t
ac
t
ic
a
l
ex
e
rc
is
e
s
in
w
h
i
ch
th
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
ns
o
f
t
he
A
g
g
re
s
so
r
F
o
rc
e
a
r
e
c
o
n
trolled
b
y
t
he
E
xe
r
ci
se
D
i
re
c
to
r,
a
nd
t
he
U
n
it
e
d
S
ta
te
s
F
o
rc
e
is
p
e
rm
it
te
d
fr
e
ed
o
m
o
f
op
e
ra
t
io
n
s
w
i
th
in
p
re
s
cr
ib
e
d
li
m
it
at
io
n
s
e
st
ab
l
is
h
ed
b
y
th
e
E
x
e
rc
i
se
D
ir
ec
t
or
,
u
m
p
i
re
s
fo
r
th
e
U
n
ite
d
St
a
te
s
F
o
r
ce
m
u
s
t
be
p
ro
v
id
e
d
.
I
n
th
is
ty
p
e
ex
e
rc
is
e
th
e
p
l
an
s
a
nd
ac
t
io
n
s o
f
th
e
U
n
ite
d
S
ta
t
es
Fo
r
ce
C
om
m
a
nd
e
r
ar
e
in
fl
u
en
c
ed
by
th
e
Exercise
Di
re
c
to
r
b
y
p
l
ac
in
g
A
gg
r
e
ss
o
r
o
p
p
o
si
tio
n
a
ga
i
n
st
U
n
ite
d
S
t
at
e
s
un
i
ts
in
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
s
it
u
at
io
n
s
d
es
ig
n
e
d
to
a
c
co
m
p
l
is
h
t
he
ob
j
ec
ti
v
es
o
f
t
h
e
ex
e
rc
is
e
.
U
m
p
ir
e
l
ia
is
o
n
te
am
s,
fir
e
m
a
rk
e
r
te
a
m
s
, a
n
d
s
u
ch
a
d
di
tional
umpires
as
are
required
for the
real
is
ti
c
p
l
ay
o
f t
he
ex
e
rc
is
e
s
h
ou
l
d b
e
p
r
o
vi
d
ed
fo
r
t
h
e
A
g
g
re
s
so
r
F
o
rc
e
.
(2
)
T
h
e
A
g
g
re
s
so
r
F
o
r
ce
C
o
m
m
a
n
de
r
i
s
fu
r
n
is
h
ed
co
m
p
l
et
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
he
U
n
it
e
d
S
t
a
te
s
F
o
rc
e
d
i
sp
o
si
ti
o
ns
a
n
d
p
la
n
s
in
o
r
de
r
to
more
effectively
present planned
situa
t
io
n
s
t
o
t
he
U
n
i
te
d
S
ta
t
es
Fo
r
c
e.
3
)
A
d
e
ta
il
e
d s
c
he
d
u
le
of
e
v
e
nt
s,
o
r
c
on
t
ro
l
p
la
n
,
is
p
u
bl
is
h
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
e
rc
i
se
d
ir
ec
t
or
a
s
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
th
e
A
g
g
re
s
so
r
F
or
c
e C
om
m
an
d
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
h
ie
f
u
m
p
ir
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ol
p
l
an
contains a
series
of
situations
designed
to
a
cc
o
m
p
li
sh
th
e
ob
j
ec
t
iv
es
of
t
h
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
ol
e
o
f
th
e
A
g
g
re
ss
o
r
F
or
c
e
in
e
a
ch
,
i
n
cl
u
di
n
g
in
t
el
li
ge
n
c
e
ac
ti
v
it
ie
s,
a
n
d
pr
e
p
la
n
ne
d
s
pe
c
ia
l
o
p
er
a
ti
on
s
.
C
o
n
t
ro
l
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pla
ns mu
st be
flexibl
e and
capabl
e
of being
a
djuste
d to meet
c
hangin
g con
dition
s en
count
ered
durin
g th
e
de
velopm
ent
o
f the
tac
tical situ
ation.
The
um
pires
and
the
Ag
gres
sor Fo
rce
shoul
d rehea
rse th
e
p
re
pla
nned
tactic
al ope
rations
conta
ined
in the
cont
rol
plan on
the a
ctual te
rrain
pr
ior to
t
he
star
t o
f th
e
ex
ercise
.
(1)
In
th
ose tac
tical exe
rcises
in
which
both
th
e
A
ggress
or Fo
rce an
d t
he
U
nited
States
Forc
e
are
per
mitted
freedo
m
of ope
ration
s
withi
n p
rescrib
ed
lim
itatio
ns
esta
blishe
d
by
the exer
cise
directo
r,
umpir
es are
requir
ed
for
b
oth
si
des.
(2
) T
he umpire
orga
nizatio
n should
pr
ovide fo
r
u
nit
umpire
s, liaison
tea
ms, fire m
arke
r
t
eams, a
nd
special
um
pires
as
req
uired
for
bo
th the A
ggres
sor F
orce an
d th
e Unit
ed
Sta
tes Force
.
The deci
sion
as to
the effect
of the
oppo
sition
on
the
imme
diate tac
tical
oper
ation
of eith
er o
r
b
otn
of the
opp
osing
fo
rces
is n
ormal
ly
m ade by
t
he
se
nior
Uni
ted
States F
orce
un
it umpi
re inv
olved.
In
a
s
pecific
ally
desig
nated
situa
tion,
howev
er,
the chi
ef um
pire
may re
lieve
the un
it um
p
ire
of this
aut
hority
an
d d
elegat
e
it
to
one
or
m ore
u
mpire
lia
ison tea
ms
for
the
specifi
c situ
ation
only.
(3) T
he
e
xercis
e
direc
tor ass
igns mi
ssions
to
both
the A
ggres
sor F
orce an
d th
e Unite
d
Sta
tes Fo
rce.
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(
4) Bo
th Ag
gresso
r Forces
and
Un
ited States
F
orces
collect
and
p
rocess
infor
mation
and
devel
op th
eir own co
mbat in
telligen
ce
just
as the
y wou
ld
be
compel
led
to
d
o
in
combat.
The
exe
rcise
direc
tor furnish
es both
f
orces
w
ith the in
forma
tion
and
intellig
ence
of the
ene
my that no
rmally
w
ould be
furnish
ed by
a hig
her hea
dquarte
rs.
7 R
ealism
in
Tac
t ical Exerc ise
s
Tactical
exercises
must
be
carried
out
under
c
onditio
ns
resemb
ling batt
le as n
early
as pos
sible.
Unreal
istic tra
ining in
tactica
l
exe
rcises
lead
s to
exces
sive los
ses on the
ba
ttlefield
.
.
C
ontrol
durin
g a tactic
al exerci
se is
of
utmos
t
import
ance.
This con
trol
is
e
xercise
d b
y
m
eans
of
ump
ires
assi
gned to
the vario
us
units
and sp
ecial
activit
ies. E
very eff
ort
will
be
mad
e
to h
old
to a
m
inimum
th
e
emplo
yment of
flags
and oth
er prac
tice
s w
hich
tend to
prod
uce artif
iciality
. Inste
ad,
the
umpire
must
ve
rbally
paint th
e
battle pictur
e,
a
ssess casu
alties
and
damage
s, and
an
nounce
de
c
isions in
a m
anner
tha
t
will
provi
de the
realis
tic
war
situation
that
is
lacking due to
the
absence
of
li
ve a
mmuni
tion. B
y playi
ng the
ga
me the u
mpire
c
an ass
ist in
in
stilling
combat
real
ism into
any
train
ing exerci
se.
A
tomic
play
will
be
includ
ed in
all
tactica
l
ex
ercises
when
app
ropria
te. Ever
y e
ffort will
be
mad
e to pe
rmit an
ato
mic
attack
to have
its
full
imp
act
o
n th
e exerc
ise in
ord
er
t
o i
mpress
on
com
man
ders and
troops
the
m
agnitud
e
of its
eff
ects
on
all asp
ects
o
f
plan
ning a
nd
op
eration
s. Thi
s requir
es
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pa
rticu
larly
for
ceful
ac
tion o
n t
he p
art of
um
pires
in r
equir
ing
unit
s an
d com
man
ders
to
p
lay
the
gam
e
w
hen
they
h
ave b
een a
ssess
ed he
avy
casu
altie
s
and
equ
ipme
nt dama
ge.
8 n
tellig
ence
Aspe
c t o f Ta
ct ica l
E
xerc i
ses
A
ll tacti
cal
exerc
ises
shou
ld req
uire
the
u
se of
ev
ery
as
pect of
c
omba
t
i
ntelli
genc
e from
the
col
lec
ting
an
d
rep
ortin
g of i
nform
atio
n by the
in
di
vidu
al
so
ldier
to
th
e
co
llecti
ng
and
proc
essin
g
o
f
information and
intelligence
by specialized
military
intel
ligen
ce agenc
ies
and
per
sonne
l, and th
e di
ssemi
natio
n an
d use
of
the
r
esult
ing
intell
igenc
e.
6.
T
he Ag
gres
sor
Forc
e, par
ticul
arly in
th
e con
tro
lled
exerc
ise,
by
cond
uctin
g a
ctivi
ties
on
the
gr
ound
and
by
pr
ovidi
ng prep
ared p
riso
ners
of
wa
r,
documents,
propaganda
leaflets, traffic
for
radio
in
te
rcep
t, and s
imul
ated
de
ad, mak
es a
vaila
ble
e
noug
h
detai
led
i
nform
atio
n to reali
stical
ly
pres
ent
an ov
er
all
pictu
re o
f
the Ag
gress
or sit
uatio
n
to th
e Uni
ted
State
s F
orce
inte
llige
nce
offic
ers, whe
n t
hey su
ccess
f
ully
u
tilize
th
e
a
genc
ies
avai
lable
to them
.
The res
pons
ibilit
y o
f th
e indiv
idua
l
sold
ier t
o
col
lect
and
r
eport
m
ilita
ry infor
mati
on m
ust
be e
m
p
hasiz
ed th
roug
hou
t eac
h
ta
ctica
l
exer
cise.
A
ggre
ssor
d
octri
ne
emp
hasiz
es the
u
tiliz
ation
of clan
dest
ine in
telli
gence
, inclu
ding
e
spio
nage,
sab
otage
, an
d othe
r
sub
versi
ve ac
tions
. Secu
rity
con
sc
iousn
ess
of
the in
divid
ual
so
ldier
and
the
inte
gra
tion of
counterintelligence activities
into
the
man
euve
r plan
shou
ld also
be
stres
sed
in p
lanni
ng
and
oper
ation
al phase
s.
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CHAPTER 2
UMPIRE ORGA
NIZATION
Sect ion I ORGAN
IZATION
AND
FUNCT
IONS
OF
THE
UM P
IRE GROUP
9
Exerc ise
Direc to r
The
e
xercise dire
ctor
p
lans and
conducts
the exer
ci
se.
A
lthough he does not
particip
ate
in
the
opera
tion
s of the op
posing forces,
he ac
ts as
the superior
commander
of
the
United
St
ates
Forces, and,
through
the Control Command,
as
Commander of the Aggr
es
sor
Forces and of
the
Umpire
Group.
He
presents
the
situation,
initiates
and co
ordinates the planning
f
or and executi
on of the t
actical
phase,
an
d
finally
terminates
the exercise. He conducts
the final
cri
tique. In small tacti
cal exercis
es the exercise director
an
d chief umpire may
be
one
and the same person.
10
Organization
or
C o n t r o l
The exercise dire
ctor may con
trol the ma
neuver
by
eith
er
of
the following methods:
When t
he
maneuver
is
con
ducted as
outlined in
paragraph 6b,
use
of
a Con
trol
Command
is
d
esirable.
The Control C
ommand is
a maneuv
er
managem
ent
agency
for
the
exercise
director.
The
Aggressor
Forces and
the Um
pire
Grou
p are under
the
Contr
ol
Command. This co
mmand
ha
s
in addition
an Op-
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e
rat
ion
s Sec
tion
an
d a
sm
all
A
dm
ini
stra
tiv
e S
ec
tion
t
o su
ppo
rt t
he Ag
gre
sso
r F
orc
es
an
d
U
mp
ire
G
ro
up
A
,
fig
. 1).
Th
e f
unc
tio
ns
of
the
C
on
tro
l Co
mm
an
d
are
as
follows:
1)
Det
aile
d
p
lan
nin
g in
acc
ord
an
ce
wi
th
th
e
sce
nar
io
and
w
ith
ex
erc
ise
dir
ect
ive
s.
2) C
on
duc
t
of
th
e
Um
pir
e
S
ch
ool.
3
) C
oo
rdin
ati
on o
f A
gg
ress
or
F
orc
es a
nd
th
e
Um
pi
re Gro
up
wit
h th
e g
ene
ral
pla
n of
th
e
exercise.
4)
Co
nd
uct
o
f r
equ
ired
r
ehe
ars
als
of
Um
pi
re
G
rou
p
wit
h
A
gg
res
sor
F
orc
es
pri
or
to
the
st
art of
th
e
e
xer
cise
.
5
) C
olle
cti
on o
f i
nfo
rma
tio
n a
nd
d
ata
n
ee
ded
f
or
t
he
com
ple
tio
n of
the
exe
rci
se
fina
l
re
por
t.
W
he
n
th
e man
eu
ver
is co
ndu
cte
d
as
ou
tlin
ed
in
pa
rag
rap
h 6c
, a
bov
e,
and
frie
nd
ly
Ag
gre
sso
r
F
or
ces
ar
e
app
ro
xim
ate
ly
eq
ua
l in
str
eng
th,
the
or
ga
niz
atio
n sh
ow
n
in B,
fi
gur
e
1,
i
s
m
ore
e
ffec
tive
.
f
this
organization
is
used,
the
functions outlined
in a, ab
ov
e,
bec
om
e
the
r
esp
ons
ibi
lity
of
th
e e
xer
cise
di
rec
tor a
nd
th
e ch
ief
um
pi
re.
1
1
Um
pire
G
rou
p
Th
e
org
ani
zat
ion
of
t
he
um
pire
g
ro
up sh
own
in
fig
ure
1
is
in
ten
ded
as
a
gui
de a
nd
ma
y b
e m
od
ifie
d t
o
m
ee
t th
e req
uire
me
nts
o
f a
p
art
icu
lar
exe
rcis
e.
T
he
c
hai
n of
c
om
ma
nd fo
r u
nit u
mp
ire
s
par
alle
ls
tha
t
o
f
th
e un
its
o
r h
ea
dqu
art
ers
to
wh
ich
th
ey
are
as
sig
ned
.
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12. Umpire Group Headqua
rters
Commands
all
umpire
person
nel
.
Responsible for a
ll
umpire training
and
for
the
umpiring
of the
tactical
exercise.
Principal
assistant and advisor
to
t
he Chief Umpire. D
irects and co
ordinates the
work
of
the
various s
taff
s
ections.
Respo
nsible to
the C
hief
Umpire for
umpiring
the army
phase of
the
exercise
and
for
army
umpire
training.
Respo
nsible to the Chief
Um
pire for
umpiring the air ph
ase of the exercise
an
d for air umpire
trainin
g.
Responsible to the Chief
Um
pire
f
or umpirin
g
the n
aval phase
of
the exercise
and
fo
r nav
y umpire training.
/.
This
sectio
n
p
erforms administrative
and p
ersonnel
duties
fo
r
the
umpire group
and
pr
ovides such assist
ance as
req
uired to the opera
tions and trainin
g
se
ction for
supervising the
umpiring
of
adm
inistrative activitie
s.
This
section, in conjun
c
tion
with the Operations and
Training
Section,
su
pervises the umpir
ing of intelligenc
e
and co
unterin-
telligence
act
ivities and the
intelligence
training
of
umpire
staff and unit
umpires. In addition
,
th
is
section su
pervises intel
ligence and counter
intelli-
gence
funct
ions p
ertaining to the umpire
gro
up,
coordinates
the
security
policy
for
the umpire group,
and arra
nges
for p
ersonnel
and
equi
pment to provide
int
elligence
support for the umpire
group.
T
his sectio
n
plans,
coordinat
es, and superv
ises
the tra
ining and
13
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D
M
Y
B
E
I
N
U
O
C
E
N
U
M
P
I
R
E
W
L
B
E
I
N
U
N
J
O
N
A
N
A
R
F
O
E
S
F
e
A
e
o
F
c
C
n
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operations of unit
umpires
a
nd ump
ire liaison teams.
During the tactica
l phas
e
of the
exercise
thi
s section
reviews
and analyzes
daily the various umpire
re
ports
and
comp
iles data
on errors and
deficiencies
noted
for the
inform
ation of the
chief
umpire. It
pr
epares the final u
mpire
repor
t and
the
histor
ical
sum
mary of umpire
activitie
s. It
gathers and
an
alyzes data with
reference to atomic
play in th
e
exer
cise.
This
sec
tion
supervises the procurement and
issue
of
umpire
supplies and e
quipment, and the
operation
of
the
umpire
motor
pool.
This section
al
so
provides as
sistan
ce as
required to
the operation
s
and tra
ining
section
for supervis
ing
the umpi
ring
of
supply
and
tr
ansportation activities
.
This
section
plans, di
rects and s
upervises
the in
stallation an
d operation
of the umpire communications sy
stem, and
provides
instructors
in
th
e
operation of commu
nication equip
ment
for
the um
pire
school.
This section
also pro
vid
es assistance
as requ
ired to
the
operations and
trainin
g
section
for supervising
the
umpiring
of
communications activities.
(1) Umpire
liaison teams,
a part
of the
opera
tion
s
and tr
aining
sectio
n,
are
organ
ized,
equipped, a
nd
prepared
to serve
in the
field
as
sta
ff
representatives of
t
he
Chief Um
pire, to reinforce
unit
umpires,
to
umpire
special
situations,
an
d in
emergenc
ies
to
take action in
the
name
of
th
e
Ch
ief Umpire.
In large scale
exercises umpire
liaison teams
16
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may be
assigned
to
the
senior
ump
ire of
participating
corps or Fiel
d
Arm
y in lieu
of
the Umpire
Group.
(2)
The
umpire
liaison
teams must
be
in direct
communication with the operations an
d
training
section
at
Umpire Headqu
arters,
or w
ith
a sp
ecified
su
bordinate fie
ld agency
of that headquarters.
Admin
istrative, supply,
sig
na
l,
an
d maintenance supp
ort
m
ust be pr
ovided the
umpire group
.
For
large exercises
,
se
lected TOE
units
capable of providing
this support should be
assigned
the
u
mpire group
to
w
ork under the sup
er
visi
on of
appropriate staff sections (app.
Sect ion
II.
PERSONNEL
13. As s i gn
m ent of Umpi r
es
Care
should be exerci
sed
in
the assign
ment
of
umpires.
Ever
y effort
should be made
to
obtain
personnel w
ith previous umpire exp
erience
for
key
st
aff and sp
ecialist
p
ositions.
Officers assi
gned as
unit
umpires
should
have
served
in
the
same
branch
of
service as the unit to
which as
signed. Combat
experience is esp
ecially
desirab
le. Personnel
should,
so
fa
r as
possibl
e, be from units
other than
those
participating
in
t
he
ex
ercise to
minimize a te
ndency
to become a p
art
of
the
unit
and to
facilitat
e
main
taining strict
neutrality in attitude
an
d actions.
5.
To
assis
t the
Exercise
D
irector and the Chief
Umpire
in carryin
g out
th
eir respons
ibilities with
respe
ct
to
atomic
play,
officers
trained especially
in
thi
s aspect of
the m
aneuver should be integrate
d
355734
O—55—— — 2
17
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(1
)
(2)
it Bn
(b) . _ _
_ _
om
pany
2
on
_
„
1
v
Hq._
_
1
• t
Coo
rdinat
ion
1
1
2
l a)
0(
d)
2 (a
) 1
l a)
2
(a
) 0
(d)
2
2(a
)
i S
Tank
Batta
lion
Ta
nk
Com]
T
ank P
latoo
n
D
ivisio
n Artil
lery
Fire Sup
pi
Cent
er.
Artillery
Bn
(Including
1
l(a)
3
3
(a)
AA
).
Artill
ery
B
try (Incl
uding
1
1
0(d
)
_____
AA).
Medic
al Bat
talion
.____
____
__ 1
1
1
1
Cle
aring
Co
mpan
y___
___
1
1 0
(c)
_____
A
mbula
nce
Com
pany_
___ 1
0 0
___
__
6 .
Reg
iment
al Head
quarte
rs _
2 l a)
2
2 (a
)
Ser
vice Co
mpan
y_
_____
_ 1
0(c)
_____
Heav
y Mor
tar C
o. ___
__
l
a)
0(c)
_
____
Ta
nk C
o (se
e a
ab
ove):
_
_
M
edic
al Comp
any._
____
____
1
0(c)
1
I
nfant
ry
Bn
Hq_ ___
_____
___
2
2
(a
) 1
l
a)
Rif
le
Co.
.
l
a)
2
2(a
)
Rifle
Platoon___________
1
0(d)
W
eapo
ns
PIat
oon__
____
_
0(d)
_
____
H
eavy
W
eapon
s
Co_
_;__
__
(a) 2
2(a)
Ma
chine
gun Pl
atoon
____
0(d)
_
____
Mo
rtar
Pla
toon
.
____
___
1
0(d)
_____
An
titank
PI
atoon
_____
__
1
0(d)
__
___
Inte
lligen
ce
Re
conna
issan
ce
11
1
1
Plat
oon.
(a
) Also
ope
rates ra
dio.
(
b) Ump
ires assi
gned t
o Eng
in eer units
on same bas
is as
infantry
if
to
act as
infantr
y.
(c) C
omman
ders
of units
a
lso
a
ct as
unit
um
pires.
(d) Comm
anders
of unit
s ac
t
as
unit umpire
s
in abse
nce of d
esignat
ed
umpire
s
of
thei
r paren
t
unit
an
d
in spe
cific inst
ances a
ssist
un
it
um
pires a
s req
uested,
viz .
,
diss
emina
tion o
f inform
ation,
des
ig
n
ating cas
ualties,
etc.
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16. Uni t
Umpires Armored
Div is ion
Umpires a
re
assigned
to comparable
units of
the
armore
d
division
on the same
basis
as
to
units of
the
infantry
division
(par.
15 ).
Additional
umpires
are
assi
gned
to
other
units of the arm
ored division
as
follows:
Combat
Command
Hq__________
2
2(a)
2
2(a)
Di
vision Trains Hq_____,__
________ 1
l(a)
1 l(a)
Q
uartermaster Bn Hq_ ______
______
1 l(a) 1 1 (a)
Ordnance
Bn Hq_
______.__________ 1 l a)
1 l a)
Reconn
aissance Bn Hq_ ___________
1
l(a) 1 l(a)
Mortar
Pl
atoon...____________
____
11
(a) Also operates
radio.
17.
Un it Umpi res
Airborne
Div is ion
Umpires
are
assigned to co
mparable units
of
th
e
airborne
division
on
the
same
basis as to
units of the
infantry division (pa
r. 15). Umpire
s are
assigned
to o
ther units of
the airborne division as
follows:
Parachute Maintenance,Co
_________
11
0
Antitank Plat
oon. _____
___________ 11
0
Support
Company Hq______
_______ 11
1
1
18. Uni t Umpi res
Armored C
avalry Regiment
Umpires
are assigned
to
the
howit
zer
company
of
the
arm
ored cavalry regiment on
the
same b
asis
a
s
to a tank
com
pany (par.
15). Assignm
ent of um
pires
to other u
nits of the armor
ed cavalry reg
iment
is on the
basis of assignment
to units of the
infantry
divisio
n and the
armored
divisi
on (p
ars. 15 and
16).
70
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19
Umpire iai
son Teams
Umpire
lia
ison te
ams re
quire one
officer an
d
two
radio
operator-
drivers.
20
Fire
Marker
Tea
ms
Each
groun
d
fire
marke
r
tea
m con
sists o
f one
o
fficer and
one r
adio
operator-
driver. Each
aerial
fire
marker team
co
nsists o
f one o
fficer (pilot-r
adio
operato
r) and
one
assistant
. A
fire
marking
team
with th
e capab
ility of a
tomic
fire
marking
is
consid
ered essential
to
realistic
training
in atomic
play.
21
M
iscellane
ous
Umpir
es are
assigned to all
operativ
e sp
ecial
uni
ts
suc
h as
military in
telligenc
e servic
e
unit
s, p
sy
cholog
ical
warfare
units
, e
lectronic warfare u
nits,
A
rmy Se
curity
Ag
ency units,
Counter Intelligence
Corps
u
nits
and
others
as require
d.
ft. One of
ficer ump
ire
should
be
prov
ided
for each
of
the followi
ng:
(
1)
Ag
ent m
ission.
(2) Guerrilla
mission.
(3)
Raid
or
infiltration
mission.
(Unit
um
pire
may be used.)
(4) Pa
trol. (Uni
t um
pire may be
used.)
(5
)
Priso
ner-of-wa
r
installa
tion at
d
ivisional
or high
er
le
vel
(to ump
ire ha
ndling,
proc
essing, an
d exch
ange of p
risoners
of
w
ar).
Headqu
arters, depo
ts,
ho
spitals,
and
units of a
log
istical
command
are
assigned um
pires on
the sam
e
basis as
comparab
le
headquar
ters
an
d
units lis
ted
in par
agraph 15.
Um
pire
requ
irements
will
be
le
ss
2
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f
or
t
hose
units
whose m
ission
s mak
e
them
comp
ara
tive
ly stabl
e.
Local
ump
ires
will m
ake the
dec
ision
regard
ing
chemical
casualty
assessment.
These decisions plus
a
ny qu
estions
regar
ding th
e sa
me should
be
in
cluded
in the
re
marks
of
t
he
da
ily
report.
To in
sure
adequ
ate
CBR
um
pirin
g, it
is advis
able to prov
ide one
o
r two s
pecial C
BR
ump
ire te
ams
at c
ritical
po
ints of
C
BR play to
supple
ment
re
gular
unit
um
pires.
22 onc
ommis
sioned
O
ff icers
Qu
alified
nonco
m m iss
ioned
officer
s may be
used as
as
sistant
um
pires
.
23
R
eporti
ng to
Un its
U
mpires
sh
ould join
the
unit
or
he
adquar
ters to
whic
h assig
ned a
minim
um
of 1 d
ay
a
nd p
refera
bly
2
d
ys
prior
to the sta
rt
of
the exer
cise in o
rder
to
perm
it
them
to
bec
ome fam
iliar
with
the
unit,
its
statu
s, and
its m
issions
. The u
nit to
wh
ich a
ssigned
p
rovide
s clas
s I and
III
su
pport
for th
e ump
ire.
Sec t i on
III
UMPIRE
TRAINING
24
Gene
ral
Rega
rdless
of
how
well
train
ed t
roops
ma
y be,
tacti
cal ex
ercises
are succes
sful
only
w
hen e
ffectiv
ely
ump
ired by
tra
ined um
pires.
Eve
ry troo
p
unit
sh
ould main
tain
a n
ucleus
of train
ed u
mpire p
er
son
nel to be
used
in tac
tical exe
rcises.
2
5 h
e
Um
pire S
choo l
The u
mpire sc
hool is
the key
to
the succe
ssful
um
piring
of
any tactic
al exerc
ise.
The
refore
, it is
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essential that
planning
for the umpire school be
initiated at
the earliest
practicable date. Qualified
personnel must be
assembled early
in the planning
phase
to
prepare
the
umpire
training
program
and
necessary instructional
material.
Previously quali
fied
instructors should
be
made
available for the
umpire school.
26 Program
of
Umpire
Training
The
time
required for umpire training
depends
upon
the status
of
training
of
the umpire personnel
and the type
of
tactical exercise to be
conducted.
This may vary from a few
hours
for
a
squad
or
platoon
problem
to as much as three weeks for
a
joint Army-Navy-Air Force
exercise.
The training
should include
classroom
conferences
and demon
strations
pf
umpiring
followed
by
reconnaissance
of the exercise
area and actual practice in umpire
control methods with troops.
Particular
attention
should be
paid
to schooling umpires in atomic and
CBR aspects
of the
exercise and their duties incident
thereto. Umpire checklists should
be provided.
Communications
should
be
thoroughly
tested
during
the practical training in
the
field.
Practical
exer
cises
conducted
during the
umpire
training
phase
afford the chief umpire a means of
testing
the um
pires.
The exercises should be varied so that
umpires
develop confidence in their ability to handle
all
situations
likely to
be
encountered.
Where
cir
cumstances permit, umpires should work
with
units
in the field, to
afford them an
opportunity to apply
and practice
the
methods and techniques taught in
the classroom. Small
unit exercises are
particularly
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va
luable,
not
only
fo
r th
is
p
urpose
, b
ut
al
so to
ori
ent
troo
ps in u
mpire
me
thods
and
proced
ures. Thi
s
ty
pe
of
tr
aining
is es
pecial
ly suita
ble
for the tr
ain
ing
of
large groups
since
those
not
engaged in
ump
iring may
ob
serve
and
lat
er critiq
ue the
per
f
orman
ce
of
the
others
.
f t One
or mor
e
pra
ctical
ex
ercises
sh
ould
be
con
du
cted for u
mpires
prio
r to any
larg
e t
actical
exer
cise. Si
mulate
d a
tomic bur
sts, ca
sualty
an
d damag
e
assessments,
and
reporting
procedures
incident
to
the
use o
f at
omic w
eapon
s s
hould
b
e r
ehears
ed by
the
um
pire
group
of each
re
gimen
tal
si
ze un
it
prior to
the
co
nduct
of
the
field
exerc
ise.
ec
t ion IV IDEN
TIFICA
TIONS
27
Identification of
Personnel
Regu
lation
uni
fo
rm
of the
Arm
ed Fo
rces of th
e
Uni
ted State
s.
Aggr
essor un
iforms
and insig
nia
a
s
presc
ribed
in FM
3
0-101.
A whit
e clot
h
loop
on
the
left
side
under
the
arm and
over
the
s
houlde
r.
A r
ed c
loth loop
on
the left
side und
er t
he arm
and
ov
er the
s
houlde
r.
A
red
and
white clo
th loop
on
the
left
side und
er the
arm
and over
the
shoulder.
/.
A
green
c
loth
loo
p o
n the
left side
u
nder th
e
a
rm
and
ov
er th
e should
er.
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28
Identi
fication of
Vehicles
As
p
rescribed in AR
85
0-5 .
.
A
s
prescribed
in
FM
30-1
01.
A white
flag appro
ximately 1
foot
squ
are on
a 4
foot
staff fastene
d to the right
f
ront bu
mper
o
f the
vehicle.
A red
and
white
flag approxima
tely
1 f
oot square o
n a
4
foot
staff
fastened
to
the
right
front
bumper
of the
ve
hicle. Upper half
of
t
he flag is
to
b
e
whit
e and the
lower half is
to
be
red.
A
g
reen flag
approxi
mate
ly
1
foot square
on
a
4
foot sta
ff
fas
tened
to the
right
fron
t bumper of
the vehicle.
29 Identification
of Aircr
aft
Umpire
and Exercise
Director air
craft
are
marked with fou
r twel
ve-inch
ba
nds alternating
white and
green around each win
g. Similar mark
ing
s
are
placed around t
he fuselage
of helicopters.
Aggressor
aircraft
bear
the
Aggressor
mark
ing
as
pr
escribed
in
2M30-1
01.
30 Identif
ication of
Me
dical Vehicles
and Installations
Red
Cross
m
arkings
are usually u
sed
o
n medi
cal v
ehicles and
inst
allations.
On
oc
casion their
use
may b
e
curtail
ed by the commander
for tact
ical rea
son
s.
Medical
unit
s
and
person
nel participating
in
tacti
cal exercises are
cons
idered
unde
r
t
he protective
provisions
of the
Geneva Conve
ntion.
25
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Actual casu
alties and emergency medical
sup
plies
are
transported
in
vehicles displaying
a Red
Cross Flag
. Such
ve
hicles
are
per
mitted
complete
freedom of
action
by
all personnel.
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CHAPT
ER 3
UMPIRE CONT R OL METHO
DS AND
PROCEDURE
S
Sec t ion I.
UMPIRE CO
NTROL
31 Control
Control during a
tactica
l exercise
is
of
the ut
most
i
mportance. Th
is
control
is exercised
by means
of u
mpires assigned to units a
nd
act
ivities.
The
combat respo
nses
or a
ctions
o
f participating
troops
will
be
guided
by
the
unit
umpire
by
means
of
de
cisions and
direct announ
cements.
Overa
ll control
will be
exercised
b
y
the
chief um
pire
th
rough umpi
re
channel
s.
It
is essential
that const
ant
communica
tions be
maintained betwee
n
the
various operat
ing
elements
o
f
the
umpire group.
Th
e unit umpi
re
must d
etermine and portray
to the unit the
effect of mov
ements, dispositions, fi
re
power,
a
tomic bursts, su
rprise, and maneuver on
the
tactical situa
tion. He describ
es existing
battlefield
conditions
to
cause
proper
reacti
ons b
y troops and
commanders. Failure
to react
properly
should
r
e
sult in losses being assessed
against
the
unit.
The
small
unit
umpire
will
exercise
control by
announ
cements
to
ind
ividuals and
units
as appropr
i
ate.
These
announceme
nts should
makeeach soldier
aware of th
e situation and
the
natur
e
of
hos
tile op-
2
7
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position
. When makin
g annou
ncements
, the umpire
must
consi
der whe
ther, in actu
al
b
attle,
the in
for
mation
w
ould
be
secure
d b
y
a
n individ
ual, a portion
of
the
unit,
or
the
entire
unit. These announcements
m
ust be
realistic and
so phr
ased and
delivered
tha
t
th
e words and
tone
of voice
carry t
he pro
per im
p
ression. Th
e
effects of atomic p
lay
must be
por
traye
d
i
n a
rea
listic manner
and
the
announc
ement
must
be
deliv
ered
to
the
troops
in suc
h
a
ma
nner as
to emphasize realism.
In
gene
ral, unit
ump
ires comply
with
ins
truc
tions pertaini
ng to cover,
concealm
ent, an
d use
of
lights
, that
are appli
cable to
the
unit to w
hich
ass
igned.
The
movem
ent,
ho
wever,
of
unit
um
pires
is not
r
estricted
to any
partic
ular
a
rea
as they
must
be allowed
such
freedom
of
moveme
nt as to
best
per
fo
rm their
duties. U
mpires are
not
requir
ed to
con
form to
the radio sile
nce im
posed u
pon the u
nits.
32 De
cisions
The
umpi
re m
ust
ren
der
a pro
mpt
a
nd l
ogical
decis
ion in an
y
situ
ation whic
h
arises during
the ex
ercise.
When
contact
is
made
between
the opposing
force
s, the umpire
s
should allo
w the situa
tion to
develop
unt
il
a tac
tical d
ecision is
indic
ated or re
qu
ired. Decisi
ons ar
e
bas
ed
on relative firep
ower,
tactical
e
mployme
nt, disp
ositions, cover,
concea
l
ment, terra
in, fields
of fire,
surpris
e,
a
nd
maneuv
er.
Careful
consideration must
be
given to these
tactical
factor
s, so that
um
piring is not
merel
y a mathem
at
ica
l
co
mputatio
n of relativ
e fir
epower. The
ump
ire
wil
l take
necessa
ry precau
tions to
pre
vent bo
dily
conta
ct
a
nd injury
or damage
to m
ateriel. He
makes
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on-the-spot decisions based
upon the
current local
situation,
determines and assesses losses to personnel
and
materiel.
His rulings must be impartial in every
case. He
must
refrain from making
tactical
deci
sions
which are the responsibility
of the
unit com
manders.
Decisions
must be
prompt. Unit
umpires
will
assess
damage and casualties caused by a simu
lated atomic burst by
referring
to
an
"effects
over
lay" (app. VII).
These
effects overlays" will have
been distributed to
all
unit umpires prior
to
the start
of
the maneuver.
Unit
umpires
are not
required
to
compute
casualty or damage effects. On receipt of
the code number of
the
overlay
to be
used, ground
zero
and time of burst, unit
umpires
note
the
disposi
tion of personnel and
equipment
of their assigned
unit
with relation to
ground
zero
and the damage
areas
indicated
on
the
effects
overlay."
The
platoon
umpire decides whether either
force
should
be able to advance and
portrays
the
situ
ation accordingly.
If, for example,
the situation
is such
that the unit
would
be
unable to advance in
actual combat, the umpire "paints the battle
picture"
by
voice
or
over
a
loudspeaker
to
indicate
intense
and
accurate hostile
fire. If
the
unit should be able
to
advance,
the umpire might depict light enemy fire.
This affords the
platoon commander
information
which should lead to a decision to advance. If a
position
is
overrun, the umpire prevents
hand-to-
hand
fighting and
decides
the
number
of
prisoners
to be assessed.
Umpires may
be
called
upon for decisions when
needed
for clarification of a decision previously made.
Troops
must abide
by
umpire
decisions without
hesi-
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tat
ion o
r argu
men
t.
Uni
t ump
ires m
ay
be use
d to
ori
ent
tro
ops on
umpi
re
pr
oced
ures p
resc
ribed
for
the exe
rcise
.
Umpire
decisions
and operation
of
troops are
n
orma
lly
b
ased
o
n actu
al
w
eath
er co
nditi
ons.
In
ex
cepti
onal
c
ases a
ssum
ed
w
eath
er co
nditi
ons af
fect
ing
vis
ibilit
y
or
air op
erat
ions
ar
e
a
utho
rized
if
n
eces
sary
to ac
comp
lish
t
he objec
tives
of the
exe
rcise
.
33
Liai
son
Unit
um
pire
s
sho
uld
be
furnished
cop
ies
of
the
oper
ation
s and ad
min
istra
tive
o
rders
of th
e uni
ts to
whic
h a
ssign
ed as
s
oon
a
s
issu
ed
s
o th
at the
y
hav
e op
po
rtun
ity to s
tudy
th
e
pl
an
an
d sc
heme
of m
aneu
ver
and
rep
ort
the info
rma
tion
thr
ough
um
pire ch
anne
ls.
Inf
orm
ation
of
str
engt
h,
d
ispos
ition
s,
a
nd pla
ns
of
action
are
furnished
the
battalion
umpires
of
the
opp
osing
for
ces b
y
the
assis
tant
batt
alion
ump
ires
o
f the U
nite
d State
s
For
ce. W
hen
con
tact
is
im
m
inen
t th
e
a
ssist
ant b
attal
ion u
mpir
e
at e
ach U
nited
Sta
tes
batt
alion
in
volv
ed,
joins
t
he a
ppro
pria
te A
g
gres
sor
unit
co
mma
nder
, or
u
mpir
e,
to e
ffect
the
necessary exchange
of
information.
Since
the United
Sta
tes
Fo
rce
uni
t
um
pire
in
cont
act
mus
t an
noun
ce
the
d
ecis
ions
res
ultin
g from
an
y actio
n be
twee
n A
g
gre
ssor and
th
e Un
ited
Stat
es u
nit to
w
hich
he is
ass
igned
(p
ar. 6)
, this
proc
edure
is ap
plic
able
to
b
oth t
he A
ggre
ssor
Forc
e—F
ree a
nd t
he Ag
gres
sor
Force—Controlled
type
exercises.
34
Flag
s and
Sign
als
(1
)
W
hite
fl
ag d
urin
g
the
d
ay a
nd
ye
llow
star
c
luste
r at n
ight
.
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(2) Blue flag
during the
day and green sj;ar
cluster
at night.
(3)
Red star cluster.
(Only
regimental
umpire or
higher authority
di
rects the use of the
red
star cluster and
authorizes action resumed.)
Orange
flag.
Black flag at each end
of
obstacle.
Red
smoke
grenades
(par. 44/).
Aggressor: Yellow smoke gren
ades.
United
States: White smoke
grenade.
/.
When
no
other
means
of representing fire is
available,
a
red
flag will
be
waved
from
the tank
or gun
position.
To be
indicated by
appropriate
simulators;
augmented
by use of announcements
over
a public address
system
on a
vehicular
mount
or
army
aircraft
cruising
over
the
area. Other mass
destruction weapons will be the subject
of special
instructions
for
each
exercise.
1) Cerise panels.
(2) Yellow
panels.
35 Air Landings
and
Air D r o p s
Use
of
colored
smoke
in
the
area
of
a
scheduled
air landing
or
air drop is reserved for the unit
mak
ing
the
landing
or drop for
a period
of
H minus
30
minutes
to H
plus
1 hour.
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3
6
E
me
rge
nc
y Me
asu
re
s
If
c
on
tro
l is
los
t,
th
e
u
nit
um
pi
re
ma
y h
alt
th
e
ac
tio
n of
th
e u
ni
t or
un
it
s inv
ol
ved
pa
r. 3
3).
I
n
that
case
h
e
should immediately
report
the
facts
tog
et
her
w
ith
th
e
act
ion
h
e h
as
tak
en
to
th
e n
ex
t
hi
gh
er
un
it
um
pi
re,
w
ho
w
ill
in
ve
sti
gat
e
th
e sit
ua
ti
on
, a
nd
a
do
pt
on
e o
f
t
he
f
oll
ow
ing
co
urs
es
of
a
cti
on
:
1)
An
no
un
ce
h
is
de
cis
ion
t
o
th
e u
ni
t um
p
ire
concerned.
2)
D
ire
ct o
th
er
s
ub
or
din
at
e
un
it
um
pir
es
to
ha
lt th
e
ac
tio
n o
f th
ei
r
un
its
if
w
arr
an
ted
b
y
th
e si
tua
tio
n.
3) D
ir
ec
t a
ll
s
ubo
rd
ina
te
un
it um
p
ire
s to
ha
lt
the
ac
tio
n
of
th
ei
r u
ni
ts.
H
e
th
en
im
me
diately reports
the
situation
to
the next
h
igh
er
u
nit
u
m
pir
e.
A
cti
on
si
mi
lar
to t
ha
t d
esc
rib
ed
in
ab
ov
e w
il
l
be
ta
ken
wh
en
an
y
of
the
fo
llo
w
ing
co
nd
itio
ns
e
xi
st:
1)
S
afe
ty
re
gu
lat
ion
s
ar
e v
io
late
d.
2)
E
xis
tin
g c
on
dit
ion
s e
nda
ng
er
li
fe
or
p
ro
p
erty.
3)
Ex
erc
ise
bo
un
da
rie
s o
r
off
-li
mi
ts
are
as
ar
e
vio
lat
ed
.
4
) E
an
ge
fir
es
m
ust
be
br
oug
ht
u
nd
er
con
tro
l.
e
c t i
on
II
I
NF
AN
TR
Y A
CT
IO
N
37 General
Th
e
s
ucc
es
s
o
f
a
ny
tac
tic
al e
xe
rci
se
is
dir
ect
ly
d
ep
en
den
t
up
on t
he
effi
cie
ncy
an
d e
ffe
cti
ven
es
s o
f
th
e
u
mp
ire
.
In
fa
ntr
y
en
ga
ge
me
nts
a
re
ch
ara
cte
riz
ed
by
cl
ose
ac
tio
n,
m
ane
uv
er
, an
d t
he
us
e
o
f
su
pp
or
tin
g
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weapons
.
The
infantry umpire
not only
must ke
ep
abreas
t of the
tactical situati
on but
through his
knowledge
of
infantry
tactics and the
use of support
ing
weapons,
must
be
able
to
estimate the capabilities
of
the u
nit and the courses
of action
it
may ado
pt.
5. Infa
ntry action is primari
ly controll
ed at
t
he
platoon
level in accordan
ce with
the provisions of
p
aragraphs
31
through 36.
T
o ass
ist
platoon
um
pires
in the
per
formance
o
f
their
duties,
each
umpire
should b
e equipped with
a
megaphone. Umpires
with un
its hig
her
th
an company level perform
super
visory duties
and report on th
e functioning
of
th
e
unit as a whole
including
its staff
.
The
employment
of su
pporting tires by
compa
ny,
battalion,
and
regi
mental comman
ders during all
phases of an action,
m
ust be carefully
considered when evalua
ting the
comparative
fire
power.
For
example,
the fact
that
an attack
er, during the
approach
to contact, is sub
j
ected to
the
fires
of
the
supporti
ng
w
eapons of
the
defender
must be considered i
n
computing
the
com
parative fire
power, especially
in those cas
es
w
here
such
fires are not normally
marked.
In suc
h cases
the assistant
battalion
umpire of the
United
States
ba
ttalion mu
st
obtain and
transmit to
appropriate
unit ump
ires
timely information
of
the
supporting
fires
employ
ed (par.
33)
. Based on
this informa
tio
n,
unit ump
ires may
assess
ca
sualties an
d delays
as approp
riate,
when unit
commanders
fail to take
proper
action
to
reduce
the
effect
of
these
fires.
A
ll units in the exercise
area,
re
gardless
of thei
r
type, mission
,
or
location,
are
su
bject to
attack. D
is
mounted attacks against
any unit wil
l
be umpire
d in
a ma
nner similar
to
that
prescribed
f
or
infantry
ac-
355734
O— 5 5 — — — 3
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(10) Be prepared to critique the
performance
of the unit to
which
assigned. Particularly
observe action taken by Commanders to
exploit the use of atomic
weapons by ma
neuver,
and if
attacked
by atomic weapons,
reorganization procedures
used.
(11) Prevent physical contact between troops
of the opposing forces
to
avoid injury
to
personnel.
(12) Prevent damage to
materiel.
(13)
Instruct
personnel
of
the
unit
to
which
assigned in
umpire
methods.
6.
The
umpire must PAINT
THE
PICTUKE.
The
snap of
live
ammunition and the
burst
of shells
in battle warn the soldier of the presence of hostile
fire.
Since
these
sounds are not
present in training
exercises,
announcements are
made by
the
umpire
to
supplement the use
of
blank ammunition and
repre
sented
shell
bursts. Examples of
correct
announce
ments are—
(1)
"Bridge
to right
front—400
yards—four
shells explode close
together—four
more
shell
explosions—another
four."
(Fire
Marker
Team
marking artillery
tire.)
(2)
"A shell just
exploded 300 yards
in
front
of you.''
Two minutes later—'"shell
com
ing;
impact 100
yards
behind you."
(3)
"Fire from
a
machinegun in the vicinity of
that
large
house
(pointing)
is
searching this
area."
(4) "Machinegun fire
sweeping
directly over
you;
that rifleman
(designating) nicked
in
shoulder by
ricochet;
that rifleman (desig-
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natin
g) dis
abled fo
r 15
m
inutes by
rico
chet
off
helme
t.
(5)
B
ursts
from a
light
ma
chineg
un striki
ng
in
yonr
imm
ediate
vic
inity
(a
nnoun
ce a
designated
place);
fire
apparently
coming
f
rom di
rection
of that
cornf
ield. M
achine
-
gu
n fire
h
as ce
ased.
(fi)
A shell
fragme
nt has
smash
ed
the
longi
t
udinal
spir
it-leve
l. (Afte
r a
n
artille
ry
con
centra
tion.)
(7)
(Aside
to squad
leader
during
hostile
ma
chin
egun
fire)
Y
ou have
been
hi
t;
y
ou
are wou
nded in
left leg
.
(8)
Sm
all arm
s fir
e from
that
(poin
ting) hil
l
•
strikin
g in
you
r imm
ediat
e
fro
nt.
(9)
Fou
r shells,
ex
plode
d 50
yard
s upwin
d o
f
you—Odor
in
air
of
fresh
corn —10
seconds
l
ater
Fo
ur
more
sh
ells
just upw
ind.
(10)
A
n at
omic
we
apon
has j
ust exp
loded
1,200 ya
rds
to yo
ur righ
t. Yo
u
are seri
ous
ly burne
d a
nd your
leg
is
broke
n by
fl
y
ing
debris
. Y
our radio
is
dam
aged;
yo
u
can
not u
se
it.
(Ass
ess othe
r ca
sualtie
s
and
dam
age
in the
uni
t
as
ap
propri
ate.)
T
he follo
wing
sho
uld
be
avo
ided:
(1)
Being
igno
rant of
the
situ
ation,
of th
e
pr
ojecte
d cour
se
of the exe
rcise,
and
of um
pi
re du
ties.
2)
Faili
ng
t
o
give an
em
phatic
an
d
clear
de
scr
iption
of the
situation and the
hostile
fire.
(3)
Calli
ng
out: You
c
an't adva
nce b
eyond
this p
oint.
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(4) Reve
aling the projected
course
of
the
exer
cise.
(5) Permittin
g
a long
exchange o
f
fire
withou
t
announcing
a
decision.
(6) Giving hostile fire data
to the leader
only
instea
d of announ
cing it
so
that
all can hear.
(7) Failing to report an
y independent act
ions
of
the unit.
(8)
Sho
uting Enemy with
drawing'' or
N
o.
1
rifleman,
you
see
a
hostile soldier
running
towar
d the rear.
(9
)
Permitting an
attack
to
s
ucceed w
ithout
proper
fire
s
upport, without individual
soldiers working
their
w
ay fo
rward, or be
fore the
ene
my
with
draws
o
r suffers
severe
losses.
(10) F
ailing
to
listen
to
t
he or
der of
the
plat
oon
command
er.
(11)
Failing to o
bserve
the actio
n of
troops
constant
ly.
Shouting
: Take
shelter or Sho
ot,
when an enemy
machinegun
fires
with
blank
cartrigdes.
A remark
such
as
Bullets are
whistlin
g
around
you
sho
uld
be made.
(13
) Divulgin
g knowled
ge
of the
terrain,
or
showing
a map to the tro
ops when they h
ave
no
maps on
hand, or
are
forbidd
en to use
them.
(14) Failing
to
observe
safety prec
autions (app.
IV).
(15)
Pe
rmitting troops unde
r
fire
to
expose
themselves
without
imposin
g penalties.
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(Ifi)
S
hou
ting
:
"M
ac
hine
gun
fi
ve
wit
hou
t
clar
ific
atio
n
i
nste
ad
of a
nno
unc
ing
"B
urst
s
fro
m
two
(th
ree)
mac
hin
egu
ns
are
strik
ing
here
(pointing)
;
the bursts
are
getting
cl
ose
r.
(1
7) P
erm
itt
ing
un
it co
mm
and
ers
to
u
se
um
pir
e
rad
ios w
hen
t
heir
s
are
out of
a
ctio
n
inst
ead o
f re
qui
ring
the
m t
o
so
lve th
eir
own
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
pro
ble
ms.
(
18)
Becoming
friendly
with
the
unit
com
ma
nde
r and,
a
s
a resu
lt,
hav
ing a
te
nden
cy
t
o f
avo
r th
e unit
whi
ch h
e is
um
pirin
g.
(
19)
H
old
ing up
th
e pro
gre
ss
of t
he ex
erc
ise
to
d
iscu
ss th
e
situ
atio
n
inst
ead
o
f
pain
tin
g
a
r
eas
onab
le p
ictu
re
a
nd ma
inta
inin
g re
alism
.
(20)
B
eco
min
g inv
olve
d in
a
rgu
men
ts or
b
eing
und
uly
i
nflu
enc
ed b
y the
u
nit
com
ma
nde
r.
(T
he
ump
ire
m
ust
re
nde
r a
n i
mpa
rtia
l de
ci
sion
, w
hich
is f
inal
, ba
sed
on s
oun
d a
nd
ac
cep
ted
prac
tice
s.)
(21
) F
aili
ng to
be
pr
esen
t
whe
n
u
nit c
omm
an
d
ers
issu
e o
rde
rs,
send
me
ssa
ges,
hol
d
bri
ef
ing
sessions,
or
make
plans.
(22)
F
aili
ng
to
subm
it co
mpl
ete
and ac
cur
ate
rep
ort
s a
t pre
scr
ibed
ti
mes
.
(2
3)
P
erm
itti
ng e
nem
y s
abot
age
an
d
pen
etra
tio
n
t
eam
s to
acco
mp
any
him
to
com
ma
nd
po
sts
afte
r
co
mpl
etio
n
or
ter
min
atio
n
of
their
missions.
This
permits
agents
to
ob
se
rve
the c
omm
and
po
sts a
nd giv
es t
hem
an
un
due
adv
ant
age
f
or
l
ater
m
issio
ns.
(24
)
Fai
lure
t
o
cons
ide
r fie
lds o
f fir
e, la
yin
g of
g
un, e
tc.,
dur
ing
fire
d
uels
.
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(25) Your
platoon is
receiving a do
se rate of
350 roentgens per
hour.
This inform
ation
should only be r
evealed
to
radiological de
fense
monitors
possessing the
proper
survey
instruments
to determine
dose
rate levels.
Sect ion
III
ARM
ORED ACTION
39 General
Th
e
pro
cedures for
umpiring arm
ored action
are
similar
to
those prescribed
for
infantry
action.
Techniques
are influenced
by
th
e
mobility
,
sh
ock
ac
t
ion, and fire
power
characte
ristic of armor.
6. Megaphones
cannot be used b
y tank
pla
toon
u
m
pires due to
the
noise
created by tanks
in motion.
The tank
platoon umpire
should ride in
the tank
of
the
platoon
commander and
use
the
tank
unit's tacti
cal
radio
net to make
his announcements.
The um
pire
m
ust
be
skilled in
th
e use
of
t
ank ra
dios and
should
n
ot be
hasty
about
expected realistic
reactions
unless
he is
assured that his messages
were received
and understoo
d. He must also reali
ze that his use
of
the platoon
commander's
radio
interferes
with
com
mand control. Tanks
that fail to rea
ct realistically
to enemy
fire
are
decla
red out of a
ction
by
the platoon
u
mpire.
Damage
cau
sed by enemy
action may vary
from a broke
n t
rack
to complete
destruction
of
the
tan
k and c
rew,
howev
er complete de
struction of a
tank
and crew is seldom warranted.
Fire
duels between tanks,
self-propelled
guns,
and/o
r antitank
guns are
jud
ged
on the basis
of
cov
er,
conc
ealment,
position, firs
t
aim
ed shot, caliber
of
w
eapons,
and whether
the
tank
s are
st
ationary or
mo
ving. There is no
fixed method
of
determin
ing
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the victo
r.
Each
a
ction m
ust
be d
eterm
ined o
n
its
merit.
Speed in m
aking
a de
cision b
ased
on
e
xperi
ence
an
d co
mmon
sen
se is ne
cessar
y.
R
ealism
mu
st
b
e mainta
ined.
Blue flags
or
green
star
clus
ters ha
lt
all
tank
action and
allow
proper
evaluation
of
all
fa
ctors
in mak
ing a
decisi
on (
par. 34
).
40 Mov
ement
of
Armor
All
ump
ires
m
ust ex
ercise ju
dgme
nt in
any
ar
mored
a
ction.
W
here
the liv
es
of
p
erson
nel on
the
ground
are
endangered,
the
umpire
must
slow
dow
n
or stop
a
ll
arm
ored
actio
n.
6
. For
th
e
s
afety
of
p
ersonn
el
on the gr
ound, n
o
tank
will b
e move
d unles
s t
he
tank comm
ander
o
r
crew
memb
er is
in
the open
turr
et
hatch
. f th
e
interp
hone
system
is ope
rating
, the othe
r
hatc
hes
may
be closed.
f
the
interphone
system is
not
op
eratin
g,
all hat
ches
will b
e open s
o t
hat the
tan
k
co
mman
der, drive
r, an
d a
ssistan
t
dr
iver,
if a
pplica
ble,
can
cons
tantly
obse
rve t
he groun
d over
w
hich
the
tank
is
movin
g.
T
he
posit
ion o
f
fr
iendly
and A
ggress
or For
ces
and the
density of civilian
population
will
deter
mine wh
at sa
fety me
asures
shou
ld be follo
wed.
Ordi
narily
,
dur
ing
the perio
d f
rom
sunse
t
to
sun
r
ise,
movem
ent by
armor
cros
s coun
try will
be
made
only wh
en eac
h tan
k
or tracke
d
v
ehicle
is
pr
eceded
by
a dism
ounte
d
m
an.
(This
inclu
des
the
mar
sha
lling,
asemb
ly,
or with
draw
al o
f
arm
or
wit
hin
the
pr
escrib
ed li
mits
of the e
xercis
e area
du
ring the
hou
rs
o
f dark
ness.)
W
hen spe
cial illu
minat
ion
de
vices
are use
d du
ring
night op
eration
s,
speci
al
um
p
ire p
roced
ures sho
uld
be
an
nounc
ed.
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Armor operating on
roads at nigh
t will con
form
t
o instructi
ons
issued
by the
Exercise
Direc
tor's Headquarters.
Personnel
on
the ground
will
stand
when ap
proa
ched
by a
rmored vehicl
es.
41 Armored Reconnaissanc
e
Un i
ts
Re
connaissance
units
operating
from vehicles
are
con
trolled
by
umpires in a manner
similar
to
ta
nk
control. All t
actical vehicles
in reconnaissance units
do
not have radios; therefore,
the
ump
ire cannot
dir
ectly
control individual vehicles
. If the r
econ-
naisa
nce
units operate
on foot, they
are umpire
d
as
infantry.
Sec t ion
IV
. A RT I
L L E R Y
42 General
Art
illery umpires
o
bserve the te
chnical func
tioning and
tactical e
mployment of
artillery units,
assess
casualties and damages,
and mark the ground
zero
of
at
omic bursts and
the impact
of
ar
tillery and
heavy
mortar
fires
in target area
s.
J. Artillery um
pires
are or
ganized into
two
major
groups as
follows:
1)
Unit um
pires
(pa
r.
43).
(2)
F
ire marke
r umpire
s
(pa
rs. 44 and
45).
43 Artillery Unit Umpires
Artillery
umpires
observe
the
functioning
of
the particu
lar unit to
which
a
ssigned. They super
vi
se
subordi
nate u
nit
u
mpires
and fire
m
arker teams,
authorizing the marking
o
f fire missions (inclu
ding
atom
ic
bursts) w
hen proper
artiller
y
techn
iques hav
e
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b
ee
n
em
p
lo
ye
d.
T
h
ey
as
se
ss
c
as
ua
lti
es
an
d
da
m
ag
es
re
su
lt
in
g
f
ro
m
ho
sti
le
a
ct
io
n a
ga
in
st
th
e
un
it
to
w
h
ic
h
as
sig
n
ed
.
6
A
mo
n
g
th
e
fu
nc
ti
on
s ob
se
rv
ed
an
d
c
he
ck
ed
ar
e
the
following:
1
)
T
he
p
la
nn
in
g
an
d
c
oo
rd
in
at
io
n o
f f
ir
e
s
up
p
or
t t
o d
et
er
m
in
e
i
f
ire
s
up
p
or
t
is u
ti
liz
e
d
to
it
s m
a
x
i
m
u
m
,
th
e a
tt
ac
k
of
ta
rg
et
s
is
t
im
el
y
an
d
th
e
p
lan
o
f fir
e
su
p
po
rt
is
in
a
cc
or
da
nc
e
w
ith
t
he
m
a
ne
uv
er
o
f th
e
su
pp
o
rte
d
u
ni
t.
(2
)
Th
e
co
or
di
na
ti
on
o
f
o
bs
er
va
t
io
n,
c
ou
n
ter
b
att
er
y,
a
nd
co
u
nt
er
m
or
tar
fu
nc
ti
on
s,
an
d w
h
et
he
r
ta
rg
e
t i
nf
or
m
at
io
n
is
a
gg
re
ss
iv
el
y
c
o
lle
ct
ed
fr
om
a
ll a
v
ail
ab
le
s
ou
rc
es
,
ev
al
ua
te
d
an
d
in
te
rp
re
te
d
in
ti
m
e
to
pe
rm
it
the
e
ff
ec
tiv
e
at
tac
k
o
f th
e t
ar
ge
t.
3
)
Fu
n
c
ti
on
in
g
of
th
e
Fi
re
Su
p
po
rt
C
oo
rd
in
at
io
n
Ce
n
ter
i
n
ca
rr
yi
ng
o
ut i
ts
m
i
ss
ion
o
f
i
ns
ur
in
g
th
e
eff
ic
ien
t
co
or
di
na
tio
n
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
e
mp
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f av
ai
lab
le
fi
re
p
ow
e
r
to
i
n
c
lu
de
th
e in
te
g
rat
io
n
o
f n
on
at
om
ic
fi
re
su
p
p
or
t w
ith
at
om
i
c
fir
e m
i
ssi
on
s
in
su
pp
o
rt
o
f th
e
co
m
m
an
d
er
s sc
he
m
e o
f
m
an
eu
v
er
.
4)
M
a
in
te
na
nc
e o
f
pr
o
pe
r
fir
in
g
ch
ar
t,
reg
is
tr
at
io
n,
f
re
qu
e
nt
m
et
ro
m
e
ss
ag
es
c
or
re
ct
co
m
pu
ta
tio
n
s, an
d
c
o
rre
ct
fir
e co
m
m
an
ds
t
o t
he
fi
rin
g
b
att
er
ie
s.
5
)
A
de
qu
a
te s
up
pl
y
a
t
t
he
g
un
s t
o e
xe
cu
te
m
is
si
on
s,
re
su
pp
ly
p
la
ns
,
an
d
ac
ti
on
t
ak
e
n t
o e
ff
ec
t
r
es
up
p
ly
.
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(6)
Adequate
communica
tions
from fire direction
center to observers,
to firing batteries, and to
subordinate
units.
44 Organization
and Operation
of
Fire
Marker
Personnel
Ground
or aerial fire marker teams are
organ
ized
and equipped
to mark simulated
artillery, heavy
mortar
fire, and atomic bursts on United States
and
Aggressor positions during tactical exercises. Um
pire
personnel are
normally
used because
these
teams
must
be neutral.
They
mark fires
of artillery, heavy
mortar and atomic
weapon
units in
the
area of
the
opposing force.
A ground team
normally
consists of an
artillery
officer and a radio operator-driver. Personnel to
operate
sonic
units
must
be
included
if
this
equip
ment
is
available
for assignment to the fire marker
teams. (These sonic units
reproduce
the sound
of
the incoming projectile and its detonation in
the tar
get
area.)
Two
teams per artillery (including
atomic weapon units) or
heavy
mortar battalion
for
marking
fire and one team per
division
artillery or
comparable
headquarters for
control
are
considered
minimum requirements. In
severe
climates or in
rough
terrain additional
fire
marker
teams
may be
necessary.
Each
team requires a vehicle
suitable
for cross
country operations and a
vehicular
mounted radio.
Sonic
equipment normally requires
an
additional
vehicle.
Pyrotechnics and projectors used
in
mark
ing
fires
are carried by the fire
marker
teams.
Pyrotechnics or other appropriate simulators
are used to mark
artillery and
mortar tire at the
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impact
area.
The signal, flash and sound,
M-74
fired in the
pistol
M-8 or projector
M-9
is used to
simulate air
bursts. The
simulated
hand
grenades,
simulators,
shell burst ground, and other suitable
pyrotechnics
may
also
be used.
The
fire
marker
team
gives shell
report data
to the personnel under
fire.
The fire
of
one 105-mm battery is considered as
effectively
covering
an area
50 yards
in radius. Two
or more batteries are
considered as effectively
cover
ing
an
area 100 yards in
radius.
The above radii
are increased
50
percent for
the
fire
of
155-mm
batteries.
/.
Aerial fire marker teams should be used when
ever possible and may be augmented by ground fire
marker teams. Organization
of
aerial fire marker
teams depends upon
the type
of aircraft,
to be used
(par.
29).
Aerial
fire
marker
teams have
the
advan
tage of
mobility
and are especially desirable for
marking fires deep in enemy territory
or
in
locations
not accessible
to ground teams. These
teams
can in
crease
the
marked
fires
by as much
as
50 percent.
Smoke grenades or other suitable
pyrotechnics are
dropped
in the
target
area from
a
radio
equipped
helicopter or
liaison
type
aircraft.
A
card contain
ing shell
report
data is attached by
wire to the gre
nade (par.
45e(8)).
A
suitable
atomic weapon sim
ulator for maneuvers should
be
used when available.
An airborne public address system, orbiting above
the
affected
area or
a
vehicular mounted
public
ad
dress system, cruising in the affected area after the
explosion,
will
aid
in further impressing upon
the
individual soldier the
results
of
an
atomic explosion.
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Fires
must
be
marked
promptly and accurately
t
o be effective.
Artillery
commanders must accom
p
lish
th
e constant coor
dination
necessary to
insure
the
effective
marking
of
their
fires.
45 Fire Mar
ker Channels of Comm
unication an
d
Control
A c
ontrol team located
at
the
fire direction cen
ter
of
the
division artil
lery or artillery group co
n
trols
all
teams
marking
fires
for
the subordinate units.
Requests for marking
targets may be
transmitted
to the cont
rol team
from
the
fir
e
direction
centers
over the
artillery communications
system,
or
a sepa
rate rad
io
net
may be
established for
this purpose
if desir
ed. Co
mmunication between
the
co
ntrol
team
and
h
eavy morta
r
units
must
be
provided if
mor
tar fires are
to
b
e mark
ed.
The
control team
should
maintain a chart
or
map
show
ing
the
location
of
al
l
fire marke
r
teams
at
all times.
A separate fire
marker radio
net in
cluding the
c
ontrol team and all
division artillery fire
marker
teams is e
stablished. The AN/GRC-5 or
similar
type
radio
is
recomm
ended
f
or this
net.
The
con
trol
team
should
o
rganize th
e
fire m
arker net and
func
tion as net
control. Upon receip
t
of
fire mis
sions
f
rom
th
e fire direction
centers, the c
ontrol tea
m di
rects
the f
ire m
arker team
ne
arest the target
to mark
the
fire.
An example of
channels
and
procedures
em
ployed in
the
con
duct of
a fire missio
n follows:
(1)
A forward
observe
r
locates a
target
and
report
s
its
locatio
n to
the
b
attalion
fire
di
rection
center.
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(2) The fire
direction
ce
nter ale
rts the guns and
the contr
ol
team.
3) The fire
direction ce
nter sends the
firing
data
to
the
guns.
(4) The c
ontrol team contacts
the
fi
re
marker
t
eam
nea
rest
the
target
and dir
ects
it
to
mark
the fire.
In
formation a
s follows
is
give
n th
e
fire marker
teams
:
(a) Locat
ion and
description of target.
(5)
Caliber
of
weapons
firing.
Numb
er
of
rounds.
Azimut
h from
target to
guns.
Type of
fuze or fuz
e setting.
/)
Che
mical
agent,
if us
ed.
(5) T
he fire marker
team
repo
rts to
the
c
ontrol
team
upon
reaching
the
target.
(6) Th
e
control
team
reports ready to
the fire
direction center
and
the guns
are
fire
d.
(7) Th
e control team repor
ts
on the way to
the
fire mar
ker team
when the guns have
fired
.
(8) The
fire marker
team
marks the
target, f
ur
nishes
data
for shel
l
r
eports to the troops
fired upon as
indicated
in
(4)
(Z») to
ab
ove, and reports
mission completed to
the
control
team. The off
icer
with
a gr
ound
f
ire marker team
m
ay
assess casualtie
s and
dama
ges
if
a
unit
umpire is
not present.
Wh
en
planning
to have an atom
ic
bu
rst
marked,
the
control team must
notify
ground and aer
ial fire
marking teams
.
46
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4
6.
A
nt
ia
ir
c
ra
ft
m
p
i
r
s
U
m
p
ir
e
s
a
ss
ig
n
e
d
t
o
a
n
ti
ai
rc
r
a
ft
u
n
it
s
p
e
rf
o
rm
t
h
e
fo
l
lo
w
in
g
du
t
ie
s
:
Battalion
umpires supervise
battery
umpires
a
n
d
o
bs
e
rv
e
th
e
o
ve
r
al
l t
a
ct
ic
a
l,
t
ec
h
n
ic
al
, a
n
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
a
ti
ve
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
he
b
a
tt
a
li
on
.
A
n
tia
i
rc
r
af
t
a
rt
il
le
r
y
u
m
p
ir
e
s
w
i
th
b
a
tt
er
ie
s
pe
r
fo
r
m
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
i
ng
du
t
ie
s
:
1
)
O
b
se
r
ve
a
n
d
c
r
iti
q
u
e
th
e
ta
ct
ic
a
l
an
d
te
c
h
nical
performance
of
the
antiaircraft
units.
2)
A
ss
e
ss
a
n
d
r
ep
o
r
t
l
os
s
es
in
f
lic
t
ed
on
a
t
ta
c
k
in
g
ai
r
cr
a
ft
by
t
h
e
u
ni
ts
.
(3
)
O
b
se
r
ve
s
e
cu
r
ity
,
re
c
o
nn
a
is
sa
n
c
e,
s
el
ec
ti
o
n,
a
n
d
o
c
cu
p
a
tio
n
o
f
p
o
s
it
io
n
s,
p
re
p
ar
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
a
ct
io
n
, a
n
d
te
ch
n
ic
a
l
a
n
d
t
ac
t
ic
al
e
ff
e
ct
iv
e
ness.
4)
C
h
e
ck
f
o
r u
n
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
in
g
a
nd
ob
s
e
rv
a
nc
e
of
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
of
re
ad
i
ne
s
s,
ru
le
s
o
f
e
n
g
ag
e
m
e
nt
,
f
ir
e
re
st
ri
c
tio
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l.
(5
)
f
th
e
u
n
it
is
a
t
ta
ck
e
d
e
ff
e
ct
iv
el
y
b
y
ai
r
craft,
the ump
ir
e
m
a
y
ru
le
ou
t
an
ap
p
r
o
p
ri
at
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
u
n
s f
o
r a
p
e
ri
od
n
ot
to
e
xc
e
ed
4
h
ou
r
s.
6
)
W
h
e
n
a
n
ti
a
ir
cr
a
ft
w
ea
p
o
ns
a
r
e
em
pl
o
ye
d
a
ga
i
ns
t
g
ro
u
n
d
ta
rg
e
ts
in
a
d
ir
ec
t
f
ir
e
r
o
le
,
th
e
ir
f
ir
es
ar
e
m
a
rk
e
d
in
a
cc
o
rd
a
n
ce
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
vi
s
io
n
s
o
f
pa
r
a
gr
a
p
hs
44
a
n
d
4
5
.
7
)
W
h
e
n
a
nt
ia
i
rc
ra
f
t
w
ea
p
o
ns
a
re
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
in
a
d
ir
ec
t
f
ir
e
r
ol
e
, i
n
s
up
p
o
rt
o
f
g
r
ou
n
d
o
p
er
a
ti
on
s
,
a
ss
es
s
an
d
r
e
p
or
t
lo
s
se
s
.
4
7
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Se c t i o n
V
SP E
C I A L
OPERATION
AND S T A F F
U M P
I R E S
4
7 T h e Airborne
Umpire
Qualifi
ed airborne
umpires
as
signed
to airborn
e
units
follow
the
procedures contained in
paragraphs
37 and 38. Airborne
um
pires
are
also located
at
departu
re airfields, landing
fields,
and
drop
zones
within the a
irhead to obse
rve and
report
upon
th
e
p
roficiency
of airb
orne
units
in mounting
and con
ducti
ng an
airhead
operation,
an
air landed opera
tion,
or
a
logistical
support
operation
by
aircraft.
48
The Ser v
ic e
Uni
t Umpire
The mission of the
service u
nit
u
mpire is
basically
the sam
e as
t
hat for an um
pire with a combat unit.
The princi
pal duties of a service umpire
are—
To d
etermine
the
effectiveness of
security
,
co
ver,
concealment, dispersion,
camouflage,
black-out,
anti
ai
rcraft defensive mea
sures,
area damage
control
measures,
and
other
practices
that
may
be
necessa
ry
in
actu
al combat.
To require
observance
of r
ealistic
time and
space factors in
performance of the un
it mission.
To
observe
the
location and
operational
effi
ciency of
service installations.
To d
etermine if the unit
effects ti
mely
disp
lace
ment forward
with
advan
ce elements
, and if co
n
t
inuous service
is
ma
intained
during displacement
.
To observe
the adequacy an
d timeliness of in
formation furnished
the
unit
regarding the
opera
tions and
p
lans of supp
orted troop
s.
/. To a
ssess losses in mater
iel and supplies when
installations
or move
ments are subject
ed to enemy
action,
and to follow
up assessments of lo
sses and
48
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Th
e um
pire must be
fam
iliar with
the
defensiv
e
f
ire
p
lans,
the
wi
thdrawal
pla
n,
the
terrain, and si
gnals to
be employe
d.
52 Air Ac
tion
Certa
in duties
and
resp
onsibiliti
es o
f air umpire
s are
gen
eral and app
ly
to
any
typ
e
of maneu
ver
in
which USA
F
un
its
may
particip
ate. The
se are—
(1)
Deciding
the
results
of contacts,
taking
into
ac
count
the
prevaili
ng tactica
l facto
rs such
as
control
o
f the
air, rel
ative forc
es and fire
pow
er, surp
rise,
and
unit readines
s for
action.
(2) Det
ermining
th
e
r
esults of
air
at
tacks o
n
ground
targ
ets either by
mean
s
of r
adar
sc
oring unit,
if
avail
able, or by
referenc
e
to
dam
age asse
ssment tables.
o)
K
eeping
the
Chief Air
Umpire
and other
u
nit
a
ir umpire
s inform
ed by
tim
ely report
s
of
t
he
results
of plans
of m
aneuver
unit
comm
anders and move
ments, ac
tions,
and
dispo
sitions of
Air
Force
maneuver
units
and in
stallation
s.
(4) Focusing
the attention
o
f all p
articipati
ng
pe
rsonnel o
n the
training
aspects of
maneu
v
er
p
lay, ra
ther than
the
achieve
ment
o
f a
fictit
ious
victory
or
de
feat —g
uiding,
where necessary,
the development
of situa
tions
so as to avo
id this
latter
tenden
cy.
(1) In
any ma
neuver
involvin
g
b
oth ai
r
and
ground a
ction, many
situati
ons wi
ll arise
in
so
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which air a
nd grou
nd op
erations
interact
with
each
othe
r. In these ca
ses the
normal
func
tions of
a
ir umpire
s te
nd to overl
ap
with
those
of ground
umpire
s. Therefor
e,
it become
s necess
ary to
as
sign specif
ic
u
m
pirin
g res
ponsibilit
ies to
air
and
ground
ump
ires.
The follo
wing cons
titutes a gen
eral
guid
e:
Eac
h umpire w
ill
ju
dge
certain ph
ases
of
air
operation
s. Wh
ere damag
e assess
m
ent
is
made
by oth
er than air
ump
ires,
the
air ump
ire
involved
will mak
e
an
evaluat
ion
of
other
a
spects of the
attack
a
nd include
it in the a
ir u
mpire's fin
al
rep
ort.
Where
an a
ir
umpire
is pre
sent
o
n the g
round and
a gr
ound
u
mpire
is
prese
nt,
the
follo
wing system c
an
be
use
d:
A
c
ommon fr
equency
must
be
a
vailable
to ba
ttalion
umpire
s and
air contro
l
team um
pires with
the batta
lion. A
sec
ond freq
uency must
be
availabl
e
be
tween those
air ump
ires w
ho are f
lying
and tho
se wh
o
a
re on the
groun
d
w
ith
a
ir c
ontrol
t
eams.
Wh
en an
immedia
te
or prepla
nned mis
sion
is req
uested, inf
ormation
wil
l
be
rel
ayed to op
posing for
ces thr
ough the
assistant battalion
umpire,
temporarily
l
ocated
with
Aggres
sor. The inform
a
tion will in
clude the
num
ber and t
ype
of
aircraf
t,
a
rmament,
coo
rdinates
of
targ
et, and
time
of
ar
rival at
targ
et.
5
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U
p
on
re
ce
ip
t
of
i
nf
or
m
at
io
n f
ro
m
t
he
as
sis
ta
nt
b
at
ta
lio
n
um
p
ir
e
th
e
ba
tta
li
on
u
m
pi
re
w
ill
n
o
tif
y
th
e
u
mp
ir
e
o
f t
he
u
n
it
in
th
e
ta
rg
e
t a
rea
T
hi
s m
ay
be
a
su
bo
rd
in
a
te
u
ni
t
w
i
th
in
th
e b
a
tta
lio
n
o
r
a
h
ig
he
r h
ea
d
qu
ar
te
rs
d
ep
en
d
ing
on
th
e
pr
op
o
se
d
ta
rg
e
t.
A
t
th
e
t
im
e
of
th
e
st
ri
ke
th
e
um
p
ir
e
w
ith
t
he
un
it
m
a
rk
s th
e
s
tr
ik
e wi
th
a
sm
o
ke
grenade.
He
makes
an
estimate
of
ca
su
al
tie
s
an
d
da
m
ag
es
a
nd
fo
rw
a
rd
s
the
m
to
t
he
ba
tt
ali
on
u
m
pir
e.
Th
e a
ir
um
p
ire
f
ly
in
g
w
it
h
th
e s
tr
ik
e
no
tif
ie
s
th
e
a
ir
c
on
tr
ol
te
am
um
p
ir
e
of
his
es
ti
m
ate
s
o
f
c
as
ua
lti
es
an
d
da
m
ages.
The
battalion umpire with the
ad
vi
ce
o
f
th
e
a
ir
c
o
nt
ro
l t
ea
m
um
p
ir
e
w
il
l
co
rr
el
at
e
th
e
c
lai
m
s
an
d
m
a
ke
a
f
in
al
as
se
ss
m
en
t o
f
ca
su
al
tie
s
a
nd
da
m
ag
e
s.
Th
is
in
fo
rm
a
tio
n
w
il
l
be
re
la
ye
d
to
th
e
un
it
t
hr
ou
gh
g
ro
un
d
u
m
pi
re
channels and
to
the
air
unit
through
A
ir
F
o
rc
e c
ha
nn
e
ls
n
th
os
e c
as
es
wh
e
re
t
he
a
ss
is
ta
nt
b
at
ta
li
on
um
p
ir
e
i
s
no
t
lo
ca
te
d
w
ith
t
he
A
g
gr
es
so
r
un
it
a
nd
A
g
gr
es
so
r ca
lls
f
or
an
a
ir
s
tri
ke
in
fo
rm
a
tio
n
in
dic
a
ted
above
will
be
provided
from Aggressor
he
ad
q
ua
rt
er
s
to
um
p
ir
e
he
a
dq
ua
rt
er
s
th
en
ce
d
ow
n
to
th
e b
a
tta
li
on
um
p
ire
inv
o
lv
ed
Z »
)
In
air
bo
r
ne
op
e
ra
tio
n
gr
o
un
d
a
n
d a
ir
u
m
pi
re
s
w
ill
ju
dg
e
th
ei
r r
es
pe
c
tiv
e c
om
po
ne
n
ts
th
ro
ug
ho
u
t
th
e
m
a
ne
uv
er
G
as
5 2
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u
a
lt
ie
s
t
o a
ir
cr
af
t
a
nd
cr
ew
s
w
il
l
e
as
s
es
se
d
b
y a
ir
um
p
ir
es
,
a
nd
c
a
su
al
ti
es
to
ai
rb
or
n
e
e
lem
e
n
ts
w
i
ll b
e
a
ss
es
se
d
b
y
g
r
ou
n
d
um
p
i
re
s,
if
a
p
pr
o
pr
ia
te
.
A
n
y
casualties to
airborne
elements
will
be
re
st
or
ed
pr
io
r t
o
re
a
ch
in
g
t
he
dr
o
p
zo
ne
.
C
o
or
di
n
ati
o
n o
f
O
u
t
o
f
A
c
ti
on
w
i
ll
e
p
re
sc
ri
be
d
by
th
e
ch
ie
f
ar
m
y u
m
p
ir
e
f
o
r
g
r
ou
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
c
hi
ef
a
ir
u
m
pi
re
fo
r
a
i
rc
ra
ft
a
n
d r
el
at
ed
A
ir
F
o
rc
e
equipment.
2
)
A
ir
U
m
p
ir
e.
T
he
ai
r
um
p
i
re
w
il
l
um
p
i
re
t
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g:
A
ll
ai
r-
to
-a
ir
co
n
ta
ct
s.
Da
m
a
ge
w
il
l be
a
ss
es
ed
i
n a
c
co
rd
an
c
e
w
ith
d
am
a
ge
as
se
ss
m
en
t
t
ab
le
s.
All troop carrier
responsibilities
in
the
a
ir
bo
rn
e
as
sa
u
lt
or
l
og
is
ti
c s
u
pp
o
rt
.
?
) E
f
fe
ct
iv
en
es
s
o
f
ea
c
h a
ir
a
tt
ac
k
, b
ot
h
air
-
t
o-
a
ir
an
d
ai
r-
to
-g
ro
u
nd
,
e
xp
re
ss
e
d
i
n
p
er
ce
nt
ag
e
.
W
h
er
e a
ir
-to
-
gr
ou
n
d
t
ar
g
et
s
a
re
in
vo
lv
e
d,
th
e
ai
r u
m
p
ir
e
w
i
th
a
f
lig
h
t
transmits
to umpire operations
through
ai
r u
m
p
ire
c
ha
n
ne
ls
th
e
fo
llo
w
in
g
i
n
fo
r
m
at
io
n
pr
io
r
t
o
ta
ke
o
ff
:
T
im
e o
f
ta
k
eo
ff
.
E
st
im
a
te
d
t
im
e
o
f
a
rr
iv
a
l
a
t t
ar
g
et
.
N
um
b
e
r a
n
d
ty
p
e o
f
a
ir
cr
af
t.
T
yp
e
o
f
a
rm
a
m
e
nt
.
M
i
ss
io
n
a
nd
sp
e
ci
fic
t
ar
g
et
s.
C
he
m
ic
al
a
ge
n
t, i
f
u
se
d
a
nd
d
os
ag
e
—
ar
ea
c
ov
er
ed
.
A
ll
ae
ri
al
re
co
n
na
is
sa
n
ce
m
i
ss
io
n
s, b
ot
h
v
is
ua
l
a
n
d ph
o
to
gr
ap
h
ic
.
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(e
)
D
a
m
a
ge
,
b
y
h
os
t
ile
a
tt
ac
k
to
a
ir
b
as
e
s a
nd
a
ir
cr
a
ft
o
n
ai
rb
a
se
s
.
(
/
) O
pe
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
he
ai
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
c
e
nt
e
r.
Logistic
support
by
aircraft
include:
T
h
e
a
pp
r
o
pr
ia
t
en
e
s
s
o
f
di
re
c
ti
ve
s
is
su
e
d
f
or
b
ri
ng
i
n
g
a
ir
s
up
p
ly
i
te
m
s
to
l
o
ad
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
P
r
ep
a
r
at
io
n
of
l
o
ad
i
n
g
p
l
an
s
, e
f
fe
ct
iv
e
n
e
ss
o
f
c
o
m
b
at
l
oa
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
ad
e
q
ua
c
y
of
aircraft
provided.
(3
)
A
rm
y
U
m
pi
re
.
T
h
e
G
r
o
un
d
u
m
p
ir
e
w
il
l
u
m
pi
re
t
h
e
fo
ll
o
w
in
g
:
(
a)
I
n
ai
rb
o
rn
e
o
pe
r
at
io
n
s,
th
e
pr
e
p
ar
a
ti
o
n
f
or
e
m
p
l
an
i
ng
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
ffi
c
ie
nc
y
of
l
oa
d
i
n
g
pl
a
n
s
in
su
p
p
o
rt
in
g
ta
c
ti
ca
l
r
e
q
ui
re
ments
of airborne
forces,
the
a
c
tu
a
l
j
u
m
p
, a
n
d
op
e
r
at
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ai
rb
o
r
ne
f
o
rc
e
th
e
re
a
ft
er
.
(
6
)
D
a
m
a
g
e
to
g
r
ou
n
d
t
a
rg
e
ts
b
y
at
ta
c
k
in
g
a
i
rc
ra
f
t
p
r
ov
i
d
ed
s
uc
h
i
n
fo
r
m
a
ti
on
i
s n
o
t
s
up
p
li
e
d
by
t
he
a
ir
u
m
p
ir
e
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
in
g
i
n
th
e
a
tt
ac
k
.
c)
D
a
m
a
g
e
to
a
tt
ac
k
in
g
a
i
rc
r
af
t
b
y
g
r
ou
n
d
d
e
fe
n
se
s
.
W
h
e
n
an
a
ir
at
ta
c
k
on
g
ro
u
n
d
ta
r
g
et
s
i
n
cl
u
de
s
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
a
n
a
t
om
ic
w
ea
p
on
,
th
e
ca
s
ua
l
ty
an
d
d
a
m
a
g
e
as
s
es
sm
en
t
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
i
t
u
m
p
i
re
as
i
n
di
c
at
e
d
i
n
p
a
r
ag
r
a
ph
32a.
Air
Staff
Umpires
will
n
ot
if
y
U
m
p
ir
e
H
ea
d
q
u
ar
te
r
s
o
f
th
e
pl
a
nn
e
d
a
tt
ac
k
.
U
ti
li
z
at
io
n
a
nd
e
f
fic
ie
n
cy
o
f
lo
g
is
ti
ca
l
s
up
p
o
rt
b
y
a
ir
.
54
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S e c t i o n VI
R E C O R D S
AND R E P O R T S
53 Troop Location R e p o r t s
Prompt and accurate reports
are the foundation
of umpire
control.
Although
unit
umpires
down
to
and
including
those assigned units of
company
level
submit
periodic
reports
as
prescribed by the Chief
Umpire, important changes in
the situation
or loca
tion
of
units
should
be
submitted
without delay in
the
form of special reports. Such reports should
normally include the unit
designation, location
of the
command
post,
current
mission
or employment, and
any
additional information pertaining to the
current
situation. For example: Company A, 321st In
fantry 98402450, occupying defensive position along
BIG
CKEEK from 98302462
to 98702445.
54 Daily
Report
A daily
report
on
unit
operations
will be prepared
by all unit
umpires
and submitted to
the Chief
Um
pire through umpire channels of command. The
report will cover
a
period of 24
hours.
The
period
to
be
covered, the
time
of
submission
and any
special
comments or recommendations desired will be
pre
scribed
by the
Chief Umpire.
An
example of a
daily
report is shown in figure 2.
55 Artillery Control F o r m s
Fire
marker teams and fire
marker
control teams
will
keep a
record of artillery fires and atomic bursts.
This
record
will
be
kept
on
a
form
similar
to
the
ar
tillery control
log
maintained
at
artillery fire
direc
tion
centers.
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H S A M U U t T K R S I MF I B E Q R O U P
HQ5RCISE__________
D U L Y
U t t l R B
R E P O R T
5 M a y 1952
Date
For period: 041200 May
to
051200 M a y
Unit U mpired:
Company
A, 321th Infantry
Location of front line•
at
close of period:
(Pldcoke
sheet, 1:50,000)
F T O B
5^3626 to 5W27
Location of unit
CF
if applicable)
Pldcoke «heet,
1:50,000,516630
Ukplred by Jon«»,
John A. Capt, Infantry
1.
a. What was
the primary
Bission
of the unit during the
period (Give
suaaary
of operation*)
a.
Attack and
selie
high
ground
vicinity Pidcoke (5^2626).
Continue
attack
and
seize
crossing
over
LaBpass
River___
(3^6627) upon order. (Unit attacked 050*00
and
by
O511't5
had seized initial objective.
laaedlate
plana vere made
for
defense againat counterattaelc. Unit nov preparing to
continue attack tovard objective2).
b. What
pertinent
tactical or administrative
problena
arose
which
affected
the amnner in
which
the
unit carried out
Ita BisslonT
b. Hone______________________________________
2. Coavent
on
the
Banner
in which the unit accomplished its
Bis-
sion and
handled concurrent
problem.
Explain
what the
pri-
Bary
factors were which contributed to the
success
or failure
of the Bission,
e.g.,
tactics, cocmand, supply, unit training
to Include
chemical
and
atomic.
Individual
training
to Include
cheBical and atcalc, intelligence
leadership.
1ACTIC3:
Plan
well
prepared, orders
clear and copjpleta,
execution
of maneuver conforaed exactly with plan. Advantage_____
taken
of
covered
routes of approach, use
of cover
and
concealBent
was
excellent,
dispersion
excellent.
Defense
of
objective,
follow
ing capture,
was
well planned and tlaely.__________________
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C O
M M M
D s
Uft
it coas
Muad
er
cont
l^uo
MPly
kept
ve
il
f
orwa
rd
c
o
ctro
i
of
s.11
sloM
snts
tJ>r
° gh
s,lJL
p**n
ns of C
O M
•ua
lcatl
oo.
Con
fide
nt «
nd f
irm
in
li
min
g o
rds
rs and
Bati
ng a«cl
-
con
stan
t
c
once
rn
for
w
elfa
re of
»ep
.
SUFF
IX:
Ba
sic
load
s ve
re c
o»p
l«te.
All
co«a
»nfl
«ri to
ok
po»
ltiT
» »ctlo
n
to rep
len
i»h
oth
er «u
pplj
«ho
rt»g
ei.___
__
___
__
UIIT
TRA IH IBO: Coordlnatioa
bgtveen
unit*.
«»ployment
of
»up
por
tlna v
eapo
ui «
nd
»pe
ed
v
lth
vfai
ch
o
rde
ri
c
arrie
d ou
r
i
ndlc
tttd
exc
ellen
t tr
aini
ng.
___
__
___
___
___
__
___
___
__
__
IB
D IV
IDUU
. T
RA1H
IH G
: Ind
ivid
ual
vea
poni
in exc
elle
nt
co
ndi
tion
, pro
per t
igh
t ge
tting
i,
goo
d di
ep«r
»ioa
a
nd
caa
oufla
g*
di.c
ipli
ne._
___
___
__
___
___
__
___
___
___
__
___
___
___
__
U fT
KLL I
GEM
CE: I
ndlv
ldxi
ala
ve
ry
«
ecur
ity
con
»cio
u».
F O W
i
pr
o«pt
ly torc
hed
and
»eg
rega
t«d,
c
aptu
red
doc
uaen
ti
asse
ssed
d
urin
g p
erio
d:
a P
erso
nnel
D ead
. 7 S
eriou
sly
w
oun
ded. 6
sligh
tly_
___
_
vou
nded
___
___
___
____
___
___
___
___
____
__
__
_
b
. M
a.lo
r ite
n» of
eq
uipm
ent:
o
ne
£-t
on
ve
hicl
e
tota
lly
dest
roye
d._
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
____
If.
O
ther r
e_ar
k«:
M y
d
rive
r
Pvt
Doe
in
jure
d
in
fal
l
a
nd
C Tm
e
uated
to 22d
yield
EYBC .
Hosp .
Incident
oceured
1 9 C O
hours
04
M ay at
coo
r.
5U
36
28 _
__
___
___
___
___
___
__
___
___
C
ont
inue
d.
57
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C H A P T E R 4
FIRE
P O W E R
AND LOSS
AS S ES S M EN T
S e c t i o n I
FIRE
POWER
56
Fire
Power
A
unit
or element
thereof
should
be
permitted
to
advance
only after the umpire has carefully con
sidered the
tactical
factors involved
(pars
31 and
32).
One of these
factors
is
fire power.
In order
to
establish
a basis for computing fire power
in
a tactical
exercise,
a
numerical
rating
is
assigned
each
weapon.
The
numerical rating, or fire power
score,
for
a
par
ticular weapon is
based
on the type, caliber, range,
and
effectiveness of that
weapon
in comparison
with
other weapons (par.
57).
The fire
power
of a unit
may be computed as shown
in
paragraph 58. In
addition,
fire
power
must
be
associated
with
maneu
ver as
indicated in below. A simple infantry fire
power
computer,
applicable
to
both
United States
and Aggressor
fires, for
use by
unit umpires is
described
in
appendix
V. The
effects of an atomic
burst are calculated by
the staff officers
of the
special
weapons subsection at Umpire Headquarters (app.
II,
par.
A combat
element should
be
permitted to
ad
vance only when
it has decisive superiority of fire.
58
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T
his superiority
should seldom be less
than to 1
and ge
nerally should be 3
or 4 to 1 . If
th
e defende
r
has
good cover and fields
of
fire,
there
should be no
hesitation
in
requiring
a
superiority
of 5
to
1
or
even
mo
re.
In
a
surprise flank attack,
the defend
er
m
ay
fail to u
se
his fire
pow
er completely, m
ay be so
dis
posed that
he cann
ot
use
it, or
may be unable
to
con
trol and
coordinate
it properly. In such a
case
the
attacker may
be
pe
rmitted
to advance
with
a
n
ominal or apparent
fi
re
power no greater than th
at
of
the
defender. Appli
ed
fire
power—that is, f
ire
power actually
brought to
bear on the opposing
force—
is the princi
pal basis for the umpire's
de
cis
ions.
In tactical
exercises advan
tages of man
euver
m
ay
be
recognized by award
ing
premiu
ms for
maneu
ver
as
follows:
(1) Th
e fire
power
score,
based
on weap
ons
involved,
to
a
unit
in
a
fr
ontal
attack.
(2)
the actual fire
power score if
the unit
attack
s by
fire
and also
maneuvers a
portio
n
o
f
its
force
to
strike
th
e opposing
force other
than
frontally.
(3)
times
the
a
ctual
fire
power sc
ore
if
a
unit
make
s
a
coordinated
a
ttack
after having
maneuvered
a
por
tion of
its
forc
e
t
o strike
the
flank or rear of
the
opposing
force
.
59
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C
ontinued
Weapons
120& 150-mm Mor
ta
rs
.
105-mm
Howitzer_
150& 180-mm How-
75
&
80-mm Pack
Howitzers
106-mm Re
coilless
Rifle______
______
1
05
&
120-mm TK
&
AT Guns___
___
4
0-mm Gun
Dual
Mt
d._._
____
_
M
6 Cal .50 Qua
d
Mtd_.
__________
300
yds
20
20
25
15
20
20
16
40
500
yds
20
20
25
15
20
20
1 6
40
7 0 0
yds
20
20
25
15
20
20
1 f
i
40
9 0 0
yds
20
20
25
15
20
20
16
40
1.100
yds
2
0
20
25
15
20
20
16
40
1,300
yds
20
2
0
25
1 5
20
20
1 6
40
1,500
yds
20
20
25
15
2
0
20
16
40
Over
1,500
yds
20
20
25
15
20
20
1 6
40
58
Fire
Power
of
Uni ts
Be
cause of the
time element
involved,
i
t is often
impra
cticable f
or
an
umpire
to
ta
bulate
the
fire power
of all
weapon
s
individually.
Therefore, it is
more
desirab
le
to
deter
mine the colle
ctive
fire
po
wer of
each unit
p
rior
to
the start of
the ex
ercise
so
that the
umpire
can readily c
ompare the fire power of
o
ppos
ing
uni
ts. Unit ump
ires must mainta
in an
ac
curate
record of effective
fire pow
er
at all
times.
To
ac
complish thi
s, he must
adjust
the in
itial fire power
of the
unit
involved
by
the
percentage
of the
unit's
losses
as well as
its replaceme
nts.
5.
The fire
power score of any
unit
ca
n be d
eter
m
ined by
adding
the f
ire power
score
of
each of the
61
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organi
c weapo
ns of
the
unit. I
n order to
simp
lify
initia
l
comp
utatio
ns of fire
pow
er,
the
Exe
rcise
D
i
rec
tor m
ay autho
rize
that
the
co
llectiv
e
fire p
ower
score
of
all
similar
type
units
be
based
on
100
percent
T
OE w
eapon
s or
on the a
verag
e n
umber
of
auth
or
i
zed
weap
ons on
hand
. Ot
herwis
e, th
e
co
llective
f
ire po
wer
score o
f a unit wi
ll be b
ased
o
n
th
e org
anic
weap
ons
actua
lly in
the unit
. Th
e ini
tial fi
re po
wer
scor
es for
pa
rticipa
ting u
nits sho
uld b
e repr
oduce
d
for
us
e of th
e umpi
res.
For sim
plicity
,
uni
t
fir
e
pow
er
scores
shou
ld
be
exp
ressed
in
mu
ltiple
s of 10.
Th
e fire
po
wer sc
ore of attac
hed
or s
uppor
ting unit
s
sho
uld be
added
t
o that
of
the
s
uppor
ted un
it. O
nly
those un
its
actua
lly enga
ged in
th
e fire
fig
ht or in
p
ositio
n
to
sup
port
the attac
k, will
be c
onside
red.
T
he
t
otal
fire po
wer
of a un
it is
redu
ced d
uring
the
op
eration
s
by a
ccumu
lated
losses.
The comp
utation
of
losses is
discus
sed in p
aragra
plis 6
7
throu
gh 77.
T
he
f
ire
powe
r
sc
ores of Un
ited S
tates
infa
ntry
u
nits b
ased o
n 100
per
cent of autho
rized
we
apons
are
as
fol
lows: (A
ctual
c
ompu
tations
are
shown
in
pare
nthese
s). T
his
cha
rt
ill
ustrat
es
the
use of
fire
power
scores
of
individual
weapons
(par.
5 7 )
to
ob
tain uni
t fir
e po
wer s
cores. (See
app. V
for
c
om
pu
ter.)
62
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Un
it
57-mm
Recoilless R
ifle
Section.
Heav
y
Weap
on
Company.
Mac
hinegun Platoon......
300
yds
775
(774)
190
(102)
50
10
(12)
t
o
50
(48)
20
|
30
(30 )
200
(198)
4 0
(40 )
110
(110)
(48 )
50 0
yds
775
(7
7 4 )
190
(192)
50
(48 )
(12)
10
(12)
50
(48 )
20
»Q
30
(30 )
20 0
(198)
4 0
( 4 0 )
(110)
50
(48 )
700
y
ds
610
(612)
(13 8 )
3 0
(30)
5
(«)
10
(12)
50
(4 8
)
20
3 0
(30 )
200
(198)
4 0
(40)
110
(110 )
(48)
9 0 0
yds
610
(612)
140
138 )
30
(30)
5
(6)
10
1 2)
50
(48)
20
(18)
30
(30)
200
(198)
4 0
(40 )
110
(110)
(48)
1,100
yds
4 3 0
(432)
80
(78)
10
(12)
(12)
50
(48 )
20
Q
30
(30)
2 0 0
(198)
4 0
(40)
110
(110)
(4 8 )
1,300
yds
390
387)
65
(63)
5
(«)
(6)
(48 )
20
(18)
30
(30)
200
(198 )
4 0
(40 )
110
(110)
50
(48 )
1,500
yds
39 0
(387)
65
(63)
5
(
6)
(6)
50
(48)
20
/
30
(30)
200
(198)
4 0
(40)
110
(110)
(48 )
Over
1 ,500
yds
(286)
30
(30)
30
(30)
30
(30)
20 0
(198
)
4 0
(4 0 )
110
(110)
50
(48)
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Unit
Headquarters & Service
Reconnaissance
Plat.
300
yds
800
(800)
1 6 0
(152)
9 0
(92)
2 0
(20)
5 0
(50)
1 0
(10)
1 0
(1 2 )
60
(60)
1 6 0
(162)
4 0
(42 )
(10)
1 0
(12 )
35
(3 6 )
500
yds
800
(800)
1 5 0
(152)
9 0
(92)
2 0
(20)
50
(50)
10
(1
0)
10
(12)
60
(60)
16 0
(162)
40
(42)
10
(10)
(12)
35
(36)
700
yds
61 0
(611)
140
(143)
80
(83)
15
(16
)
5 0
(50)
(5 )
10
(12
)
6
0
(60)
10 5
(117
)
30
(27
)
5
(5 )
(12)
35
(36
)
900
yds
6 1 0
(611)
1 4 0
(143)
8 0
(83)
1 5
(Ifi)
50
(50)
(5 )
10
(12)
60
(60)
10 5
(117 )
30
(27)
5
(5)
(
12)
35
(36)
1 ,1 00
yds
420
(422)
135
(134)
70
(74)
10
(12)
5
0
(50)
10
(1
2 )
60
(60)
7 0
(72 )
1 0
(
1 2 )
(12)
35
(36)
1 ,300
yds
3
45
(344
)
130
(1 2
8)
70
(6
8)
5
(6)
5 0
(50)
10
(12)
60
(60)
5 5
(
54)
5
(6 )
(6)
35
(36)
1 ,5 00
yds
345
(344)
1 3 0
(128
)
7 0
(68 )
5
(6 )
50
(50)
1 0
(12)
(60)
5 5
(54)
(6 )
5
(6)
35
.
(
36 )
Over
1 ,500
yds
266
(26 )
1 2 0
(122)
6 0
( 62 )
5 0
(50)
10
( 12 )
60
(60)
35
(36)
35
( 36 )
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Un
it
B
attali
on
--....
..
Rifl
e
C
ompa
ny....
..
Ride
Plat
oon..
.
Rif
le Squ
ad
.
.
...
Weap
ons
Squa
d... .
Weapons
Platoon
.
60-mm
M
ortar Se
ction
.. . .
5
7-mm
Ro
coille
ss R
ifle
Se
c.
He
avy W
eapo
ns
Com
pany
.
Mac
hineg
un plato
on.
.
.
A
ntitan
k Plat....
.
Mor
tar Pla
toon
300
y
ds
72
0
(720)
1 75
(174)
40
42
)
1 0
10)
1 0
12)
50
(48)
2 0
(1
8)
3 0
(30)
20(1
(
198)
40
(40
)
1 1 0
(1 1
0)
5
0
48)
50 0
y d
s
7
20
(720)
1 75
(1
74 )
4
0
42)
1 0
(1 0
)
1 0
12)
50
(48
)
2
0
18)
3 0
30
)
2 00
1 1
88)
40
40
)
1 1 0
(1 1 0
)
4
8)
700
yds
58
5
(585)
1 30
(
129)
2 5
27)
5
(5
)
1 0
12)
50
(48)
2 0
18
)
3 0
3
0)
2 00
(
1 98)
40
4
0)
1 1 0
(
1 10)
50
48
)
90
0
yds
5 8 5
(585)
1
3 0
129)
25
27)
5
(5 )
1 0
12)
50
48)
2 0
(1
8)
30
30
)
200
(1 98)
40
40)
1 1 0
(1 10)
50
48)
1
,100
yds
Je
n
9
0U
(450)
85
(84)
1 0
(12)
1 0
12
)
50
48)
2 0
(18)
30
(3 0
)
2 00
198
)
40
40
)
1 1 0
(110)
50
48)
1 ,3
00
y
ds
39
5
396)
65
(06)
5
(6 )
5
6)
50
48)
2 0
(1 8
)
3 0
3
0)
2
00
(1
98)
40
4
0)
1 1 0
(
11 0)
50
4
8)
1
,500
yds
395
396)
6
5
66)
5
(«
)
5
6)
50
48)
2 0
18)
30
30
)
200
(1 98)
40
40)
1 1 0
(no
)
50
48)
O
ver
1
,500
y
ds
2 9 0
(2 2 8)
3 0
30
)
30
(30)
3 0
3
0)
2 0
0
(1 88)
40
40)
1 1 0
(110)
50
48)
.
' 557:
4 O —
55
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Armament o
f Aggresso
r units i
s
listed
in FM
30-
102. In
computing
the fire pow
er scores for
these
units,
only those
weapons
that normall
y engage in
fire
fights a
re considered. As
in
the computation
for
United States
units,
t
he weapons
carried by lea
ders,
he
adquarters pe
rsonnel,
and
individual
weapons ca
r
ried by we
apons crews are
not counted.
The
fire
power
scores
of
Aggresso
r rifle units
based on above
are as i
n
tables
V throu
gh VII.
Unit
MQ
Co
.-..--...-..
MQ Plat ....
......
MG
Sq. .
-------
Mort Fl
at...
..
.....
AT
Co----.-.------
AT
P
lat-..--....-..
1 00
yds
1 5
/iq\
1 5
(13)
30 0
yds
(693)
1 2 0
(120)
30
f )A\
1 0
(10)
90
(90)
3
0
(30)
(10)
110
(108)
35
(36)
135
(135)
(45)
5 0 0
yds
69 5
(693)
(12
0)
30
(30)
1 0
(10)
9 0
(9 0 )
3 0
(3
0)
1 0
(10)
1 1 0
( 10 8 )
35
(36
)
135
(135)
4 5
(45)
700
yds
(5.18)
(75)
(15)
5
(5)
9 0
(90)
30
(30)
10
(10)
(1
08)
35
(36)
135
(135)
(45)
9 0 0
yds
(558)
75
(75)
(IS)
5
(5)
(9 0 )
30
(30)
10
(10)
(108)
35
(36)
13 5
(135)
(45)
1,100
yds
4 2 5
(4 2
3)
30
(30)
9
0
(90)
30
(30)
10
(10)
no
(108)
35
(36)
135
(135)
45
(45)
1,300
yd
s
42 5
(423)
(30)
90
(90)
30
(30)
10
(10)
(108)
35
(3fi)
135
(135)
(45)
1,500
yds
42 5
(423)
/O
A\
9 0
(
90)
30
(30)
10
(10
)
(108
)
35
(36)
13 5
(
135)
(45)
over
1,500
yds
(108)
( 10 8 )
35
(36)
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Unit
Battalion .
.......
M
O Co _ ..
M U P
lat.
Mort Plat.....
..
AT
Co...........
.... ....
AT
P
lat...........
... ....
300
yd
s
630
(628)
9 0
(30)
10
10)
90
(om
30
r a o
108 )
35
(3
6)
60
6 0)
30
(30
)
500
yds
630
(628)
(90)
30)
1 0
10)
90
f
om
30
30)
(108
)
3 5
(36)
6
0
6 0)
3 0
30)
7
00
yds
395
(393 )
(45)
(15)
5)
9 0
30
(30)
110
IDS)
35
36 )
60
6 0)
30
(30)
900
yds
395
393)
4 5)
15)
5)
90
/Qf»\
30
(30)
108 )
35
(36)
60
(60)
3 0
3 0 1
1,100
yds
260
25S)
9
0
(9
0 )
3 0
(30 )
1 1 0
(108)
3 5
(3 6)
60
(60)
30
(30)
1 ,300
yd
s
2 6 0
(258)
90
Co
m
30
30)
110
(108
)
35
(3
6)
60
6 0)
30
(30
)
1 ,500
yds
260
2 5
8 )
90
(90
)
30
(30)
1 1
0
(1
08 )
3 5
(36)
60
6 0)
30
30)
Ov
er
1,
500
yds
1 1 0
(108 )
1 1 0
(10
8 )
3 5
(36)
This
battalion
is
foun
d in mec
hanized rifle reg
iments and the medium
tan
k
regimen
t of
mechanized
div isions, and
in
the
motorized rifle re
giment and
th e
medium
tank r
egiments of
tank
divi
sions.
59
Eff
ect of Artiller
y on F
ire
Powe
r
Eff
ective c
ounterbat
tery fir
e
n
eutralizes
oppos
ing a
rtillery
units
for the duratio
n of
the concentr
a
tio
n and for
a limited
time
afte
r the fire ha
s
c
eased.
Arti
llery fire neut
ralizes
the fire p
ower o
f in
fantr
y t
roops
w
ithin
the im
pact area (par
.
4 4 ) fo
r
the
duration
of
the
fire.
An
atom
ic
burst
ne
utralizes
the
fire
pow
er,
ar
tillery
or i
nfantry, in accord
ance
with
the
p
ercent
casualt
y and d
amage effects i
ndicated
on
th
e effects
ove
rlay, (app.
VII) and
la
ter
assessed
by the unit
umpire.
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Un
it
Rifle Plat
...... — .
MO Co—
_____--
---
MO Plat . ..
Mort
Plat.. .. .
.
AT C o. .... —
— — .
AT
Pla
t . -----
----
100
yds
(
19)
300
yds
830
828 )
1 65 )
40
3 9 )
(13
)
(18)
9
(80)
3
(3
0)
no
(108)
(3 6)
13
5
( 135 )
(45)
500
yds
830
828)
1 6 5
1 6 5 )
40
/oq\
(1
3)
20
1Q
\
B O
(90)
3
(30)
110
( 108 )
35
(36)
1
3 5
(135)
(45)
7 0 0
yds
7 9 5
6 9 3 )
120
(122)
25
2 4 )
(8 )
2
(18)
9
(90)
3
(30
)
1 1 0
( 10 8 )
35
(3 6 )
1 3 5
1 35 )
(45)
9 0 0
yd
s
650
648)
1 0 5
. 1 0 5 )
15 )
5
(
5)
IS)
9
(90)
3
(30)
1 1 0
(108)
( 3 6 )
1 3 5
( 135 )
(45)
1 , 100
yd
s
425
423)
3 0
(in i
9
(90)
3
(30)
1 1 0
(108)
35
(3 6)
135
(1 3
5)
(45)
1
,300
yds
3 3 5
3
33 )
90
(90)
3
(30)
1 1 0
(1
0 8 )
(36)
1 3 5
(135)
(45)
1 ,5 0 0
yds
33
5
333 )
9
(90)
3
(30)
1 1 0
(108)
3 6)
1 3
5
(135)
(4
5)
Over
1 ,500
yd
s
1 1 0
(1 0
8)
1 1 0
(108)
(36)
-
-----
60.
f fec t of
T
ank
and
Self Prope
lled Guns
on
In
fantry Fire
Power
O bserv
ed
fire of
tan
k
or se
lf-propell
ed
guns
n
eu
tralizes
the fire
pow
er
of
dismo
unted troops an
d all
o
ther fire
power
not locat
ed
in armored
vehicles
or
complet
ed bu
nkers, f
or
t
he duration
of the
obser
ved
fire. Ne
utralizati
on shou
ld be lim
ited to area
bein
g
f
ired
upon; other
troops sh
ould
contin
ue to
fire
.
61. f fec t
of
Ground Weapo
ns Agains
t Ar
mor
The
following
g
round we
apons
are consi
dered
effectiv
e agai
nst
ar
mored
vehicle
s
a
t rang
es indi
cated
:
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W eapons and
ammunition
Caliber .50
57-mm, Gun,
AP; 57-mm Re -
coilless
Rifle
HEAT.
40-mm AA Gun
AP.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
75-mm
or
larger Gun,
Howitzer,
or
R ecoilless
R ifle,
AP, HE,
or
HEAT.
3.5"
Rocket
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
R ifle and
Grenade
Launcher
Antitank
Grenade.
Atomic
Bursts
("See effects
overlay").
M axim u m
effective range
(yds)
Scout
cars
and gun
carriers
500
800
1,000
1,000
200
<75
1,700
L ight tanks,
selt-pro-
pelled
guns,
full
track
armd. inf.
veh.
800
400
1,000
200
• 1 7 5
1,700
Medium
tanks
b
400
n,
o o o
200
1,700
• Hits
at
this
range
will not destroy but may immobilize.
b
Flank
and rear only.
c 75-mm
not effective
against
medium
tanks.
Not effective
against moving
targets
at ranges over 50 yards.
Unarmored
vehicles
are vulnerable to all
weap
ons within effective
range.
Atomic burst effects
on
armor will be
furnished
by the umpire, after referring to his effects overlay."
62 Fire Duels
a. Fire
duels at great
range
are
difficult
to
umpire.
Losses
are
assessed
only
when,
in
the opinion
of
the
umpire,
a fair decision
can be made (par. 39). Guns
of vehicles
in
motion
are effective
only
when
equipped
with
gyrostabilizers
and
then the effectiveness
is
25
percent
of
a stationary gun of the same type.
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Gun
s
of
comp
arable size are sco
red
on
the basis
of
p
osition as
follows:
(1)
Gr
ound gu
n behind n
atural or
ar
tificial
cover— 3.
(2) Vehicular-mounted
gun (armore
d) behind
natural
or
artificial cover—
4.
3
)
Gro
und gun unprotect
ed by natural or a
rti
ficial
c
over— 2 .
(
4)
Vehicular-mou
nted gun
(armor
ed) unpro
tected by natural or
artificial cover—
3.
< ?
Guns
must be
la
id
accurately
on the tar
gets.
If
blank am
munition is not
available, a red flag m
ust
be
waved
to
simulat
e firing.
A collective
score
method may
b
e used if
the
num
ber of guns
and/or vehic
les
en
gaged in the
fir
e
due
l
is
sufficient to render
the foregoing method
of
scoring impracticable.
The
umpire
determines
the
total
score
of each s
ide and rules all
or a portion of
the
weaker side destroy
ed.
Te
rrain, tactical employ
ment, and
duration of the action
are
considered,
losses to t
he stronger side are asses
sed in the in
verse
ratio o
f the tot
al
scores.
United States
score,
40;
Aggressor
score, 30;
twenty
Aggressor
ve
hicles ru
led destroyed; three-f
ourths of 20,
or 1 5 of
the United States
vehicles
ru
led
destroyed.
When
tanks maneuver
against
t
anks, the loss
es
are co
mputed in the inve
rse ratio of pa
rticipating
tanks of the
oppo
sing forces.
A
medium tank is con
sidered the equivalent of
li/j
light
tanks.
United States,
10
medium and 1 5 light tanks;
Ag
gres
sor, 20 light ta
nks; losses are comp
uted in the
rat
io of two
United States
tanks
to
three Aggressor
Tanks.
7
0
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/. W
hen nece
ssary to stop
an a
rmored fire
duel
to make
a de
cision
a
s to the resu
lts,
the um
pire
d
is
plays
a b
lue flag.
63
Mines and
Bo
oby Traps
To r
eceive cr
edit for
c
asualties or
damages re
s
ulting fro
m
the
simul
ated
explosio
n of p
ractice
m
ines
o
r booby
traps,
each such
mine or booby
t
rap
must ha
ve
been
prop
erly e
mplaced
and armed
. This
restrict
ion
may
be obviat
ed if p
ractice min
es are
not
available
for
the
exercise;
however,
any
substitution
th
at
is
used must
be
pl
ayed
logis
tically.
Z > In
addit
ion to
properly empla
cing and
ar
m
ing ind
ividual m
ines, m
ine fiel
ds
must
be
properly
ma
rked, re
corded,
and r
eported be
fore
the umpir
e
c
an give th
e unit credit
fo
r
th
e m
ine field.
If
practice
mines
are
not
available and
substi
tutes are
used, um
pires should b
e
furnish
ed
the
fol
l
owing d
ata by th
e En
gineer S
ection of
Umpire
H
eadquarte
rs
s
o t
hat they can estimat
e the
lo
gistical
requi
rements.
This
dat
a
sh
ould
b
e
f
urnished
for
each
type of min
e
s
upposedly
available
. T
he trans
portation,
manpower, and
time must
be
available
to
me
et the um
pire's
logistic
al
calcula
tion
for the
unit
to
receive
cre
dit for
t
he s
ubstitute min
e field
.
(1)
Numb
er of
mines per p
ackage.
2)
W
eight of i
ndividual
mines and o
f
pack
age
of mi
nes.
(3)
Nu
mber of
m
ines per
21/4-ton truck
with
ll/2-to
n
tr
ailer.
(4) N
umber
of m
ines per 2i/2
-ton dump
tru
ck.
(5)
P
ounds of
explos
ive per m
ine.
(6)
Cap
abilities.
(«
)
AP Mines—E
ffective
causalty
radiu
s.
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( ) AT
Mi
nes—T
ypes
of vehi
cles
and ex
tent
of
damag
es.
(7) Av
erage
time
to
em
place
.
Casualty
assessm
ents.
(1) Whe
n s
imulat
ed m
ines
with liv
e fuses
are
u
sed, th
e umpire
should
as
sess ca
sualtie
s in
t
he fo
llowin
g
wa
ys:
Fo
r p
ressur
e act
uated AP
m
ines, onl
y the
man
w
ho actua
tes the
mine i
s asse
ssed a
casua
lty.
(
) Fo
r a
t
rip wire
actu
ated
AP min
e wit
hin
a r
adius o
f
10
y
ards,
men a
re asse
ssed
as
cas
ualtie
s an
d mine d
etecto
rs are a
ssessed
as
damag
ed.
For
a
press
ure a
ctuate
d AT
mine,
p
erson
n
el withi
n a ra
dius o
f
15 yar
ds ar
ei
assessed as
casulaties
and all m
ine de
tect
ors
are
destro
yed.
(2) W
hen m
anual
ly breach
ing
a min
e field
con
tain
ing AP
a
nd AT m
ines,
the fo
llowin
g
m
ay be
used:
Ass
ess on
e
casua
lty
per 50
ya
rds of
depth
when
United States
Forces manaully
bre
ach a
t
wo lane
path
8 feet
w
ide, on
e
c
asualty
pe
r
10
0 y
ards of d
epth
w
hen
bre
aching
a
one
l
ane
path
4 fe
et wid
e,
and
two cas
ualties
p
er 50 yards
of
depth
w
hen
breach
ing one
8
yard
vehicl
e lane.
( Z > )
If
mine
field is
covered
with
Aggressor
fire
,
c
asualt
y
asses
sment will
be h
igher.
?
» ) Wh
en
hast
y breac
hing
by
t
ank o
r i
nfantr
y
waves
is
used,
tab
les IX
th
rough
X
I
may
be
used
as
g
uides
in
asse
ssing ca
sualtie
s:
72
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A
P
m
ine
den
sit
y
pe
r ya
rd
W
ave
2
3
4
___
___
_
___
___
__
5
6
-_-
-__
___
-__
__
..__
___
__
7_-__-_-_-_-___--_._-_.
8
-_
--_
-__
__
---
_-_
__
.__
24
8
0
70
o
n
5
0
40
3
0
20
1
0
20
70
f iO
50
4
0
30
20
10
16
f i O
50
40
30
2
0
10
12
5
0
40
30
? n
10
8
4 n
30
2
0
10
4
30
20
in
2
2
i n
R
ates
incr
ease
wi
th poo
r vi
sib i
lity a
nd
d
ecre
ase
with
p
oor
cam
onfl
ag e.
AT
min
e
de
nsit
y p
er y
ard
W a
ve
3
4
3
9
0
n
4
n
n
2
s
o
50
30
in
i
f iO
40
n
0
.5
30
10
0
.2
i n
Ra
tes
incr
ease
w
ith
po
or
vis ib
il ity
and
de
crea
se
wi
th poo
r ca
m ou
flag
e.
Ti
me
re
qui
red
to b
re
ach
m
in
efie
ld
s.
1)
W
h
en
th
e
A
gg
re
sso
r m
ine
fie
lds
c
om
pr
ise
p
rac
tic
e
or
s
im
ula
ted
mi
nes
,
th
e
Un
ite
d
States
troops
are
required
to
actually
breach
th
e
m
in
efie
ld
usi
ng
a
pp
ro
ve
d
te
chn
iq
ues
.
2
) W
he
n
th
e
A
gg
res
so
r m
ine
fie
ld
is
a
s
imu
la
ted
fie
ld
the
tim
e req
ui
red
f
or br
eac
hi
ng
ca
n be
ca
lcu
la
ted
fro
m
tab
le
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A
ctivity
Breach
and
mark
(tracing tape)
a
3 -
5 path
through the entir
e
field,
marking
AT mines
an
d
hand
neutralizing
all AP
mines
encounte
red.
Breac
h
and m
ark (tracing t
ape)
tw o
3 -
5
paths 8 yards o
n
eith
er
side
of and
parallel to cen te
r lin
e,
marking
AT mi
nes
an
d hand
neutral
izing
AP min
es.
Breach and
mark an 8
yard vehic
ular
lane,
m
arking AT
mines
and hand
neutralizing
mines.
Uncove
r
an
d
remove by rope a
ll
AT and
AP mines p
re viously
m
arked by ab
ove
p
arties.
A
verage rate
5 0
yards per
hour
(flat,
open ter
ra in
, so
me tall
grass).
50 yar
ds per
hour
te
rrain
as
above)
.
5 0 ya
rds pe
r
hour
te
rrain as
above)
5
min.
pe
r man
per mine.
Probable
casualtie
s
from m in es
1 per
1 0 0 yards
of
d
epth.
1 per
5 0
yards of de
pth.
2
per
5 0 ya
rds of
depth.
25 of rate
s sh
own
above for breaching
and
marking (
due
mainly
to
undetect
ed
a
nd unmarke
d small
nonmetal
lic mines).
64.
hem
icals
Smoke and
other
nontoxic chemicals may
be
em
ploy
ed for train
ing purp
oses in
tactical
exercise
s.
Smoke
on
either a unit
or a
targ
et
r
educes
the
firepowe
r of
the unit. T
he firep
ower of
an
i
nfantry
unit is re
duced 50
percent if
th
e
un
it itself
is un
der
sm
oke
and
25
percent if
the
tar
get
is co
vered by an
effective
smoke
concentration. The
effect
of
ob
serv
ed artiller
y f
ire
on tar
gets
co
vered by smoke
is
red
uced 2 5 percen
t.
Antita
nk fire is
inef
fective
agains
t targets t
hat are
conceale
d by smoke.
r ? . Pers
onnel in
chemi
cally contam
inated
areas a
re
re
quired
to wear
prote
ctive m asks. F
irepower
o
f
personnel
wearing protective
masks
is
reduced
10
percent
. The
firepowe
r
of
a unit
is n
eutralize
d
durin
g deliv
ery of
a chemical
agen
t upon th
e
un
it.
The diss
emination
of
toxi
c
ch
emical
agents by
ground
w
eapons
or bom
bs
is
repres
ented
by
ig
niting
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co
lo
red
sm
ok
e
gre
na
de
s
in
th
e
im
pa
ct
are
a
a
s
iu
m
a
rk
ing
a
rti
lle
ry
f
ire
.
(1
)
P
ers
is
ten
t
ch
em
ic
al a
ge
nt
s
wi
ll
be
m
ar
ke
d
in the
impact area by
two colored
smoke
gre
na
de
s
fo
r
eac
h 1
00
y
ar
d
s
qu
are
c
ov
ere
d.
(
2)
N
o
np
er
sis
te
nt
c
he
mi
ca
l
ag
en
ts
w
ill
be
m
a
rke
d
in
th
e im
p
ac
t a
rea
by
tw
o
C
N
te
ar
ga
s)
a
nd
tw
o
c
olo
re
d sm
o
ke
gr
en
ad
es f
or
e
ac
h
10
0 y
ar
d
s
qu
ar
e co
ve
red
.
Different
colored
saioke
grenades
should
h
e
u
se
d fo
r p
ers
ist
en
t a
nd
n
on
pe
rsis
ten
t
a
gen
ts.
In
e
xer
cis
es
in
wh
ich
air
la
nd
ing
s
or ai
r
d
ro
ps
a
re
con
du
cte
d,
som
e
ot
he
r m
ean
s
of
ma
rki
ng
c
he
mi
cal
ag
en
ts
m
ust
be u
se
d.
(S
ee
par
. 35
.
A
ir
pl
an
e
sp
ra
y
wi
ll m
a
rk
ar
ea
s
thr
ou
gh
th
e
c
ha
ra
cte
ri
sti
cs
of
th
e
s
pra
y
w
hi
ch
a
re
a
s f
ol
low
s
:
(1)
P
ers
is
ten
t
ag
en
ts—
a
ct
ua
l s
pr
ay
of
M
R
(m
o
la
ss
es re
sid
iu
m
).
(
2)
No
n
pe
rsi
ste
nt
a
ge
nt
s—
ac
tu
al
sp
ra
y
of
C
N
te
ar
g
as)
so
lut
ion
.
/
.
Ta
ct
ica
l us
e
of
s
mo
ke
w
il
l
be m
a
rke
d b
y
sm
o
ke
p
ro
du
ce
d by
sm
o
ke
p
ot
s o
r m
e
ch
an
ica
l s
mo
ke
ge
ne
ra
t
ors
.
Ef
fec
ti
ven
es
s
of
t
ac
tic
al
s
m
ok
e w
il
l
b
e
a
ss
ess
ed
ac
co
rd
ing
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
are
a
cov
er
ed
.
Se
c t
ion
I
I C
PT
UR
E
O
P
ER
SO
NN
E
L A
N
D
M
T
R
I L
65
C
ap
tu
re
o
f P
ers
on
ne
l
The capture of United States
Force
personnel
p
rov
id
es
a
dd
ed
re
ali
sm
an
d
als
o
i
mp
os
es
a
pe
n
alt
y
o
n
th
e
un
it b
y
r
ed
uc
ing
i
ts
o
pe
ra
tio
na
l e
ff
ect
iv
ene
ss
.
A
l
l A
gg
re
ss
or
tr
oo
ps
a
re
su
bj
ec
t
to
c
ap
tu
re.
S
e
lec
te
d
A
g
gre
ss
or
pe
rso
nn
el
m
ay
be
in
je
cte
d i
nto
th
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exercise for
capture by the United
States Force
as
a part of the inte
lligence
p
lay an
d
to provide
train
ing in the proper m
ethods of prisoner
-of-war
proc
essing
and
interrogation.
These
prepared
prisoners
are trained
in interrogati
on techniques,
provided
with an
A
ggressor background
story
,
an
d
given
in
form
ation
of
intelligence value
to release when
cap
tured and pro
perly interro
gated
(FM
30-104).
Priso
ners
of
war must
be guarded
properly to
prevent
escape
but
are required to respect
traced
inclosu
res as actual
and to conduct
themselves
as
they would
in
an actual
situation under
g
uards armed
with live ammun
ition.
The Chief
Umpire
sho
uld arra
nge for
frequent
exchanges of
prisoners to
avoid
keeping
too many
men out of
training.
When an
entire
unit
or the
major portion
thereof has been
capt
ured,
the
umpire
ma
y au
thorize
the
retention
of
selected ind
ividuals as prisone
rs
of
war, and
direct
th
at the remainder
of the
captured
personnel
be
moved
to
a
designated location
and
remain
out of action for
a
specified
period of tim
e.
In suc
h
cases
,
Aggressor prepared p
risoners
should
make them
selves known to
the umpire so they
ca
n
be
designated
for retention
as prisoners of wa
r to be
proc
essed.
Prisoners
of war
will
retain
their
personal
prop
erty, individual weapons,
and equipment
during
processing. The capturing
or
holding unit must
provid
e
rations
and
emergency
m
edical care for
prisone
rs
of
war as required.
7
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66 Ca
pture of Inst
allations
and
M
ateriel
(1) Eva
cuation and sur
gical
hospitals
, clearin
g
stations,
collecting
stations,
and aid
stations
which m
ay be c
aptured by
either
side are
returned
to
parent
units as
soon as
prac
ticabl
e.
2)
Depo
ts,
s
upply p
oints,
r
ailheads,
distribut
ing poi
nts, and
dumps
ca
ptured
by either
side are ruled
out
of
action
for the d
uration
of the exercis
e o
r such other
period
as
de
ter
mined b
y the Chief
Umpire
,
ft
(1) Veh
icles, we
apons,
pne
umatic equ
ipment,
an
d
so
nic
equipme
nt (e
xcept that with
fire
m
arker team
s) are
subj
ect to
c
apture
exc
ept
a
s note
d
in (2)
below a
nd mus
t
be
proces
sed
with
their drivers a
nd crew
s to
avoi
d
loss
or
dam
age to g
overnme
nt p
roperty
a
nd p
re
vent con
fusion. Ve
hicles and
weap
ons ruled
ca
ptured
may be
held in p
lace o
ut
of
ac
tion
for a d
esignated
period of ti
me or they
ma
y
be
dispatched
to
a prisoner-of-war installa
tion and
held there
f
or th
e period of
time
desi
gnated by the
umpire
. At no
time
w
ill
the
driver
or
crew
be separa
ted
from
the
vehic
le.
(2)
Amb
ulances, kitc
hen truck
s, rati
on trucks,
and
trucks
that
may
be
captured are
returne
d to
pa
rent units
without
dela
y.
3)
Cargoe
s
of
vehic
les processe
d
w
ith
prisoners
remai
n with the
vehicles.
Transfer
to othe
r
vehicl
es
is prohibit
ed
except that
gasoline
7
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and
blank ammunition
may be
taken by the
capturing unit.
Sect ion III
C A S U A L T Y AND
DAMAGE A S S E S S M E N T
67
General
All losses that affect the progress
of
action such
as casualties in combat and service units, and
de
struction or capture of equipment, supplies, and
in
stallations are considered in
umpiring.
Z >
Platoon
and
company
umpires
keep
a
running
record of losses assessed against the units
to
which
they are assigned.
They
periodically inform
the
respective
platoon leader
and company commander
of accumulated
losses.
The fire power
of
a unit is reduced by
the
ac
cumulated
losses
assessed
against
the
unit (par.
58).
The number of assessed personnel casualties
to be
tagged
and evacuated
through
medical chan
nels
as
casualties depends upon
the
strength and
capabilities
of
participating units
and
personnel.
Generally, individuals selected
for
evacuation are
those
who
unduly
expose themselves.
Personal
property,
individual
weapons,
and equipment
are
retained by
the
individual.
The
losses
to be assessed
as
a result of
enemy
action are a matter of judgment. The relative
strength
of
the
opposing
forces is
an important
fac
tor.
Casualties and
damages
assessed as a
result
of an atomic burst may be such as
to
eliminate the
unit, installation, or activity. These losses can be
expected and
must be
played realistically.
Para
graphs 68 through 73 contain data to be
used as
a
guide.
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68
Assessment of Personnel Casualties
The
assessment
of
casualties imposes
a
penalty
on
combat units
by reducing
their
effective
strength
and
provides
training
for
medical personnel.
Cas
ualties
evacuated to and released
from the
division
clearing station mobile surgical
hospital,
or graves
registration section
are
sent to
the
division replace
ment company and
returned to
their units
through
replacement
channels.
Casualties assessed by unit
umpires are tagged
as
they
are
assessed.
The
tag
should
show the
name,
the status (as "walking
wounded"
or "litter case''), and the specific
nature
of
the wounds (par. 69). Appropriate medical
care
is simulated as the casualty moves
to
the rear
through medical channels.
Z >
In
assessing casualties, the following
ratios of
killed to wounded may be
used as
a guide:
(For
additional information on
casualties,
see chapter 2,
FM
101-10. )
Tank elements----------.--..-------- 2 7
Artillery
elements,__________________ 1 4
Infantry elements.__________________
1
4
All
other ground
force
elements_______ 1 4
In assessing atomic
casualties
involving consid
erable numbers, the unit umpire notifies the
unit
commander
of
the percentage to be evacuated.
The
simulated
casualties
to be
evacuated
should
include
a cross representation
of
the command.
Atomic casualties should
be
processed
through
evacuation
channels:
(1)
To
impress upon
the
commander and his
command the
crippling
effect of an
atomic
detonation upon a
unit.
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(2)
T
o
give
t
he evacuation
channels
training in
handling larg
e numbers of
casualties
in
a
short
period and to impre
ss
on
them
the
ma
gnitude
of
their task.
69
Casu
alty Tags
A
green card
beari
ng
the
words Walking
Wounded. Proceed
to your unit
aid
station
for evacua
tion.
f t .
A red tag bearing the
words Li
t
ter
Case.
Remain in
plac
e unt
il
picked
up and
evacu
ated by
litter bearers. You
may
call
for
aid
men.
A
white card
bearing
the
words Dead.
The Divisi
on
graves
r
egistration section
will pick you
up, evacuate, and
process
you.
Upon compl
etion of
action
by
graves
registration
section, you
will
be
re
turned to
your unit t
hrough
re
placement
channels.
70 In
fantry Unit Casual
ty A ss es s
men t
Assessment of casua
lties against an
infantr
y unit
(from oth
er than atomic weapons
) in
an
y 1
day of
severe
combat should
seldom
exceed
15
percent.
This
percentage should
be
con
sidered in com
puting the
total
number of
casualties to b
e assessed
against rifl
e
companies. T
he following
percentages
o
f losses may
be
used
as
g
uides in assessing
casualties under each
of
the condition
s described:
fty
One
to three per
cent p
er hou
r. (Consider rela
tive
stre
ngth, positions,
and dispositions of
the op
posing
forces
and whether
a unit is attacking
or defending.)
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G
RE
EN
COL
OR
W
AL
KIN
G
W
OUN
DE
D
N
ATU
R E
O F
W
OUN
D
PRO
CEE
D
T
O
Y
OUR
UN
IT
ID S
TAT
ION
TO
R
E
V C
U
TIO
N__
___
___
___
___
__
RE
D C
OLO
R)
LIT
TER
C
SE
N
TUR
E
OF
W
OUN
D-
R
EMA
IN
I
N PL
CE U
NT
IL P
ICKE
D UP
ND
E
VAC
UAT
ED
BY
LITT
ER
BE
RER
S
YOU
MAY
C
LL
FO
R
ID
ME
N
W
HI
TE
CO
L O R
DE
AD
T
HE
DIV
ISION
GRA
VES
RE
GIS
TR
TION
SEC
TION
WIL
L
P
ICK
YO
U UP
, EV
ACU
ATE
A
ND
PRO
CES
S YOU
UPO
N
COM
PL
ETIO
N
OF
CTION
BY
GR
VES R
EGIS
TRA
TIO
N
SEC
TION
YOU
WI
LL
B
E
R
ETU
RNE
D TO
Y
OUR
U
NIT
TH
ROU
GH
R
EPL
CE
MEN
T CH
AN
NELS
3557
340—
55—
——
6
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.
Erect_____
_____________
_
1%
per battery voll
ey.
Running_______
______—___ 1%
per battery
volley.
Prone____
______________
_- %% per battery volle
y.
Entrenched__
______________
. 1
/20%
per battery
volley.
In trucks________
_________ 1% p
er battery volley.
Eight
rounds of
ligh
t
or medi
um
mortar
(60- or 81
-mm)
o
r
6
rounds of heavy
mortar
(4 .2 in.) are cons
idered equiva
lent to a battery
volley
of
artillery
.
(1) Elements wi
thin 100 yards of any tank
or
self-prope
lled
guns
and not entrenc
hed—3
percent
per
ta
nk or
2 percent per self-
pro
pelled g
un per attack.
(2) As
(1)
above,
but
entr
enched or in
fox
holes— 1
percent per
tank
or
self-propelled
gun per attack.
Losses from
chemical and biolo
gical attack
are
ind
icated sepa
rately from
other
losses.
Th
e factors listed below
can
be app
lied to tro
ops with consider
ation
given
th
e
condition
and
status
of
the
troops with
reference
to
degree of
exposure.
(1)
Casualties
are
co
mputed
by mean
s of
the Chem
ical Casu
alty Com
puter (a
pp.
VI).
These casualties may
be
broken
down as
follows:
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(G)
Surprise,
poor
gas
disci-
Killed 75%, litter
pline; totally unpre- 15%, walking
pared
;
or unprotected.
wounded
10 %.
No
surprise,
good
gas Killed,
10%,
litter
discipline; or surprise, 15%, walking
good gas discipline.
wounded
75%.
Unprotected or gas masks
Litter
75%, walking
only. wounded
25%.
Gas masks and protec- Litter
10%,
walking
tive clothing.
wounded 90%.
The
following
figures
may
be used as
a
guide
for the area
covered
by aircraft
using
chemical
munitions:
Spray Tank
M -1 0_ _ _
Nonpersistent,
persistent, or
smoke.
1
aircraft w/2 tanks ____._....._. 75 yds. in width and
altitude 100 ft. 500-600 yds.
in
length.
3 aircraft w/2 tanks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 170 yds. in width
each, altitude 100 and 500-600
yds.
ft,
75
ft
between
in
length,
wing tips.
( < ? ) Losses
resulting
from flame thrower ac
tion may be
based
upon
the following:
Impact
areas.
Portable
flame
thrower
______
10x40
yards
Mechanized
flame
thrower ________ 15 x 175 yards
Casualties assessed.
25% of personnel in the
open.
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Munition
M-10 Spray
T
a n
k s —
2
tanks
per
aircraft
.
Aerosol
Gen
erator
2 lit
ter capacity
).
Aerosol Bomb
12
oz
size).
Special
Dis
seminators
(Vials,
cap
sule
s)
Agent
Anti-per
son
nel,
casu
alty produc
ing.
Anti-pers
on
nel
, casu
alty
produc
ing.
Anti-person
nel, c a s u -
alty produc
ing.
Simulants
used
Yellow dy
e
solution
of
Bacillus
Olobigii
(B G).
cillus
Olobigii
(BG) fluo
rescent par
ticles (FP).
ci
llus
Glob
igii
(BO).
Oil
of cloves
or
more
other
harm
less s
i
m
u
-
lant.
Area covered
3 0 0
yards
in
width 600
-
7 0
0
yds
in
length.
1 0 0 yds in
width
3 ,50
0
yds
in
length.
1 0 0 yds
in
width
3 0 0
yds length.
racer
am
ounts
poured
in
water
to im
port a slight
flavor.
Casualties
10-20 per
sonnel ex
posed.
10-20 per
sonne
l
ex
posed
10-20 per
so
nnel
ex
p
osed.
34-45 per
-
s
o
n n e
consuming.
/.
(1)
Casualties from
an
atomic
burst will be
dictated by the
effects overlays.
2) Units
should be ass
essed casual
ties
if
they
enter
or remain
in
a
contaminated
area.
(3)
R
adiological defense
personnel ass
igned to
combat
elements
can
obtain the amount
of
simu
lated contaminatio
n
in any
area by
ques
tioning
the
unit umpire
.
4) The amount of contam
ination in the are
a
is
shown
on
the
effects
overlay
(app.
V
II .
71 Artil
lery Unit Casualty
Assessmen
t
While war
experience
indicates that
casualties suf
fered
by artillery units
are
co
mparatively
small and
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n
ot suf
ficient t
o mate
rially i
nterru
pt
firing,
the
loss
data
for
in
fantry
shoul
d be
used w
hen appro
priate
to the a
ction
c
onside
red. Whe
n a batt
ery
in positio
n
is
attacked
the
decision
as
to
capture
or destruction
is
based
upo
n surpr
ise a
chieve
d by
the
atta
ckers
and
on the
rela
tive fire
powe
r, inclu
ding the
artill
ery
p
ieces,
th
at wer
e b
rough
t to
b
ear
on the a
ttackin
g
troop
s.
72
. Reco
nnaiss
ance Uni
t Casua
lty
ss
essme
nt
Per
sonnel
lo
sses
o
f reco
nnaissa
nce u
nits fi
ghting
dismo
unted
ar
e
asses
sed on the
sam
e basis as
inf
an
t
ry
los
ses.
Vehicl
e
los
ses of re
conna
isance
unit
s are
asse
ssed
a
s
indi
cated i
n
par
agraph
s 6
1, 74,
and 7
5.
73
. Casua
lties F
rom
A
ir
c
tion
U
pon
confir
matio
n of
an
ai
r att
ack the
um
pire
marks
th
e tar
get wit
h
appro
priate
colore
d s
moke
(par. 34)
and
asses
s
c
asualt
ies
in acc
ordan
ce with
table
XII
I.
The ta
ble
is b
ased o
n one fligh
t
of
4
aircra
ft.
The a
rea of
covera
ge, da
mage,
and
ca
sualty
as
sess
ments
indicated
are
adjusted
to
the
number of
at
tack
ing airc
raft.
It mus
t be r
ealize
d that
the
lo
ca
tion
of
at
tack as rep
orted
by
the
pilot
from
his
map
will
diff
er
sli
ghtly f
rom
the actu
al stri
ke. T
he
f
act
that
th
e pilo
t
a
ttemp
ts to se
lect
the
m
ost
rem
uner
a
tiv
e tar
get for
his
attack
is
c
onside
red
in
assess
ing
casualties.
This
does
not
mean
that
umpires
should
se
lect k
ey
p
erson
nel, w
eapon
s or
units
,
a
s the
tar
get
unle
ss warr
anted.
Cas
ualties
and
d
amage
s
as
sessed
may
be
r
educe
d as m
uch a
s 50
perc
ent if
t
he u
nit
ha
s ta
ken a
dequa
te
co
ver;
conv
ersely,
if
a
dequa
te
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(When
troops
a
re
re
ported
a
«
the
targe
t)
Armament
or
aircra
f t
N
apalm w or w
/o
Str
afing.
HE Bombs
w or
w/o Stra
f ing.
Strafing
only.
-- _
__.
Target
Troops.- -.
Troops..
..
T
roops
Area
50 yds by
100
yds.
60
y
ds by
10
0
yds.
50yds by
yds.
Personnel
casualties
w ith in
area
10% ca
su alties.
Fire Pow
er
100%
neutra
lized
for
dur
a
tion
of the
attack plus 2
minu
tes.
5% casu
alties. F
ire
Power
100%
neutraliz
ed for
dura
tion
of
the attack
plus
2
m
inutes.
2
% casua
lties. Fi
re
Po
w er
100% neutraliz
ed
(e
xcept
A A )
for durat
ion of
at
ta c
k.
Atomic
burst
s— See
effects o
verlay (a p
p.
VII).
The
long axis of th
e
are a
p
arallel to
the directio
n of
flight is th
e basis for
measure.
cov
er
is
not
ta
ken
casua
lties m
ay b
e incr
eased 50
p
er
cent.
Dis
persio
n
is
not co
nsider
ed
sinc
e ass
essmen
ts
are b
ased on
the
area of
cove
rage.
If v
ehicle
s are
d
esigna
ted as
the
targ
et, the
percen
tage figu
res i
n
the table applies
to
troops
within
a
10
yard
radius
of
the vehicl
es
c
onside
red
da
maged
(p
ar.
75).
74 M
ateria
l Da
mage Ass
essme
nt
Umpir
es ass
ess ve
hicles
and
othe
r mat
eriel
da
maged
or
de
stroye
d on the
bas
is of a r
easona
ble
loss
expectancy
in
a
similar
combat engagement.
The
ump
ire in
forms
the o
ccupan
ts and
operat
ors o
f
the seve
rity
of the
dama
ge by
co
mpleti
ng a
d
amag
e
card
(pa
r. 7
6).
Dam
ages to
am
bulan
ces, ki
tchen
trucks
, rat
ion
truck
s, or
mail trucks
a
re n
ot
as
sessed
.
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Cargoes of vehic
les
r
uled out
of action may
be
transferred to
oth
er ve
hicles by t
he
usi
ng unit.
V
ehicles
passing th
rough or
remain
ing
within
an
artillery
or
mortar
concentration
of battalion
size
or larger are assessed
losses as follows:
(1)
Armored
Vehicles___. per bat
tery
volley.
2) Un
armored V
ehicles_. 1
per battery
vol
ley.
Mat
eriel (except class
I supplies) contam
inated
by
persisten
t chemica
l agents is
assessed as slightly
damaged;
class I suppl
ies
are
assessed dam
age
a
c
c
ording to the d
egree of contamination.
Personnel
han
dling contaminated materiel are
required
to wear
protective masks
until simulated deco
ntamination is
accomplished. Vehic
les conta
minated with persi
st
ent
chemical
agents
must be deconta
minated or op
erating p
ersonnel must
continue to wear the pr
otec
tive mask for
a minimum
of six
hours.
Usual time
for decon
tamination
of
a
vehi
cle is 30 minute
s. Ma
terial which has been
contaminated
to
a
military
sig-
ni
ficant
degree as a
resu
lt of
an atomic burs
t
is
ruled
out of
action
until properly
decontaminated.
/. Destroyed artillery
pieces
may
be
allow
ed to
remain in
place, out of
action, for a period o
f
from
4
to
24
hours
, as directe
d by the chief
umpire, or the
crews may be r
equired to
close
out the positions
and
take the destroye
d pieces to
their own prison
er-of-
war
inclosure
and
remain
there
until
released by
the
umpire
a
t
the inclos
ure.
This
provides
for realistic
efforts to
ob
tain
replaceme
nt
weapons.
Crews of
Aggressor
artill
ery
piece
s
ruled
destr
oyed in con
trolle
d
exercises
report to
the
nex
t
higher Agg
ressor
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Co
mman
der in
stead of
to
the
priso
ner-of
-war in
-
clo
sure if d
irecte
d to close
ou
t their
positio
ns.
Antita
nk guns
ruled
destr
oyed
or cap
tured are
tak
en
by the
crew
s to
t
heir
o
wn
priso
ner-of
-war in-
closure
an
d rem
ain
ther
e
until
retur
ned
to the
ir un
its
b
y a
n
ump
ire.
Crews
of
Aggr
essor anti
tank
gun
s
r
uled
destr
oyed
in contr
olled
exer
cises close
out t
heir
posi
tions a
nd report
to the n
ext h
igher
A
ggress
or
Comm
ander
fo
r in
struct
ions.
Mate
riel
dam
aged by
an
atomic
bur
st w
ill be
assessed
a
percentage
dam
age
as indicated
on the
effe
cts
o
verlay
and
ru
led out of
action
in acc
ord
anc
e with t
hrough
abo
ve, or
as dire
cted
by the
chie
f um
pire.
75. Da
mage
Fro
m Air
c t ion
The following
chart
is applicable
to
assessment
of dam
ages
resulti
ng fro
m air
actio
n:
Arma
ment
Napal
m
Ro
ckets
Str
afing
Targe
t
Armo
red ve
hicles*.
__
Un
armore
d vehi
cles..
Arm
ored
veh
icles.^ _ _
Unarm
ored
vehicle
s.
A
rmored
v
ehicle
s.-..
Unarmored
vehicles.
A
rea
50 yds
by
50 yds
50 y
ds
by 50 yds
5
0 yds
by
50 yds
5
0
yds
b
y 50 yd
s
5
0
y
ds
by
50 yds
50
yds
by
50
yds
Vehic
les
de
stroye
d
(per
centag
e)
10
10
5
5
0
10
Atom
ic Bursts
—
See
ef
fects
overl
ay.
•Armo
red
vehicles with e
xposed c
rews or
those
comp
le tely
im m obil
ized
du
ring
th
e a
ttack.
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I
f the
veh
icl
es
su
bje
cte
d
to
air
at
tac
k are
m
ixe
d
ar
mo
red
and
una
rm
ore
d the
r
ati
o
o
f e
ach
typ
e i
n
the
gro
up
is
us
ed
in
the
d
am
ag
e ass
ess
men
t.
Th
e t
abl
e
also
may
be
used as
a
guide
in
assessing damage
to
art
ille
ry p
iec
es,
tr
ail
ers,
an
d
oth
er
ma
ter
ial s
ubj
ecte
d
to
air
a
ttac
k.
76
Da
ma
ge T
ags
A
gre
en
tag
bea
rin
g
the
wo
rds Sli
ght
ly
D
am
ag
ed
(fi
g.
4).
(
1) T
he
um
pi
re
as
ses
sing
the
da
ma
ge
fi
lls o
ut
the
fro
nt
of
the
ta
g
giv
ing
tim
e,
d
ate
,
an
d
pla
ce the
ve
hic
ula
r equ
ipm
en
t
wa
s da
mag
ed
.
Th
e
u
nit
a
nd th
e bu
mp
er n
um
be
r
(o
r oth
er
e
qu
iva
lent
num
be
r)
ar
e e
nte
red
i
n
the s
pac
es
pr
ovid
ed
. T
he
nat
ure
o
f th
e
dam
ag
e
is
briefly
described.
The
driver
or NCO
in
ch
arg
e of
th
e ve
hic
le
or equ
ipm
en
t
sig
ns
on
th
e
ba
ck of
the
p
erf
ora
ted
st
ub.
The
um
pir
e
sig
ns th
e tag
a
nd
the
s
tub
. Th
e
stu
b is
r
eta
ined
by
th
e
um
pire
and
the
ta
g
is t
ied
to
t
he equ
ipm
en
t
or
v
eh
icle
. A
ll
stu
bs
a
re
forwarded
to
Umpire
Headquarters
along
wit
h
oth
er r
epo
rts
. A
n
ora
ng
e f
lag
is
dis
pla
ye
d on
th
e v
ehic
le o
r
equ
ipm
en
t.
(2)
The
d
rive
r or
N
CO
in
ch
arg
e m
us
t d
ete
r
m
in
e a c
our
se o
f a
ctio
n to
b
e t
ake
n
to
rep
air
the
ve
hic
le o
r
equ
ipm
en
t.
Th
e
in
div
idu
al
completing
the repairs
fills
out
the
back of
the
ta
g.
An
o
ffic
er
or
N
CO
i
n c
ha
rge
o
f
the
re
pai
rin
g
un
it, o
r t
he
dri
ver
in
c
ase
o
f
firs
t
e
che
lon
re
pa
irs,
sig
ns t
he ta
g.
Th
e
tag
and
the
ora
ng
e
fla
g are
re
mo
ved
fr
om
th
e
ve
h
icle
or e
qui
pm
ent
a
nd
tur
ned
ov
er to
the
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t
K
n
^
^
¥
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a
a
C
D
i
5
D
e
2
E
T
t
E
.
i
T
U
P
a
^
t
T
Q
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man
der to
h
ave t
lie eq
uipm
ent
o
r v
ehicl
e
ev
acua
ted
fo
r r
epair
s. T
he
unit
m
akin
g
th
e
r
epai
rs fills
o
ut
that
p
ortio
n
on
the
back
of the
tag
pertaining
to
repairs. An
offi
ce
r
or NC
O o
f
the uni
t ma
king
the
repa
irs
sig
ns
the tag
. If it
i
s
d
ecid
ed to
repl
ace t
he
i
tem,
the
n
tha
t
p
orti
on
of t
he tag pe
rtain
ing
to
rep
lace
men
t is comp
lete
d.
An
o
fficer
or N
CO o
f
the
is
suing
unit
sign
s
the
tag
.
In eit
her
c
ase, the
com
plet
ed
tag
is tu
rned
over
to
the
un
it
umpi
re w
ho for
war
ds it
to
Um
pire
H
eadq
uart
ers. A
he
k
is made
to
se
e
t
hat
all
veh
icles
or
e
quip
ment
wh
ich
hav
e
bee
n tag
ged
as S
eve
rely
Dam
aged
''
h
ave bee
n pro
perl
y ev
acua
ted a
nd
repa
ired
(sim
ulat
ed) or
rep
lace
d and
tha
t
p
rope
r
logistical
factors
have
been
taken into
ac
co
unt.
A
whit
e
tag b
earin
g
the
word
De
stro
yed
(fig .
6
).
(
1)
The
u
mpi
re fill
s o
ut
t
he
tag
as in
pa
ragr
aph
abo
ve.
(2)
The driver or
NCO in
charge
of
the
vehicle
o
r
equ
ipme
nt
re
mai
ns
in plac
e
for o
ne ho
ur
an
d
then
r
epor
ts
t
o
his un
it tha
t th
e ve
hicle
or eq
uipm
ent
is
d
estro
yed.
The
un
it
re
por
ts, thro
ugh
cha
nnel
s, the
com
bat
loss
.
Whe
n th
e repl
acem
ent
item
is ava
ilabl
e at
Regimental
Supply
(or
equivalent
office),
th
e u
nit
is
n
otifi
ed to
com
e and
pic
k up
th
e
re
plac
emen
t. T
he v
ehic
le or
eq
uipm
ent i
s
the
n take
n
to
the
po
int
of del
ivery
whe
re
the
tag
is rem
oved
an
d the
equ
ipme
nt
is p
lace
d
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To facilitate matching
up tags and
stubs at
Umpire
Headquarters,
they
should
be
numbered
serially
prior to
issue.
77
Aircraft
Destroyed
by Ground
Fire
Antiaircraft
umpires
assess damages to attack
ing aircraft
resulting from ground
fire
and report
the assessment
to
umpire
operations.
Adequate air-
ground
communications
should be available
so that
the
antiaircraft
battalion umpire can report losses
to the
air
umpire with
the
flight.
When determin
ing the losses to be
assessed
against
aircraft
resulting
from ground fire,
consideration
must
be
given to the
type
weapons
which engage the target. For
ex
ample,
when
the target is out of range of automatic
weapons
but within range
of
90-mm
guns, only the
90-mm
guns
will
be
considered
to
be
engaging the
target.
Losses to flights
engaged
by
both guns and auto
matic weapons are the
sum
of the losses
incurred
from each type of
fire.
Aircraft
losses
may be
as
sessed in accordance
with the following formula:
(1)
For
planes,
other
than
jet,
within
15,000
feet altitude and within
7,000
yards
hori
zontal range:
(number of guns) x
(num
ber of planes)
x
.02=LOSS.
(2) For jet aircraft divide the resulting loss
by
5.
Sect i on
IV
O B S T A C L E S
AND
D E L A Y S
78
Obstacles
The
primary purpose of
an obstacle
is to
delay
opposing forces. Obstacles aifect
friendly
as well
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as enemy
troops. Umpires
enfor
ce appropriate
delays in all c
ases.
Obstacles
may be simulated
but are actually
constructed
if
permissible
on
the
terrain
being
used.
If the
obstacle
is to be
simulated,
materials and
personnel for construc
tion must actu
ally
b
e on hand
and checked
by
the
u
mpire.
Th
e obstacle
is
not
m
arked
until
the
time estimated
to be require
d for
construction
has passed.
The unit
that
executes
a
simulated
obstacle
fur
nishes a gua
rd who is given u
mpire authority and
identification
so
that
he can
enforce com
pliance by
all troops. Guards
remain
on
d
uty at obstacles until
relieved
by
the umpire
or
until the
end of
the
exer
cise. Parent units s
upply the
obstacle guard with
emergenc
y type
ration
s. A
fter
the o
pposing f
orce
has reduced
an
obstacl
e,
the
unit umpire
relieves the
guard who is then
returned administr
atively to his
u
nit.
W
hen
a s
imulated o
bstacle has been
co
mpleted,
the
unit umpire
furnishes
the
guar
d
one cop
y
of
completed
Certificate
of Obstacle
(fig.
7).
If
an
umpire is not present
a unit officer
may sign the
cer
tifica
te but must
advise the unit
umpire
of
h
is action.
The
umpire should ch
eck
the form
as
so
on as
prac
ticable;
however, the
statement on the form
is
val
id
with the
signature
o
f a unit officer.
The unit execut
ing a
simulated
obstacle
also
places
a
black
flag
at
each end
of
the o
bstacle.
Obstacles th
at
resu
lt from air actio
n or chem
ical
attack
are
mark
ed by the
ground umpire who
as
sessed the
damage. H
e comple
tes
the
certificate,
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CE
R
T IF
IC
A
TE
O
T O
BB
T
AC
II
(
to
b
e
ex
e
cu
te
d
by
u
n
it
of
fi
ce
r
vh
tn
u
m
pir
e
is
no
t
tr
es
en
t
)
1
.
T
YW
AH
)
U
T
IK
E O
r O
BB
TA
C I
E
EX
:
b
rid
g
e d
em
o
li
tio
n^
b
ri
dg
e
—
—
damaged
by bombs.
road
crater)
____________________
2
.
M
E T H
O
D U S
E D
B
ri
ef
de
sc
ri
pt
io
n
o
f
w
or
k do
n
e,
E
x:
D
e
str
oy
ed
—
ab
ut
me
n
ts
b
y
ta
m
pe
d
c
ha
rg
e*
. e
tc
.)
__
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
3.
K
RS
O
nC
L
B
ED
(
Ex
: 1
.
qu
ad
,
2
h
o
ur
.)
1
* .
EQ
U I
IM
E II
T
U S
ED
:—
—
—
(E
x
: 1
e
a
rth
a
ug
er
,
1
h
ou
r;
1
sq
u
ad
__
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
__
e
mo
li
tio
n
»
e
t)
?
•
MA
T
ER
IA
L O B
E
X P
LO
S I
V E
U
S E
D
(E
x:
f
or
ab
u
tm
en
ts
, 6
ch
ar
ge
s
2
00
p
ou
ad
a
«
ae
h;
«
t«
«l
,
1
0 eh
ar
g«
»
15
p
o
un
di
ea
ch
)__
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
T A
R T
K
D
(D
a
te
an
d
H
ou
r}
CO
M
PU
TE
D
(P
a
te
a
n
d H
o
ur
)
or
HO
IK
B O
M
B B
P
_
_
_
_
_
7
U
M
PI
RE
C
ER
T I
F IC
A
TE
1.
I
H
A V
E
O
B J
EC
TE
D
T H
E
O
B S
T A
C L
E D
C
SC
R IB
ED
A
B O
V E
A
R D
Fl
flD
T
H A
T
IT
W
I L
L )
w
ii
x
KT
)
C B
E A
T B
A I
E
F F
E
T I
V E
M
I L
I T A
R
Y
O
B S
T A
C L
E
2.
A
C
AR
EF
UL
ES
T I
M
AT
E B
AS
B E
E R
M
A
D S
. T
flE
FO
L
UN
IE
G
W
ILL
B E
R
E-
Q
U I
B E
D
TO
R
EST
O
RE
TB
AF
T I
C
A T
I
BI
S
a
.
E
KH
E
ER
PS
R
SO
H
IL
AI
D
TD
B
R E
Q U
I R
E D
:
G
iv
e
tw
o
al
te
rn
a
ti
ve
*
)
e
xa
mp
le
,
o
o«
pl
at
oo
n
6
h
ou
rs
o
r o
ne
cc
ejp
an
y
3
?
h
o
ur
*.
L
a*
t
a
lte
r
na
tl
re
ba
*e
d
o
n
sa
x l
mu
a
n
uv
be
r o
f
uh
o
can
be
effectlrelj
employed on
job.
Tlae
1*
taken
from
tl
ae
o
f
a
rr
iv
al
o
f
M
O
an
d
a
at
er
la
l o
n
th
e
a
lt
e.
b
.
M
A
TE
R I
AL
S:
A
*
Ju
dg
ed
ne
ce
w
ar
y
b
y e
ng
in
ee
r
uB
fl
re
* o
f
un
i
t r
ed
u
cin
g
ob
it
ac
l*
.)
c
.
K
^J
ia
ttt
T:
R
e
du
ce
tlM
g
iv
en
I
n
a
a
bo
ve
b
y
1/3
fo
r
l
ul
ta
bl
*
l
ab
or
-
sa
vi
ng
t
qu
lp
»e
n
t,
s
ui
ta
b
ili
ty
de
te
ra
ln
ed
b
y
e
o
gl
ae
er
u
ei
plr
e
o
f
un
it
r
ed
uc
in
g
o
bs
ta
cl
e.
)
3.
n
ttE
A
ID
H
O U
R
E
X E
C U
T E
D
:
if
n
o
um
p
ire
I
s
pr
es
en
t
at
th
e
ti
e*
of execution,
this
e»y be
completed
by
the
senior
officer
of
th
e
ex
ec
u
tin
g
p
ar
ty
a
ad
b
e
o
ff
ic
ia
l.
A
n
u
ap
ir
e
vl
ll
ve
ri
fy
a
ny
su
ch
v
or
k
e
xe
cu
te
d
b
y h
is
u
ni
t
a
s
so
on
a
s p
r
ac
ti
ca
bl
e.
)
U
K
T
O F
F I
C E
R
C
E
RT
ir
iED
O
B S
T A
C L
E
R E
D U
C E
D A
T
_
_
__
_
_
H
R
S
DA
3X
_
S I
OI
AT
IW
:
Of
U
M
P I
R E
)
(R
A
«J
35
57
34
O
—
55
—
—
—
7
9
7
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aSTRUCTIOHS-OBSTACLE
GUARDS
AUTHORITY: S a m e
a s u m p i r e
NUMBER: U n i t e x e c u t i n g
s i m u l a t e d o b s t a c l e s p o s t
tvo g u a r d j a t
e a c h o b
s t a c l e .
EQUIBEM
T Umpire
h e l a e t
l i n e r a n d w h i t e
m l o o p . Flashlig
ht,
v a t c b j p a p e r
and p e n c i l . F o
od
and
vater
f o r r
emainder
o f e x e r c i s e . P
ersonal
e q u i
p o e n t . T h i s c e r t i f i c
a t e .
ACTIONS: A
red f l a g i s placed
a t
e a c h
end o f a simulated obs
ta
c l e b y
t h e u n i t
e x e c u t i n g
t h e o b s t a c l e .
Umpi res post
o b s t a
c l e s resul
ting
f r o m
air act
ions.
ACTI
OBS: Report personnel
who
f a i l
t o o b
s e r v e obstacle
b y
n a m e ,
v e h i c l e n u
n b e r , o r
u n i t
t o
a n y u m p i r e
o r
t o
y o u r com
manding
o f f i c e r
vhen
y o u a r e r e l i e v e d .
When
opposing
t r o o p s
h a v e
c l e a
r e d
a n o b s t a c l
e , have u a p i r e sig
n
t h i s
p a p e r
and r e l i e v e y o u .
T h
e n r e p o r t
t o nearest troop
f o r
p
roce ssing a s
a
p r i s o n e r
and
return t o y o u r u
n i t .
ISSTRU
CTIONS-IMFIKES
ACTIONS: Require o p e r a t i o n s
to b e
actual
wh
enever
p o s s i b l e
.
F i l l i n data o n
r e v e r s e
s
i d e and
g i
v e
t o guard
a t o b
s t a c l e .
Check
t h a t
material
t o e x e c u t e o r reduce
simulat
ed
o b s t a c l e s
i s a t
s i t e
vhen operations
are
c a r r i e d
o u t .
Visit all detachments
s e n t o n
obstacle
v o r k t o c o m p l e t e
t h e
c e r t i f
i c a t e .
SfECIAL M O T E S
Troops may g o around
an
o b s t a c l e p r o v i d e
d
t h e
m o v
e m e n t I s a c t u a l .
The u m p i r e
with a delayed u n i t m
u s t n o t modify t h e p
rovisions
o f
t h e
c e r t i f i c a t e
o f o b s t a c l e
u n d e r a n y
c i r
c u m s t a n c e s .
When
a
defended o b s t a c l e
I s attacke
d b y t h e opposing s
i d e ,
t h e
result
o f t h e
attack
i s
decided
a s i n
any
s i m i l a r a c t i o n .
The
clearing
of an
o b s t a c l e
by t h e attac
ker
c a n c o m m e
n c e
o
n l y after
successful
completion
o f
t h e attack
i s ruled
b y
t h e u m p i r e .
Continued.
places the
flag
s,
and details a
g
uard from th
e near
est
unit.
/. Troops
may
go
around an
obstacle prdvided the
mov
ement is
actual.
The umpire with
a
delayed
unit
must
not
mod
ify the provisions
of the certificate
of
obstacle
u
nder any
circumstances.
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When
a
defe
nded
obstacle is attacked
by
the
opposing
side, the result
of the
a
ttack is de
cided as
in
any
similar
action.
Th
e clearing of a
n
obstacle
by the attacker
can
com
mence only af
ter suc
cessful
completion of
the
attack is
ru
led by
the
u
mpire.
A
ction to r
educe the obstacle
is
effective
only after
completio
n of
the troop action.
Contaminated areas must
be avoided
by combat
elements
when appropriate
autho
rity so
directs.
Un
its
failing
t
o avoid such
a
reas will be
assesse
d
appropriate
casualties.
79.
De
lays
Air attacks agai
nst bridges and
the
delays
re
sulting
from t
he
damage
inflicted influenc
e the prog
ress of a tactical exerc
ise. Prior
notice of
ai
r attacks
on
bridges should
be
furnished umpire
operations
by
air
umpire
s
in
order that an um
pire may be des
ig
nated t
o be
at
the
bridge
site at
the time of
the
a
ttack.
When
the bridge is defended
by an antiaircra
ft unit,
the antiair
craft unit umpire may be
designated to act
as the
umpire
at the
bridge
site. The
num
ber and
weight
of
bombs
are
given
the
umpire
at
the bridge
site through
ump
ire
channels
as soon
as rece
ived
from the
air
umpire.
(
1)
After
receipt
of thi
s i
nformation the
umpire
at
the bridge
site
will determine
the
number
of hits
on the
target
in accordance with
the
following
percentages:
Div
e or glide
bombing
by
Fight
er-
Bo
mber aircraft—15 p
ercent o
f bombs
dro
pped
by
any
single
flight.
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(ft) Light
or
medi
um
bombers
in
lev
el
flight,
bombing
by
visua
l methods—
5
percent.
Light or medium bom
bers in le
vel
flight,
bombing
by grou
nd
controll
ed
ra
dar—10
percent.
Heavy bombers
in level flight, bombing
by
visual
m
ethods—8
percent.
Heavy bombers bombing by
grou
nd
con
trolled radar—
5 percent.
H
aving dete
rmined the
number of hi
ts
the
umpire
will
use
the following
as
a
guide
in
asse
ssing
delays
and dam
ages
t
o bridges:
(a) Steel tru
ss and concrete
bridges of sub
stanti
al construction.
Bomb
weight
1001b _____.
_.
300 to
6 00
Ib._-
1,000
to
2
,000
Ib.
Delay (after
arrival of men
and
material)
None_ _
2hrs—--
4
hrs_
__-. . .
Necessary for repair
None.
1 Pla
t
Engineer,
3 trailer loads
t
imber or
equiva
lent.
1 Plat Engineer,
6 trailer loads
timber or equivalent.
( Z > )
Woo
den highway
and railroad bridges.
1
00 pound
bomb or heavier has sam
e
con
ditions as shown in
above
fo
r
300 to
600 pound b
ombs.
Pontoon
bridge.
100
pound
bomb
or
heavier will re
quire
a
one hour d
elay after
materia
l
f
or one-third or 4
spans
of
t
he
br
idge
is
at the site.
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Conditions
in a), (6), and
above
are for one
hit;
fo
r more
th
an one
hit,
men, material, and
delay will be i
ncreased
accordingly.
Marc
hing columns
or
con
voys
attacked by air
wil
l be
assessed
casualties
and
damages
as pres
cribed
in
the
tab
les
in
paragraphs 73 a
nd
75.
Marching
column
s or
convoys
attacked
by
arm
or
or
ar
tillery
and fail
to deploy or
take
c
over logicall
y are as
sessed
casualties and
damages
accordingly.
Marching columns
or
conv
oys attacke
d by ai
r,
armor,
or artiller
y and
prevente
d
from reacting
logically,
by administra
tive restrictions, are assessed
delays
e
quivalent
to the time
r
equired to
disperse and
ass
emble.
Under these cond
itions no casualties
or
damages will
be assessed.
Person
nel working
on bridges, roads,
or
other
projects who are
subj
ected to massed morta
r or
artil
lery fire or an air a
ttack are
req
uired
to
cease
work
fo
r
the
duration of the concentration
or
att
ack.
Work may
continue if the
area
is subjected to inter
diction
fire
only
but
no
work can
be
carried
on
in
an
are
a subject to
direct
small arms fire.
Information
on del
ays caused by
atomic
burst
s
will be fur
nished
by the
umpire
in
accordan
ce
with
the
ef
fects
ov
erlay (app.
VII).
/.
Are
as
co
ntaminated with a
persistent
chemical
agent
will
cause
delays
unless
commanders
accept
casualties
(as
determi
ned in par. 7 0
e) consist
ent
with
th
e
degree of protect
ion
a
nd the
t
ime
exposed
wi
thin the
area.
If
the
comm
ander will not
accept
the
casualties assessed from paragra
ph 70e and do
es
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not m
ove
aro
und
the
con
tamin
ated
area
, del
ays
are
a
ssess
ed
as
fo
llows
:
1) I
f co
ntam
inat
ed a
rea is n
ot b
ypa
ssed,
d
e
lay
is
equal
to
time
required
to
mov
e
the
d
istan
ce invo
lved
as
spe
cifie
d in
FM
101-
10.
2
) I
f
c
ontam
ina
ted
are
a
is
c
rosse
d
on decon
ta
mina
ted ro
utes,
dela
y
is equa
l to
t
ime re
qu
ired
to
p
rope
rly
deco
ntam
inat
e t
he
ro
utes
.
1 0 ?
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CH
APTER 5
CO
MMUNIC
ATIONS
AN
D
T
R A N S P O
R TAT I O
N
80
General
Com
municati
ons f
or the gro
und umpire
gro
up
no
rmally
consis
ts of rad
io, wire,
and
messenge
r.
Wire
and
messeng
er
sh
ould be
used
for ro
utine
m
es
sages
t
o
red
uce
th
e volume
of rad
io
tr
affic. Rad
io
commu
nication is man
datory
fo
r
um
pire
liaison
teams,
fire m
arker tea
ms, and uni
t
ump
ires
at battal
ion
leve
l and bel
ow.
An extensio
n
wire net, wi
th
readily
accessible
leads
to all
key
localities
in
the
exercise
a
rea is es
sential to
insure adeq
uate com
mu
nicati
ons b
etween ump
ire
headqu
arters and
unit
umpires.
81 Free
and Control
led Exerc ise
s
In
free
exercises
identical communication nets
are
pro
vided
for
um
pires
with both
side
s.
O
nly th
e fire
marke
r net
and the um
pire liaiso
n net are
req
uired
for- u
mpires
with the
A
ggressor
Force
in
c
ontrolled
exerci
ses when
unit umpires
are not
ass
igned.
8
2 Umpire
Comm
unication
Cente
r
In
a
la
rge scale
exerc
ise,
in
o
rder
to facilita
te
t
he
review
and
ana
lysis
of ump
ire report
s b
y
the
opera
tions
sect
ion o
f Headqu
arters Ump
ire Group
(p
ar.
12A), it
will be
n
ecessary
to establish
an effecti
ve
103
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Um
pir
e Co
mm
uni
cati
ons
Ce
nte
r. The
com
mu
nica
tio
ns
ce
nte
r
m
us
t h
ave
suff
icie
nt s
tatio
ns to
pro
vide
o
ne ra
dio
rece
ive
r
f
or e
ach
thre
e b
atta
lion
s re
por
ting
t
o
the
op
erat
ions
sec
tion
. Ade
qua
te
te
leph
one
fa
cili
ti
es m
us
t also
be pr
ovided.
Teletype
circuits
must
b
e pro
vide
d
bet
wee
n rel
ay
st
atio
ns, u
mp
ire
o
pera
tion
s sec
tion
a
nd
Ex
erc
ise
Dire
cto
r Wa
r Ro
om.
8
3 R
ad io
Nets
U
mp
ire
r
adio
ne
ts
are o
rga
nize
d
gen
eral
ly in
th
e
same
manner
as,
and
parallel
to,
normal
troop radio
net
s (fig
s. 8
-14
).
Rad
ios
o
f the
typ
es in
dic
ated
a
re
sug
ges
ted fo
r t
he f
ollo
win
g
un
it
um
pire
s:
In
fan
try plat
oon
:
AN
/PR
C-
6.
I
nfa
ntry
co
mp
any
: A
N/P
RC
-10
.
Inf
ant
ry batt
alio
n,
regi
men
t a
nd
hig
her
un
it:
AN/VRC-18.
T
ank
pl
atoo
n—
Arm
or
: A
N/
PR
C-8
.
Infa
ntr
y:
A
N/P
RC
-10
.
Tan
k
com
pa
ny—
ba
ttali
on
and
h
igh
er
un
it (
Ar
mou
r)
:
A
N/V
RC
-16
.
In
fan
try
:
AN
/V
RC
-18
.
/.
Artillery
or atomic
burst
fire
marker teams:
AN
/V
RC
-9.
L
iais
on
team
s:
AN
/VR
C-1
6
or
-1
8 de
pen
din
g
o
n
t
ype
o
f un
it to
wh
ich assi
gne
d.
84 U
mp
ire
L
iaiso
n Tea
m s
Um
pi
re
Li
aiso
n Te
am
s,
usi
ng th
e E
xerc
ise
SO
I,
may
operate
in any net
of
the
unit
to which
tempo
r
aril
y
as
sig
ned.
Wh
en
not
pe
rfor
min
g
um
pire
fun
ctio
ns, t
hes
e tea
ms
will
s
tand
by
th
e Ch
ief
Um
pir
e
ne
t
u
nle
ss
oth
erw
ise
ins
truc
ted
by
th
e
Chi
ef
U
mpi
re.
4
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COM
PAN
Y UMP
IRE
NET
AN
/PRO-
6
1'AN
/GRC-H
)
BATTA
L ION UM
PIRE
NE
T
8
5. F
ire M
arkin
g
F
ire m
arker tea
ms
mainta
in radio
c
ontac
t
with the
fire
ma
rker
c
ontrol
team
(
pars. 44
and
45).
Only
under
exceptional circumstances will
existing
artil
lery
l
ines
of com
munic
ation be
used
for com
muni
ca
t
ion be
tween
the
contr
ol team
and
the
tire dir
ection
cent
ers.
105
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B A TT
A L ION
UMP IR NET
UMPK
LIAISON
T
EA M
MMIMCNTAL WWW
C
NET
86 Umpi re
Relay Center
W
hen distance or mecha
nical diff
iculties preclude
battal
ion
umpires
or liaison
teams from communi
catin
g directly w
ith
the Comm
unications C
enter at
U
mpire Headquarter
s, relay statio
ns will be suitably
located throughout
the exerc
ise area
to
retransmi
t
messages to t
he umpire opera
tions room.
Radio
communications
will
be
augmented
by
telephone and
telet
ype circuits be
tween the relay
stations and
Umpire
C
ommunications
Center
in
suffi
cient num
ber
to handl
e
expected
traffic lo
ads. Operating
106
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REG
IMENT
L UMP I
RE
NET
per
sonnel
of
rel
ay stat
ions
may be
aug
mente
d
b
y
um
pire
oper
ations
per
sonnel
to scr
een
or
conso
li
date
messages
and to
maintain
a
limited
operations
m
ap
for the
Chief
Umpi
re and E
xerci
se D
irector
.
87 R
ad io
P roc
edure
St
andar
d
voice r
adio
proce
dure i
s used
. Due
to
the
lar
ge n
umbe
r of
sets on
some
cha
nnels,
extr
eme
caution
must
be
exercised by
umpires
to
insure
that
only nec
essary
m e
ssages
are t
ransm
itted by
r
adio.
Clea
r text is
used
. O fficer
umpir
es may be
expect
ed
to oper
ate
their
ow
n radio
sets
. A
simpl
ified prear
r
anged cod
e sy
stem
sh
ould be u
tilized
to
negate
t
he
effe
cts of mon
itorin
g ump
ire
traff i
c.
10
7
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88. Wire
Umpire wire
nets
sh
ould b
e
establish
ed along
the planned
axes of com
munication of the tactical
units
to be
umpired.
Umpire
liaison
teams and
unit
umpires
down
to
battalio
n
level s
hould be equipped
with
por
table
te
le-
DIVISION UMRR
E N
ET
3AN/VRC I8
DIVISIO N U
MPIRE
SUPP
ORT
N ET
UM
PIRE
OPERATIONS
108
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D
I
V
I
S
IO
N
U
M
P
I
R
E
S
U
P
P
O
R
T
N
E
T
A
N
V
R
C
1
8
F
I
R
E
M
A
R
K
E
R
N
E
T
M
RS
M
M
K
ft
F
IR
E
M
A
RK
ER
C
O
NT
R
OL
B
A
TT
ER
IE
S
NO
R
MA
L
C
K V
S
H5
X
A
T
H
.L
O
rr
C
OM
M
U
NI
CA
T
IO
N
IF
F
W
C
M
M
M
RA
D
IO
C
H
AN
N
C
L
1
ff
lf
fli
ni
L«
H
r
1
0
9
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phones and
a line route map show
ing the
ump
ire
w
ire
system
and the
location
of
all terminals.
Com
pany umpires m
ay be
provided portab
le telephones
if
ava
ilable, and the e
xtent of the
wire
syste
m war
rants.
Umpire
wire and cable shou
ld be identifie
d
by a
ta
g bearing
the
legend
Umpire
Wire Net.
In addition,
su
pporting
p
oles may
be
marked
with
a 6 inch wh
ite band. Regimental and
higher unit
umpires shou
ld be furnished
a
telephon
e and
main
tain a man
on
d
uty
a
t the
phone
24
hours a
day.
As
a
guide
in
planning
an
umpire
wire net,
one
terminal per square mile
of the activ
e
exerc
ise
area
of
opera
tions will insure
that a
unit
u
mpire is a
lways
within one-half
mile of a terminal
to which
he
can
tie in
his
portable
field
p
hone.
89
Transportation
(see
p
ar.
9c,
app. II)
Vehicle
s are assigned
to umpires wh
o are
equ
ipped
with
nonportable
type
radio sets and t
o
others as
required.
This include
s
l
iaison teams, fire
marker teams, and
unit umpires down
tobattal
ion
or
company level depending
upon the type
of units
being
umpired and
the
area
to
be
covered.
5 . Tra
nsportation for umpires not
assigned v
e
h
icles is
provided
b
y
units
to which
umpires are
assig
ned.
Vehicles must be
provided f
or special
activities,
incl
uding prisone
r of war
exchange
and
s
hifting
small
unit
umpires.
Spa
re
vehicles
equipped w
ith suitable radios
must
be
available fo
r replac
ement
and
em
ergency
purposes.
1 1 0
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Army aircraft
, equipped with
approp
riate radio
communic
ations, are p
rovided for umpi
re use when
ever necessary
in
order to
provide umpires
with
the
same speed
and
mobility
as
the
forces being
observed
.
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A
PPENDIX
REFERENCES
AK 380 5__
_____. Safeg
uarding D
efense
In
formation.
PAM
310—Series___
List
of
Military
Publica
tions.
SR
32
0-5-1_______
Dictionar
y of United
States
Army Terms.
SB 320-50-1___
___ Authorize
d
Abbreviatio
ns.
AR
611-201____
__. Manu
al of Enlisted Mili
tary
Occupational
Spe
cia lties.
FM 3-5_—___
____. Tactic
s and
Techniqu
e of
CBR
Warfare.
FM 21-5 __ .____
_. Military Train
ing.
FM
21 8_
__—___.
Military
Training
Ai
ds.
FM
21
-30________ Milita
ry
Symbols.
FM
21-40________.
Defense
Against CBR
At
tack.
FM
21-41_— — — —
___. Sol
dier s Manual
for De
fense
Again
st CBR At
tack.
FM
30 5__
______
Combat Intelligence.
FM
30-15________.
Examination
of
Personnel
and Docume
nts.
FM
30-101_____
__ The Maneuver
Enemy.
FM 30-102———
—_—. Handbook o
n Aggressor
Milita
ry Forces.
2
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FM
30
10
3__
____
_.
A
ggre
ssor
Orde
r
o
f
Battl
e.
FM
30
104_
___
___
Agg
resso
r Kep
rese
ntatio
n.
FM
1
00-
5__
___
__
Fiel
d Se
rvice
Ke
gula
tions
Ope
ratio
ns.
FM
100 31_______
Tactical
Use of Atomic
We
apon
s.
FM
1
01 5
___
___
__. Stai
f
Offi
cers'
Field
M
anua
l,
Staf
f
O
rga
nizat
ion
and
Pro
cedu
re.
FM
101
10_
___
___.
Staf
f Of
ficer
s'Fie
ld Ma
nual
,
Organization,
Technical,
and
L
ogis
tical
Da
ta.
TF
30
154
3__
___
_.
The
Agg
resso
r Fo
rce (Run
ni
ng Ti
me:
26m
in).
T
M
3
216
___
___
__
M
ilita
ry
Biol
ogy and
B
io
lo
gica
l
W
arfar
e Agen
ts.
TM
9 1981_______.
Military
Pyrotechnics.
T
M
2
3 2
00__
___
__.C
apa
bili
ties
o
f
A
tom
ic
W
eap
ons.
P
AM
39
-1__
___
__.
Tac
tical
Us
e
of
At
omic
W
eap
on
s U
nclas
sifie
d
Mili
tary
Effec
ts.
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APPENDIX
II
UMPIR
E
PL A
NNING
GUIDE
1
P
urpose and App
lication
To outline
some of the
major consideratio
ns
in
volved
in
planning
the
umpire organization
for
a
large
field exercise
or
ma
neuver involving
several
divisions, or a point
exerci
se
involving
ele
ments
of
two
or more of the Arme
d
Forces
of
th
e
United
Stat
es.
With
necessary modifications,
the consid
erati
ons set forth herein
are
app
licable to
planning
the umpire
organization for
any
exercise.
2
Planning
Plan
ning for
the umpire org
anization should
be
initiated
concu
rrently with that for
the exercise it
self. It is
based upon the
general concept as con
tained
in
the
exercise
directive
and
upon
such
addi
tional instru
ctions and
directive
s as
may be
i
ssued by
the commander
responsible
for the
pre
paration
and
con
duct
of
t
he exercise. The form
ation of an
u
m
p
ire
planning
group
early in the planning
phase,
to
i
nclude
the chief ump
ire
a
nd key personnel,
and a
minimu
m of two
specia
l
weapons employm
ent offi
cers,
will facilitate the
establishm
ent of
definite poli
cies an
d formulation of plans
for
the organization
of
the umpire g
roup. In
a
jo
int exercise, representa
tives
from the participating
Armed
Forces
should
be i
ncluded
in
this pla
nning
g
roup.
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3 Umpire
Organization
The
umpire organization
is discu
ssed
in
c
hapter 2
It provide
s
for a headqu
arters contain
ing
a
conventional
general
staff
organization and
such sup
porting
troops
as
may be req
uired. The
strength,
orga
nization,
and
specifi
c duties
to be as
sign
ed
to
each staff se
ction will vary
w
ith the con
cep
t, size and obj
ectives of the exercise
.
These
requirements will vary with
each exer
cise and are frequently
dependent
upon the
fa
cilities
available. Th
e location and
f
acilities selected
should
be accessible
to
the headqu
arters of the
Exercise
D
irector and pr
ovide—
(
1) Adequate space
for the Umpire Headq
uar
ters and
its
acti
vities, to include
appropriate
grouping
of
related
activities.
(2) Facilities for an
operations roo
m with suffi
cient
s
pace
for
necessary
operating
person
nel, operation
of
a
war
map, charts, air
operations
board, air strike board, w
eather
i
nformation,
and operational and
com
mand
conferences.
(8)
A
Communication
Center equippe
d
to re
ceive, transmit,
and
pro
cess messages
and
repo
rts.
4)
Facilities
for
qua
rtering and messing o
f
personnel;
s
torage
and maintenance
of
equipm
ent,
su
pplies, a
nd vehicles; par
king
of vehicles; an
d
a
landing field
for
he
li
copters.
A
service club type
building has
proven satisfactory
for
the
operatio
nal headquarters
of an umpire
g
roup.
1
15
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The
pr
inciples
outlined in
FM
101-5
are generally
applicabl
e to the umpire staff.
Certain
speci
fic
func
t
ions of umpire
st
aff
sections pa
rticularly applicable
in planning umpire
o
rganization
are set
f
orth
as
a
guide in
paragraphs 4 through
10
of
this appendix.
4 Personne l
and Administration
The chief of thi
s section
is
respo
nsible
for
p
lan
ning, coordination, and
supervision
of
the following:
(1) The
establishment
of
u
mpire pe
rsonnel
policies.
(2) The formulation
of
an Umpir
e
Table
o
f
Distributio
n
bas
ed on the umpire require
ments
for the
exe
rcise.
(3)
The
requisitioning
of
personnel
based
on
the
approved
T
able of
Distrib
ution.
(4)
The
rec
ommendations for and
the
assign
ment of personnel to
positions
established
by
the
Ta
ble of Distrib
ution.
(5) The reception, processi
ng, and dep
rocessing
of
personnel.
(6)
Establish
a
plan for
the pr
eparation
and
accompli
shment of officers
' efficiency reports.
(7) The proc
urement,
utiliza
tion, and ad
minis
tration
of
civilian p
ersonnel
when
au
thorized.
(8)
The
procurement
and
assignment of
quar
t
ers; the estab
lishment of messes; t
he in
ternal
organizatio
n and arrang
ement of
the
he
adquarters; an
d
alloca
tion
of sh
elter and
other facil
ities to umpire
headquarters
troops.
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9) Provides
(in
coordination with
the
Finance
Officer) necessary assistance in the prepara
tion of—
Travel vouchers.
( Z > )
Per
diem
vouchers.
Allotments, including letters of trans-
mittal.
Military
pay orders for changes to be
entered
on pay records.
Processing of
umpire
personnel may be facili
tated
through
early
preparation
and
approval
of
detailed plans. These
plans should provide
the
following:
1)
That assignment
orders—
Are
provided in
sufficient
copies, normally
10,
with
one copy furnished to umpire
headquarters
prior
to
the
individual's
re
porting date.
(6) Show adjusted date of rank for
civilian
component
officers.
Include
degree
of clearance for
access
to
classified
material.
2)
That other
necessary records
are
forwarded
with
or
prior
to
the
arrival of the indi
vidual.
(3) That
each officer prepare necessary forms,
including
pay and
mileage vouchers, under
the
supervision of
umpire
headquarters
personnel. 2
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5
. The Adju tan
t
Genera l
Eeference
figure
1 .
The Adjuta
nt
General's
Section—
(1)
Maintain
files
and publications
for the Um
pire Headqua
rters to
i
nclude—
complete file of
army
regu
lations,
special regula
tions, tables of
organization
and
equip
ment, technical
man
uals and
field
manuals pertine
nt to the
he
ad
quarters.
All directi
ves and
correspondence of um
pire and
higher
head
quarters.
(2)
R
equisitions,
s
tores,
and
distributes publi
cati
ons and Department of
the
Army and
locally
approved blank form
s
a
s
r
equired.
(3)
Disposes of
the
records
of
umpire
head
quarte
rs in ac
cordance
w
ith inst
ructions
iss
ued
by
the Exercise
Director.
(4) Receives,
accounts fo
r, and di
stributes all
classified
material in accordan
ce
with t
he
provisions of AR
38
0-5.
(5)
Operates
the
message
center,
and postal
service.
(6) Provides a locator
system
for
personne
l of
the
headquarters.
(7)
Publishes general
and spe
cial
orders,
daily
bulletins,
and other
directives or pu
blica
tions
as
directed.
(8) Maintains Field
20
1
files
and other records
of umpir
e perso
nnel.
(9) Prepa
res and s
ubmits
pe
rsonnel ro
sters, and
s
trength
returns as requir
ed.
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(10) R
eproduces
mim
eograph material
for the
various sta
ff
sections
as required
.
6. Headquarters
Commandant
The Umpire Headquarters
Commandant
may
ope
rate
as
an
assistant to
the Exercise Headqua
rters
Commandant or
as the Umpire Hea
dquarters Co
m
ma
ndant only. In
a large
scale exerc
ise the la
tter
will fac
ilitate th
e
in
terior
a
dministration of
the
Umpire Headq
uarters.
The Headquarter
s Comman
dant commands all
troops not assig
ned or attac
hed to subordinate
com
mands;
provides internal
administration
for
the
headquarte
rs; pr
ovides local securit
y
fo
r the head
quarters
and, under
the direction
o
f t
he
Person
nel
and Administrati
on
Sec
tion
prepares plan
s
for
and
m oves
the
headquarters
when
directed.
Th
e
Headq
uarters
Commandant and
his staff
shou
ld
arrive
in
the
exerci
se area prior to
thearrival
of the
C
hief Umpire
and ump
ire
plan
ning group.
This
w
ill permit
the
U
mpire Headquarte
rs Com
manda
nt to—
(1) Prepare plans fo
r the establ
ishment of the
headquart
ers.
(2)
Prepare plans
an
d facilities fo
r the
rec
ep
tion of
incoming
personnel to inclu
de
preparation of
locator
cards
(locator cards
when
completed must
be
forwarded
to the
Umpire
Adju
tant
General)
, quartering,
and messing
of umpire
personnel.
Al
though m e
sses
are no
rmally o
perated
by the
Exerci
se
Headquarters
Comm
andant,
the
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Um
pire Headquarte
rs Commandant may
be
required to operate
an
Umpire
Mess.
(8)
Make
early arrangeme
nts for—
Drawing
supplies
direct
from
the
issuing
agencies rather
than through the Exer
cise H
eadquarters Commandant.
(6)
Se
tting
up
property books.
De
signation
of
a proper
ty officer
for
eac
h
section
or
othe
r
activit
y.
Obtain
estimates
and
prepare
requisi
tions for equi
pment required by the
vari
ous staff
sections.
P
rovide personnel
for
adm
inistrative
dutie
s,
fo
r
care
and cleaning
of BOQ's,
briefing rooms,
headq
uarters building
,
and gen
eral fatigue.
Establish
a
pool
of
motor vehicl
es
for the
U
m
pire
Headq
uarters.
/.
The
as
signment of an
appropriate
T
OE unit to
the
Umpire
Gr
oup
will
provide
the Headq
uarters
Commandant
with the
operating
perso
nnel and
equip
ment required
by this section
.
Th
is unit should
be
of
b
attalion size for a
divisional exe
rcise
and
correspondingly
larger
when
the
scale
of
the
exer
cise
is larger.
7 Intelligenc
e
Sec t i on
a. The functions of
the
intell
igence section
fall
into two
categories:
in
telligence
aspects of
the exer
cise,
and intelligence
support
of
the
umpire
group.
With
regard to
the
intelligenc
e asp
ects, the
chief of
th
is
s
ection
in coord
ination
with the Ope
ra
tions and
Training Se
ction, plans
and
is responsible
for:
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(1)
The
super
vising of
umpi
ring of i
ntelligence
and
counter-inte
lligence activities.
2)
Pa
rticipation in
the functioning
of
the
ope
rations
center
at
ump
ire
headqu
arters
to include:
(a) Maintaining
a joint c
urrent
s
ituation
map
in
conjunctio
n with
the Oper
ations
and
Training
Section.
(b) Mai
ntaining
aerial
reco
nnaissance
infor
m
ation
to
include photo
ind
exes and print
files.
(c) Briefi
ngs.
With regard
to the intelligence
support of
the
um
pire
g
roup, the chief o
f this section
plans and
is
resp
onsible for:
1) Provid
ing
the intellige
nce tr
aining
fo
r the
umpire
school.
(2)
Arranging f
or personn
el and eq
uipment to
provide intell
igence support for th
e ump
ire
group.
(3) G
eneral staff supervisio
n of secu
rity
mat
ters pertaining
to
t
he
Umpire
Group.
4) Formulating
early
plans
an
d
recomme
nda
tions
for fulfilling
the security
clearance
require
ments of
Ump
ire Group pe
rsonnel,
and supe
rvising the execution
of
such
plans
prior
to and
during
the exercise pe
riod.
(5
) Cond
ucting secur
ity surveys a
t umpire
in
stalla
tions to include
atomic
se
curity vio
lations.
(6)
Proc
urement and distribution of
maps
and
aerial photographs
to the
Ump
ire
Group.
The
ma
ps a
nd
quanti
ties listed below may
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be
used
as a
guide in
estim
ating
the map
req
uirem
ents f
or um
pires
and
U
mpir
e
H
eadq
uarters
in a
lar
ge joint
e
xercis
e i
n
volving an
umpire
group of
approximately
1
,000
um
pires.
1/200,0
00 road
map_
_____
_____
__ 60 sets
1/125,
000
topogra
phical
ma
p____
__ 100 sets
1/50,0
00
t
opograp
hical
map
25 0 set
s
1/25 ,0
00 with
20
' co
ntours,
topo
graphi
cal ma
p an
d photo
pr
inted
back to
back
1,200
sets
The
1/1
25,000
and 1/5
0,000
ma
ps a
re
ge
n
e
rally
use
d by
unit um
pires
of an A
rmor
ed
D
ivisio
n a
nd for
gen
eral p
lannin
g. The
1
/25,00
0 is
the map
gener
ally use
d by
unit
um
pires
of an
Inf
antry or
Airbo
rne
Division.
The
1/25 ,0
00 map
is al
so used
in ma
king
ato
mic
bursts
effe
cts ove
rlays
(App
.
VII).
(7)
Procur
ement
and di
ssemin
ation of
w
eather
fore
casts.
(8)
Establishing
a
TOP
SECKET
control
p
lan for use
withi
n
the Headq
uarter
s.
(9) Issu
e ap
propr
iate di
rective
s to
establ
ish t
he
requi
remen
ts
f
or
partic
ipatin
g
units
to
safe
guard
class
ified
inform
ation
.
8
Op
eration
s a
nd
Tr
aining
ect ion
The
org
anizat
ion
of th
e Opera
tions
and T
rainin
g Sect
ion p
rovide
s—
(1) O
perati
ons Subsec
tion.
2)
S
chools
Subse
ction.
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3)
Rec
ords an
d Reports Subsection.
4)
Spe
cial Weapons Subsec
tion.
(5)
Umpire Liaison
Teams.
The
wprk load of
these
subsections varies widely
dur
ing each phase of
the exercise. The O
perations
and Training Section
is initially
compo
sed
of
a
small nucleus
of
planners; Records
and Reports and
Special Weap
ons subsec
tions are
very
small, b
ut the
Umpire
School m
ust be fully manne
d and op
erating,
training
the
umpires
for
the
exercise.
The
Special
Wea
pons subsecti
on
must be aug
mented w
ith addi
t
ional special
weapons employ
ment staff officers i
n
pr
oportion to the
number
of
atomic
w
eapons allo
cated to
the comba
t
elem
ents. As the pre-exercise
training phase ends
and the beginning of
the tacti
cal
phase
approaches,
umpire
school
operations
de
cre
ase
and
personnel are redistributed
within
the
Oper
ations a
nd
Training
Section. The
Operatio
ns
s
ubsection
is
materi
ally
expanded
jus
t
prior to the
tact
ical
ph
ase. Altho
ugh
opera
ting on a 24-hour
ba
sis
during
the tactical phase, op
erations taper
off
sharply a
t the en
d
of
the
exercise. Umpire L
iaison
Te
ams are required
only
du
ring t
he tactical phas
e.
The
Reports and Recor
ds subsection
does
not
reach
its
peak
of ope
rations until
th
e tactica
l
phase
actu
ally sta
rts, but its
operations continue
at
full stren
gth
until well after
the exercise is
over.
In
the
pla
nning
and
pre-exercise
training phases this
subsection is
rela
tively small,
but prior to
the beginning
of
the
tacti
cal
phase it must be expan
ded to man
the operations
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room on a 24-hou
r basis
and
to
establish field
head
quarters as
req
uired.
This su
bsection—
(
1) Assists in t
he coordination of
matters pe
r
taining
to
umpire
operations,
planning,
or
ganization,
and
training.
(2) Coordinates
with—
The Supply
Officer on
transportation
and
individu
al umpire req
uirements.
(&) The Signal Office
r on
communicati
on
fa
cilities.
(3) Prepa
res
a project
chart
for staff p
lanning
p
urposes.
4) Coordin
ates
wit
h the
Schoo
ls sectio
n,
pla
ns
and
imp
lements
um
pire participation with
troops for
training o
f
u
mpires,
to
include
CPX's
and
field
exercises
for training
of
both umpi
res and operations
center per
sonnel.
(
5) Prepares and
publishes an SOP,
Umpire
Rules,
and Instructions.
6) Prepa
res and
submits an
Ump
ire Control
Plan.
(7)
Manages the
ope
rations
center at Umpire
Head
quarters to
include
—
Maintaining a
current
situa
tion map,
planning map,
and air
o
perations board
for US and A
ggressor Forces.
Briefings.
Evalu
ating incoming m
essages,
a
nd dis
patches such
data as required for
the
Exercise Director's Operations
Section.
Maintaining
the
Operation
s
Section
journ
al.
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8)
Op
era
tes
add
itio
na
l
op
era
tion
cen
ter
s in th
e
fie
ld
as
dir
ecte
d.
9)
Ke
eps
th
e
Chi
ef U
mp
ire
i
nfo
rm
ed o
n pla
ns,
tr
oo
p m
ove
me
nts
, and
spe
cia
l
eve
nts
.
10)
This
subsection
must
be
organized
to
pro
v
ide
thr
ee
ov
erl
app
ing
s
hif
ts t
o ins
ure
co
n
tin
uo
us
op
era
tio
ns a
nd
a
ffo
rd ex
tra
p
er
so
nn
el re
qu
ired
fo
r
crit
ica
l
per
iod
s. Ea
ch
shi
ft m
us
t—
K
ee
p ab
rea
st of
th
e
cu
rre
nt s
itu
atio
n.
(5)
Maintain the
operations
map.
E
val
uat
e i
nco
mi
ng
me
ssa
ges
an
d d
isp
atc
h
pe
rtin
en
t in
for
ma
tion
to
th
e O
pe
rati
ons
S
ect
ion
o
f th
e
Ex
erc
ise
D
ir
ecto
r s
He
ad
qua
rte
rs.
Ma
inta
in
t
he o
pe
rati
on
s jo
urn
al.
S
afe
gua
rd c
lass
ifie
d i
nfo
rm
atio
n
re
cei
ved
an
d i
nsu
re
i
ts
d
iss
emi
nat
ion
on
ly
to
a
uth
ori
zed
per
son
nel
.
(/)
I
nsu
re th
at
r
epo
rts
a
re p
rom
p
tly
a
nd
pro
per
ly
di
ssem
in
ate
d.
(1
1 )
I
n jo
int
ex
erc
ises
ea
ch o
f th
e p
art
icip
ati
ng
A
rme
d
Fo
rce
s s
hou
ld m
ain
tai
n
an
ope
ra
tions
room
organized and
operated in
a
ma
nn
er
sim
ila
r
to
th
at se
t
fo
rth
in
th
is
p
ara
gra
ph
.
1)
Re
fer
enc
e p
ara
gra
ph
s
24
th
rou
gh
26
, an
d
ap
pen
dix
II
I.
2)
The Umpire
School
is
designed
to provide
um
pi
res
wit
h ge
ne
ral
bac
kgr
oun
d in
for
ma
tion
on th
e
exe
rci
se, ta
cti
cal a
nd
lo
gis
tica
l
re
fre
she
r ins
tru
ctio
n,
an
d
a
det
aile
d co
urse
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in um
piring
technique
s to incl
ude
th
e
duties
of umpi
res, the tech
nique o
f assessmen
t of
casualt
ies,
computat
ion
of
f
ire
pow
er, evalu
ating
effects
of
atomic
bursts,
and
umpiring
contacts be
tween o
pposing
un
its.
(3)
The
Chief
of t
his subsecti
on
m
ay
also serve
as
D
irector
of the
Umpire
S
chool. He
plans,
organizes
, and supe
rvises the
U
mpire
Sc
hool.
(4)
The org
anization
of th
e Ump
ire School
on a departm
ental b
asis perm
its the
de
line
ation o
f defin
ite re
sponsibil
ities to the
depar
tments for
the pre
paration
and pre
s
entat
ion of
instructio
n. A
suitable
d
epart
ment
al or
ganization
i
s outlined be
low:
A
Tactics
Departm
ent responsi
ble for
the preparation
and
presentation
of
tac
tical refre
sher
instruc
tion a
pplicable
to
the
units
part
icipating
in
the
exercise
.
Inc
luded should
be th
e effec
ts of the
atomic we
apons
and CBR
on tactics.
An
Um
piring „Dep
artment re
sponsible
for
the
preparation
and
presentation
of
c
lassroom
instruct
ion t
o
Gro
und
Force
umpires
on
the
techniq
ue of ump
iring
each type
of
u
nit th
at will
particip
ate
in
th
e exer
cise. U
mpires shou
ld be in
struc
ted
as
to
th
e actions
to be
taken wh
en
a
simulated
atomic
and/or
CBR attack
oc
curs in the ar
ea
o
f the unit
to which
t
hey
are a
ssigned.
A Fi
eld T
raining
D
epartmen
t respon
sible
for
the prepar
ation
an
d present
ation
o
f
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pra
ctical um
piring
instructio
n
for
all
um
pires
. T
his dep
artment will
coordin
ate
with all of
the o
ther d
epartmen
ts to
insure
that co
ordinated
instructio
n is
given
in
practic
al field
w
ork.
Instruc
to
rs from all
de
partments
sh
ould be made
availab
le to assist
th
e Field
Training
Depa
rtment in
the
presentat
ion
of
prac
tica
l
i
nstructio
n.
Th
e Fiel
d Traini
ng
Dep
artment should
presen
t a m
inimum
of
simulated
atomic or
CBE
explosions
to
give the
um
pires
practica
l
w
ork in t
his
type
pro
blem.
A Com
municati
ons
Departm
ent res
pon
si
ble for
the
pre
paration
and presen
ta
t
ion of
cl
assroom
co
mmunica
tion in
struc
tion
assists
the
Field
Training Depart
ment i
n the pr
eparation
an
d
presentat
ion
of
pra
ctical
com
municat
ion i
nstructio
n.
Th
e
Enlisted D
river-Rad
io Opera
tor
Tr
aining
Departme
nt responsib
le for
su
pervision
of driv
er-radio
opera
tor
training.
Umpire
support
units
may
as
sist in
this train
ing.
(/) An A
ir
Fo
rce
Depar
tment respons
ible
for
al
l in
struction presente
d to A
ir Um
pires in
cluding instruct
ing in
Air-G
round
operati
ons
for
G
round Umpires.
An Intelligence
Department
responsible
for the p
reparatio
n and
prese
ntation of
in
struction
to a
ll um
pires on t
he intel
ligenc
e organi
zation
and aspects of
the
ex
ercise
and the
te
chniques
of ump
iring
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in
te
lli
ge
n
ce
ac
ti
vi
ti
es
.
A
ss
ist
s
th
e
F
ie
ld
T
ra
in
in
g
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
in
in
je
ct
in
g
in
te
l
l
ig
en
ce
i
n
to
p
ra
ct
ic
al
e
xe
rc
is
es
.
5)
Plans
for
the organization and operation
o
f
t
he
U
m
pi
re
S
c
ho
o
l
sh
o
u
ld
in
cl
ud
e
—
P
r
ov
is
io
n
f
or
p
ro
c
ur
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
of
c
la
ss
ro
o
m
f
ac
il
it
ie
s a
n
d
tr
a
in
in
g
a
id
s.
C
l
as
sr
oo
m
s
w
i
th
a
n
o
rm
a
l
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f 5
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
sh
ou
ld
b
e
av
a
ila
b
le
f
or
th
e
simultaneous
use
by
the
following
student
g
ro
u
ps
:
D
iv
is
io
n
a
nd
H
ig
h
er
H
ea
dq
u
a
rte
rs
U
m
pi
re
s.
In
f
an
tr
y
R
eg
im
e
n
ta
l
a
n
d
B
a
tt
al
io
n
U
m
p
ir
es
.
Infantry
Company
and
Plat
o
on
U
m
p
ir
es
.
A
r
m
or
ed
C
o
m
b
at
C
o
m
m
a
nd
a
n
d
A
r
m
o
r
ed
B
a
tt
al
io
n
U
m
p
ire
s
.
A
r
m
o
re
d
C
o
m
pa
ny
a
n
d P
la
to
o
n
U
m
p
ir
es
.
D
iv
is
io
n
A
rt
il
le
ry
a
n
d
A
rt
il
le
ry
B
a
t
ta
li
on
U
m
p
ir
es
.
7
M
or
ta
r,
A
rt
ill
e
ry
,
a
nd
A
t
o
m
ic
F
ir
e-
m
ar
ke
rs
.
T
e
ch
n
ic
al
an
d
A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
Se
rv
ic
e
U
m
p
ir
e
s.
T
he
fo
ll
ow
i
ng
t
ra
in
in
g
a
id
s
a
re
de
si
ra
b
le
f
o
r
u
m
pi
re
tr
a
in
in
g:
V
u
-G
r
ap
h
w
i
th
Sc
re
e
n
10
2
sq
u
ar
e.
1
6
-m
m
P
ro
jector.
P
u
b
lic
A
d
d
re
ss
S
y
ste
m
(I
nd
o
or
an
d
O
u
t
do
o
r)
.
O
p
aq
u
e P
r
oj
ec
to
r
(S
ig
n
al
C
or
ps
P
ro
je
c
t
or
PH
13
£
—
FM
21
-8
)
.
8
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B
l
a
ck
b
o
ar
d
s,
6
x
8
a
n
d
4
x
4
.
C
h
ar
tb
o
a
rd
s
.
L
ig
h
te
d
l
ec
t
er
n
s.
P
o
in
t
er
s
, 1
0
'
a
nd
4
.
B
oy
d
s
ta
n
d
(F
M
2
1
-8
)
.
E
as
e
ls
.
C
o
m
p
a
ss
es
.
R
a
d
io
s
fo
r
d
i
v
is
io
n
u
m
p
ir
e
s
fi
el
d
t
ra
in
in
g
e
x
er
c
is
es
:
N
o
t m
ou
n
te
d
i
n
ve
h
ic
le
s
,
1
2
-
A
N
/
PR
C
6
an
d
5
-A
N
/G
R
C
1
0;
M
o
u
n
te
d
in
v
e
hi
cl
e
s,
4
-A
N
/V
R
C
9
,
4
-S
C
R
1
93
, a
n
d
1
9
-A
N
/P
R
C
8
.
C
o
m
m
u
ni
ca
t
io
n
s
fo
r
a
C
om
m
u
n
ic
at
io
n
s
F
i
e
ld
E
x
e
rc
is
e
;
a
n
o
u
td
o
o
r
P
A
s
y
st
em
a
nd
t
h
e
f
o
ll
ow
i
n
g
r
a
di
o
s:
A
N
/P
R
C
8 ,
A
N
/P
R
C
6 ,
A
N
/
G
R
C
1
0,
A
N
/V
R
C
9
,
SCR193.
A
t
om
ic
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
s
f
or
fi
el
d
tr
a
in
in
g
e
x
er
ci
s
es
.
T
hi
s
s
ub
s
e
ct
io
n
—
1
)
P
ro
v
i
de
s
t
he
c
hi
e
f
u
m
p
ir
e
w
i
th
da
i
ly
a
n
d
p
h
a
se
s
u
m
m
a
r
ie
s o
f t
h
e
m
an
e
u
ve
r
to
in
c
lu
d
e
,
b
u
t n
ot
l
im
ite
d
to
,
s
ta
t
us
o
f
u
n
it
a
nd
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
ta
c
ti
cs
a
n
d
t
ec
h
ni
q
ue
s
,
a
d
m
i
ni
st
ra
t
io
n
,
lo
g
is
ti
ca
l
su
p
p
or
t,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ec
o
n
om
y.
2
)
Evaluates,
compiles,
edits,
and
writes ma
te
r
ia
l
f
or
t
h
e
u
m
p
ir
e
s
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
t
he
f
in
al
re
p
o
rt
a
n
d
hi
st
o
ri
ca
l
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
3
)
Fu
r
n
is
h
es
d
a
ta
t
o t
h
e
C
h
ie
f
U
m
p
i
re
f
o
r
t
he
f
in
a
l
c
ri
tiq
u
e
.
3
5
57
34
O—
55
—
—
—
9
1
29
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4)
P
re
p
a
re
s
th
e
fo
ll
o
w
in
g
f
or
m
s
:
sp
o
t
r
ep
o
r
t,
d
a
il
y
an
d
p
h
a
se
s
u
m
m
a
ri
e
s,
s
p
e
ci
al
re
p
o
rt
s,
a
n
d
ch
e
ck
l
is
ts
;
a
nd
p
r
e
pa
r
es
di
re
c
ti
v
es
t
o
guide
personnel in
the
preparation
of
the
a
b
o
ve
fo
r
m
s
.
5
)
C
o
o
rd
in
a
te
s
w
ith
o
th
e
r s
e
ct
io
n
s
in
t
he
p
r
e
p
a
r
at
io
n
o
f
re
p
o
rt
fo
r
m
s
a
nd
ch
e
ck
l
is
ts
.
1)
T
h
is
s
e
ct
io
n
c
o
ns
is
ts
o
f
a
n
o
p
er
a
ti
on
s
o
ffi
cer, an
evaluation group
,
a
nd
a
r
ec
o
rd
e
r
.
T
he
o
pe
r
at
io
n
s
of
fi
ce
r
a
nd
th
e
c
h
ie
f
o
f
t
he
e
v
al
u
at
io
n
gr
o
u
p
sh
o
u
ld
b
e
se
n
io
r
co
m
b
a
t
a
rm
s
of
fi
ce
rs
w
it
h
a
kn
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
f
a
t
om
ic
a
nd
C
B
R
w
a
rf
ar
e
.
M
e
m
b
e
rs
o
f
th
e
e
v
a
lu
a
tio
n
gr
o
u
p
s
ho
u
ld
b
e
c
o
m
b
at
ar
m
s
o
ff
ic
e
rs
o
f
m
a
tu
r
e
j
u
dg
m
e
n
t
s
p
ec
ia
l
tr
a
in
i
ng
i
n
at
om
ic
w
e
a
po
n
s
e
ff
ec
ts
is
d
e
si
ra
b
le
.
A
t
le
a
st
o
n
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
o
ul
d
b
e
fa
m
i
li
ar
w
it
h
a
to
m
i
c
d
e
liv
e
ry
m
e
a
ns
.
A
n
o
t
he
r
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ou
l
d
b
e
w
e
l
l
q
u
al
if
ie
d
in
C
B
R
a
ct
iv
it
ie
s
.
(
2)
T
h
is
s
e
ct
io
n
—
E
s
ta
blishes
a
system
for umpiring
and
s
u
pe
r
vi
s
es
a
to
m
i
c a
n
d
C
B
R
p
l
ay
.
A
s
s
is
ts
th
e
Sc
h
o
ol
s
S
ub
s
e
ct
io
n
in
m
at
te
r
s
pe
r
ta
in
i
n
g t
o
a
to
m
ic
a
n
d
C
B
R
p
la
y
.
U
m
pi
re
s
th
e
fo
ll
o
w
in
g
ac
t
iv
it
ie
s
:
St
a
ff
p
r
o
ce
d
u
re
s
an
d
o
pe
r
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
e
m
ployment of
these weapons.
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f c
as
u
a
lti
e
s a
n
d
d
a
m
a
g
es
re
su
l
ti
n
g
f
ro
m
at
o
m
ic
a
n
d
C
B
R
a
t
ta
c
k.
P
r
ep
a
r
e re
p
o
rt
s.
(
3
)
T
h
e
O
p
e
ra
t
io
n
s
O
f
fi
ce
r—
3
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D
ir
ec
t
s
t
he
fu
n
c
ti
on
i
n
g
of
th
e
S
pe
c
ia
l
W
e
a
p
on
s
s
u
b
se
c
tio
n
.
6)
K
e
e
p
s
th
e
c
hi
ef
u
m
p
i
re
in
fo
r
m
e
d
o
f
th
e
atomic
and
CBR phase
of
the
exercise.
S
u
p
e
rv
is
e
s
t
he
u
m
p
ir
i
ng
re
l
at
in
g
to
at
o
m
ic
an
d
C
B
R
a
ct
iv
i
ti
es
,
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ti
n
g
w
it
h o
th
e
r
um
p
ir
in
g
ac
t
iv
it
ie
s
.
S
up
e
r
vi
se
s
th
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
a
to
m
ic
a
nd
C
B
R
p
l
ay
f
o
r in
c
lu
s
io
n
in
f
in
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
(4)
Evaluation
Group—
U
nd
e
r
th
e
s
u
pe
r
v
is
io
n
of
t
he
se
n
io
r
e
v
a
lu
at
io
n
of
fi
ce
r,
th
is
g
r
ou
p
:
P
re
p
a
re
s
a
to
m
i
c
a
nd
C
B
R
ta
b
le
s
,
te
m
p
l
at
e
s,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
te
rs
.
(
6 )
P
re
p
a
re
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
i
ns
tr
u
c
ti
on
s
f
o
r
u
n
it
u
m
p
i
re
s
.
A
s
si
st
s
i
n
d
e
te
rm
in
in
g
ca
s
u
al
ti
es
a
n
d
d
a
m
a
g
es
an
d
in
su
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
as
u
a
lty
a
nd
d
am
ag
e
re
p
o
rt
s
a
re
tr
an
s
m
i
tt
ed
t
o
u
m
pi
re
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
te
r
s.
P
re
p
a
re
s
a
fi
na
l
re
p
o
rt
c
o
v
er
in
g
at
o
m
ic
a
n
d
C
B
R
pl
a
y.
(5 )
T
h
e
Recorder
—
M
a
i
nt
a
in
s
a
j
ou
r
n
al
o
f
at
o
m
ic
a
n
d
C
B
R
p
l
an
s
.
A
s
se
m
b
le
s
an
d
fi
le
s u
m
p
i
re
r
e
po
r
ts
a
n
d
p
r
e
pa
r
es
th
e
a
t
om
ic
a
n
d
C
B
R
s
e
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
a
il
y
re
p
o
rt
fo
r
th
e
c
h
ie
f
u
m
p
ir
e
.
9
S
u
p
p l
y
n
d
T
r
an
s
p
o
r ta
t
io
n
I
n
a
d
di
ti
o
n
to
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
su
p
e
rv
i
si
n
g
f
u
nc
ti
on
s
,
th
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
i
s
al
so
an
o
p
er
a
ti
ng
se
c
ti
on
.
S
i
nc
e
th
e
U
m
pi
re
G
ro
u
p
do
e
s n
o
t
h
a
v
e s
p
ec
i
al
st
af
f
se
c
ti
o
ns
131
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concer
ned
with
log
istical
ma
tters no
rmally
f
ound o
n
a Divisio
n
Staff, thes
e dut
ies must
be
perfor
med by
this
se
ction.
This
section
is
organ
ized into
two su
b
sections—
1) Sup
ply S
ubsecti
on.
2)
Transp
ortati
on Subse
ction.
The
ch
ief of
t
he S
upply
and T
ransp
ortatio
n S
ection
as
sists and adv
ises
the
chief umpi
re on
sup
ply,
serv
i
ce,
trans
portati
on, miscel
laneou
s
relate
d mat
ters
and supply
economy.
6.
This subse
ction—
1)
D
eterm
ines re
quirem
ents and
proc
ures sup
pl
ies and e
quipm
ent nece
ssary to
supp
ort the
um
pire
grou
p, such
as—
Spec
ial umpi
re sup
plies a
nd
equi
pment
flags,
shoulder
loops,
armbands, casualty
and vehi
cle
dama
ge tags
,
e
tc.).
(i)
B
lank
amm
unition
,
s
imulat
ors, pyro
tech
ni
cs,
and firin
g device
s.
POL
su
pplies.
A
rmy
air
craft, includ
ing
irc
r ft
equipped
with radiological
survey
equip
ment
, loud
spe
akers,
and
(
atomic
bur
st)
simul
ators
for mar
king a
tomic
burst
and
fall-o
ut ar
eas.
E
xpend
able
supp
lies for
admi
nistrat
ion
of the
U
mpire He
adqua
rters.
(/)
I
ndivid
ual an
d orga
nizati
onal
equipm
ent.
Ration
s, w
hen Um
pire Grou
p
operat
es
a
mess
.
2) Pr
ocure
s class
room
facilit
ies a
nd trainin
g
aids
.
32
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3)
Dete
rmin
es num
ber
of v
ehicl
es re
quire
d by
t
he Ump
ire
G
roup
.
4)
M
aint
ains
a
nd
r
epai
rs
sup
plies
an
d equi
p
ment.
5
) M
ainta
ins
pr
oper
ty a
ccou
nting
an
d
re
spon
s
ibilit
y.
6)
Sc
hedu
les
and
su
perv
ises
is
sue an
d t
urn-
in
of pr
oper
ty.
C
oord
inate
s
t
his activ
ity
w
ith
the
Pers
onne
l and
A
dmi
nistr
ation
S
ectio
n.
7)
Coordinates with the
Communications
O ffi
ce
r for
th
e rec
eivin
g an
d dis
tribu
tion
of
si
gnal
supp
lies
and
equip
men
t
r
equir
ed b
y
the
Ump
ire G
roup
.
8)
Esta
blis
hes a
nd
o
pera
tes sup
ply and
serv
ice
p
oints
t
o
re
nder
c
lose
logis
tical su
ppo
rt to
u
mpi
res du
ring
the
exercise.
9)
Su
perv
ises
the
prep
arati
on
of Stat
emen
ts
o
f C
harg
es, Sta
tem
ents o
f C
olle
ction
,
and
Rep
orts
of S
urve
y.
1
0)
Arra
nges
fo
r la
undr
y
an
d
d
ry
clea
ning
se
rvice
for
u
mpir
e pers
onne
l.
11) S
uper
vises
lo
gistic
al ad
min
istra
tion
in
clud
ing
p
repa
ratio
n o
f the
final
logis
tical
re
port
as
p
ertai
ns
to
the U
mpi
re
Gro
up.
Thi
s
su
bsec
tion—
1)
Pr
ocur
es
and dis
tribu
tes
a
rmy
ircr
ft and
vehic
les
requ
ired
by
the Um
pire
G
roup
.
2) Op
erate
s
a mot
or po
ol
and pr
ovide
s m
ain
ten
ance
f
or v
ehic
les of
th
e Um
pire
G
roup.
3) R
equ
isitio
ns a
nd di
strib
utes PO
L.
4)
S
upe
rvise
s in
stall
ation
o
f con
versi
on kit
s
for
radio
s
in veh
icles
.
Coor
dina
tes th
is a
c
tiv
ity w
ith
th
e Co
mmu
nica
tions
Sec
tion.
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(5)
Coord
inates
with
the
Sc
hools subsectio
n
for
supervising the instruction
of drivers
for
umpire vehicles
.
(6)
Establishes
and operates
necessary
POL
distribution
points
and
maint
enance
pools
i
n
the
field to support umpire
vehicle
re
q
uirements
during
the operationa
l phase of
the exercise.
(7)
Supervises the investigatio
n of motor
acci
dents and
the
submission
of
required
re
ports.
(8) Coord
inates with Su
pply
Officer
and
Com
munication
s
Officer to assure
procureme
nt of
vehicles
with the
pro
per volta
ge system for
radio
installatio
n.
(9
)
In
planning
vehicle req
uii-ements
for
joint
e
xercises the fo
llowing chart is
published as
a
guide.
Trucks
34
38
44
20
30
14
Tru cks
57
6
2
74
10
50
6
2MT
Trucks
40
16
M T
Traile
rs
16
27
32
3 8
The vehicles
listed
above
co
nsist of the
initial
issue to umpir
es.
There
s
hould
be an
addition
al
10
per
cent
bas
ed on
an
initial
issue
of
n
ew vehicles—if
vehicles are old the
figure wi
ll requ
ire
re
vision upwards. Air-
34
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cr ft
are
as
sign
ed in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith i
n
str
uctio
ns o
f
the Ch
ief
Um
pire.
T
he n
umb
er o
f veh
icles
iss
ued t
o
sig
nal
support
troops
will
vary, depending
upon
th
e type
si
gnal
troop
s
in su
ppor
t,
how
ex
tens
ive
th
e
w
ire
lay
ing is t
o
be
,
a
nd
oth
er fac
tors.
£ > )
A
t
least
o
ne-h
alf
of the
%
-ton
an
d
%-to
n
tru
cks w
ill
re
quire
r
adio
s.
Con
side
ratio
n
mus
t
be
giv
en
to
the
source
of
mountings
f
or thes
e se
ts—
if t
hey
cann
ot be
pro
cure
d
from
Sign
al
sourc
es, mod
ifica
tion
by
O
rdna
nce
may
be ne
cessa
ry.
10 C
omm
un ic
at ion
s
Th
is
se
ction
—
1
) P
lans an
d sup
ervis
es
al
l
c
omm
unic
ation
fa
ciliti
es fo
r the U
mp
ire
Gro
up to
in
clude
—
«)
Insta
llati
on,
op
erati
on, m
ainte
nanc
e, and
r
epai
r of
th
e
U
mpi
re C
omm
unic
ation
s
S
ystem
.
Z > ) T
ech
nical
in
spec
tions
of per
sonn
el,
in
stallations,
and
equipment.
2) Exe
rcis
es ope
ratio
nal
con
trol
of all
Sign
al
and Co
mm
unica
tion
perso
nnel
an
d
u
nits
as
sign
ed o
r
att
ache
d
to
the U
mpir
e
Gr
oup.
3
)
M
ain
tains
li
aison
w
ith
Com
mu
nicat
ion
Offi
c
er, Ex
ercis
e Dir
ector
Hea
dqua
rters
.
4)
Prepares
and
publishes
the
Umpire
Group
S
OI a
nd
SSI,
ba
sed on
th
e
S
igna
l
Plan
of
th
e M
ane
uver
Dire
ctor.
5)
C
oor
dinat
es and
s
uperv
ises
al
l p
hoto
grap
hic
age
ncie
s
o
f
the
U
mpi
re
G
roup
.
5
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(
6) Furnishes
instructo
rs
for
the Umpire
School.
(7)
Operates
schools
for
radio op
erators when
required.
(8)
Procures, receive
s, stores, and
distributes
sig
nal
supplies
and equipment.
The o
rganization of this section will
in general
follow
that
of Cor
ps or Army
communicati
ons sec
tion as
set
forth in
FM 11-22.
The size of this
section
will
be
influenced by
the
size
of
the
participating
units
. In gene
ral, the
com
munications
section should
cons
ist of
a Se
ction Headquar
ters, Administrativ
e-
Personnel Section,
Supply Section, Plans an
d Opera
tion
Secti
on, and a
Photographic
Sectio
n.
(1)
Installation,
operation, and maintenance
of
the umpire communic
ations
syst
em
are
usually
ac
complished by
the attached signal
suppo
rt
uni
ts. These
signal
support
units
should
be grouped
under
the
opera
tional
control of
one communicati
ons officer, pro
vide all personnel
required to establish
com
mun
ications within
the Umpire He
adquar
ters, between
the Ump
ire Headqua
rters
an
d
field
echelons
,
and f
urnish communicatio
ns
support to t
he
indi
vidual
unit
umpires
in
the
field. Where app
ropriate units
are not
available, or
personnel
having th
e
proper
train
ing canno
t be
obtaine
d, extensive r
e
training
of ava
ilable u
nits and personnel
is
necessary. Thi
s factor influences
the
pha
se-
in
time of
s
ignal suppo
rt personnel.
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(
2
)
S
i
gn
a
l
s
u
pp
o
r
t
u
n
it
s
s
ho
u
ld
a
rr
iv
e
in
t
h
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
a
re
a
s
u
ff
ic
ie
n
tl
y
i
n
a
dv
a
n
ce
of
th
e
ex
e
rc
is
e
t
o
re
c
ei
ve
c
om
m
u
ni
c
at
io
n
s
e
q
u
ip
-
m
e
nt
,i
n
st
a
ll v
e
hi
c
ul
a
r,
w
i
re
,
a
n
d
f
ix
e
d-
p
la
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
e
q
ui
p
m
e
nt
,
test
all wire
and radio
c
ir
cu
i
ts
,
a
n
d
c
o
rr
e
ct
al
l d
e
fi
ci
e
nc
ie
s
i
n
e
q
u
ip
m
e
nt
, s
u
p
p
lie
s
,
a
n
d
s
p
ar
e
p
a
r
ts
p
ri
o
r
to
th
e
sc
h
oo
l
a
n
d
fi
el
d
t
ra
in
i
n
g
f
or
u
m
p
ir
e
s.
T
h
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
st
af
f
fr
o
m
bo
t
h
A
r
m
y
an
d
A
ir
F
o
rc
e
so
u
rc
e
s
sh
o
u
ld
b
e p
r
e
se
n
t
i
n
s
u f
fi
cient
time
to
coordinate
the phasing-in
of
p
e
rs
o
n
ne
l
an
d
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
1
)
P
r
io
r
t
o e
s
ti
m
a
ti
ng
t
h
e
re
q
u
ir
em
en
t
s
f
o
r
si
g
na
l
su
p
p
o
rt
tr
o
op
s
,
th
e
s
c
op
e
an
d
m
a
g
ni
t
ud
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
xe
r
ci
se
an
d
th
e
de
g
re
e
o
f
u
m
pire
control
to
b e
employed
must
be known.
C
o
o
r
di
n
at
io
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
C
h
ie
f
U
m
p
i
re
a
n
d
th
e
O
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
ra
i
n
in
g
O
f
fi
ce
r
i
s
e
ss
en
ti
al
i
n t
h
e
p
re
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
U
m
p
ir
e
C
om
m
u
ni
c
at
io
n
s
P
l
an
.
T
h
e
U
m
p
i
re
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
at
io
n
s
P
la
n
,
i
n
th
e
in
i
ti
al
ph
a
s
es
of
planning, must
b e su fficiently
flexible
to
fit
a
n
y
ch
a
n
ge
s
in
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
p
l
an
fo
r
th
e
e
x
e
rc
is
e
.
L
a
r
ge
-
sc
a
le
e
x
er
ci
s
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
e
x
te
n
si
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
on
s
f
a
ci
li
ti
es
o
f
a
ll
ty
p
es
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
on
s
o
ffi
c
er
s s
h
o
ul
d
p
l
an
t
o
u
ti
li
ze
,
w
h
er
e
ve
r
po
s
si
b
le
,
c
om
m
er
cial
communications
facilities,
utilizing
field
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
te
r
s
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
ns
ce
n
te
r
s
t
o
c
ha
n
n
e
liz
e
o
r
zo
n
e
th
e
re
p
o
rt
m
e
s
sa
g
e
t
r
af
f
ic
f
ro
m
th
e
u
ni
t
u
m
p
i
re
s
.
F
i
el
d
co
m
m
un
i
c
a
ti
o
n
ce
n
te
rs
,
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
a
ll
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
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com
municati
on,
accep
t
t
raffic from
the unit
um
pires
and
tra
nsmit
via tel
etype
and radio
to
Umpire
Headqu
arters, utilizing
hig
h
sp
eed
equip
ment
to
s
upport the
la
rge traff
ic
volume. In
additio
n, commun
ications
fa
cilities mu
st be
provid
ed to transmit
A
ir
U
mpire repo
rts fr
om Air Ba
ses, Agg
ressor
Joint
Ope
rations Ce
nter, a
nd the
Un
ited
States J
oint
Operati
ons Cente
r
to O
pera
t
ions, Head
quarters
Umpire
Gr
oup. In
m
ost cases, due
t
o d
istances,
these f
acilities
m
ust be
provi
ded over
leased comm
ercial
circuit
s.
(2
)
W
ire con
struction team
s and
switchb
oard
o
perations
team
s sho
uld
be
p
rovided
at
least
at
divis
ion, divisio
n artille
ry,
and regim
en
tal
levels.
Radio
communications, to
be
most
effectiv
e, should be
es
tablished with
equi
pment having
a frequ
ency range
en
tirely
s
eparate from th
at employe
d
w
ith
the
common
ty
pes
of
tactic
al ra
dio
equi
pment,
othe
rwise,
radio
fre
quencies
may ha
ve to be
withdrawn
from
the
tactical units
and
allocate
d
t
o u
mpire use,
thus depriving
the
tact
ical uni
ts
of som
e of
thei
r com
munica
tions f
acilities an
d
provi
ding
a minim
um
of radi
o
circuit
s
for um
pire use.
Repea
ting
frequen
cies w
ithin t
he Umpire
Gro
up add to
the
interference
on
the Umpire Group
nets.
With
a
ll tactic
al and Um
pire radio
channels
sha
ring
the same p
ortion of the
rad
io fre
quen
cy spectrum
,
care
mu
st be
exercised
to
assign
f
requencie
s whi
ch w
ill provide
ra
dio
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faciliti
es for
both tac
tical and um
pire co
m
mun
ications.
F
requency
assig
nments
for
Umpi
re Group
are obtained
f
rom
Exercise
Dir
ector Head
quarters.
T
he
type of radi
o
equip
ment availab
le to Um
pire Group
will
di
ctate the
freque
ncies
req
uired.
The
type
o
f radio
equip
ment
will
al
so di
ctate t
he type
and quan
tity of
suppor
t personne
l
re
quired.
1) The typ
es
and quant
ities of
signal
equip
m
ent required
for
the umpire
comm
unica
tions
system s
hould be plan
ned
te
ntatively
at le
ast
th
ree
months prior
to t
he
exerc
ise.
A
dvance
pla
nning perm
its prop
er
phase-
in
of
e
quipment
,
adjus
tments
in requirem
ent
l
ists, vari
ous
changes
required
bec
ause of
nonavailability
of
desired types,
and the
accom
plishmen
t
of
ne
cessary paper w
ork in
connecti
on with supply
activities.
D
irect
commu
nication with
s
upply a
ctivities
of th
e
De
partmen
t
of
the Arm
y and ot
her
agen
cies should
be autho
rized.
Com
municat
ion
equipment requirements
are
predicated
on—
Scope
a
nd nature
of the exercise.
Size a
nd e
quipmen
t
of
partic
ipating
forces.
De
gree
and scope of
Um
pire Contro
l.
Repo
rting cha
nnels to be
employ
ed.
Types
and
frequency
of
reports.
(/
)
Requ
irements for
a
lternate mean
s of
com
municati
on.
D
esires
o
f
Chief
Umpire an
d
Staff.
(2)
Phase-i
n
t
ime of
equipmen
t and
suppo
rt
troop
s
is
p
redicated
on—
139
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a)
S
tar
tin
g d
ate
of
th
e
ex
erc
ise
.
6)
L
eng
th
o
f p
rem
a
ne
uve
r
tra
ini
ng
.
c)
Ve
hic
ul
ar
ins
tal
lat
ion
an
d
e
qui
pm
en
t
assem b ly
lead
time.
S
u
pp
ly
sy
ste
m
le
ad
tim
e
.
S
ear
ch
t
im
e
f
or
av
ail
ab
le
eq
ui
pm
en
t.
/)
Av
ai
lab
le
pl
an
nin
g
tim
e.
4
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PPEN
DIX III
UMPIRE
T
R INING
PROGR
M
T
he
following
tra
ining
pr
ogram ma
y be
used
as a
guide for the pr
eparation
of umpir
e trainin
g sche
d
ules
If
the
exercise
plan
calls
for
special
opera
tio
ns then
the
schedule mu
st be
modified t
o include
umpi
re
training
in
t
hese special
op
erations.
Subjec
t
Hours
_
Official
W
elcome.
_ __
_
Pur
pose
and
Scope
of
Exercise._
_______
M
aneuver
Area
Rights
and
Restricti
ons.
Partic
ipating
Tr
oops______
__________
___
Umpi
re School Orga
nization an
d Ump
ire Organ
iz
ation _______
_________
__________
_________
Supply
and
Supply
Economy ..
______________
Orienta
tion o
n
Ag
gressor. _
_____ _
__ ___
Aggres
sor Demonst
ration.____
_________
_______
Sa
fety Pre
cautions.
.__. _
__ .__
_ _ ..
Map Read
ing______
__________
_________
______
Utiliza
tion of
Intell
igence.__
_ ____ _
__ __
Rec
onnaissance
of Exercis
e Area._
___ _ __
_.
Maneu
ver
Control
._ .
_ _
_
Landmi
ne Warfar
e.___.____
... _____
_ __
Che
mical
and
Biologi
cal Warfare
__. ___ _
_._
Em
ployment of Pyro
technics
and
Control
Devices.
_______
__________
__________
_______
Orientatio
n on
the
Air G
round System__
_________
2
47
5
2
8
2
2
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Su
bjec
t
C
ont
inue
d
Communication Plan with Channels for
the
Exe
rcis
e. --_
_--
_--
-__
_-_
-_--
-_-
___
___
__
__.
Ra
dio-
Tel
eph
one
P
roce
dur
e,__
___
___
___
___
___
_
Op
erat
ion of
Rad
io
Sets
a
nd
C
om
mun
ica
tion
S
ecu
rity
_
___
----
--__
___
___
__
___
___
___
___
_.
Com
mu
nic
atio
n Fi
eld
E
xer
jise
w
ith
Rev
iew
,
Conduct
of
the
Maneuver,
Maneuver
Contro
l,
Ar
ea
Rig
hts
a
nd R
estr
icti
ons
. __
___
___
___
___
Co
mm
and
Po
st Exe
rcis
e___
__
____
___
___
___
___
At
om
ic A
spe
ct of
th
e
Exe
rcis
e. __
___
___
___
___
_
O
rga
niza
tion
and
T
act
ics
(
con
curr
ent
ly b
y
um
pir
e as
sig
nme
nt) __
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Ar
tille
ry..
_-
--_-
__-
___
___
-__
__.
___
___
An
tiai
rcra
ft A
rti
ller
y...
.
_
___
___
___
___
___
Armored
Units
__________________________
O
rga
niza
tion
o
f
I
nfa
ntry
an
d
Airb
orn
e
Em
plo
ym
ent
o
f
Inf
antr
y
i
n
Off
ensi
ve
a
nd
D
efe
nsiv
e
Op
erat
ion
s.__
___
____
___
___
___
O
rga
niza
tion
an
d
Op
erat
ion of
Ai
rbor
ne
Cor
ps* __
___
___
___
___
___
____
___
___
___
__
Airborne
Assault*_____
_
__________________
T
an
k-I
nfan
try
-Arti
ller
y T
eam
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
____
___
__
U
mpi
ring
D
utie
s,
G
en
eral
__
___
___
___
___
___
___
Tac
tica
l a
nd
O
rga
niz
atio
nal
Fa
cto
r
of
Gr
oun
d
U
mp
irin
g, _
___
___
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
C
aptu
re
of
Pe
rso
nne
l and
M
ate
riel
_
___
___
__
Ass
ess
men
t of
Ca
sua
lties
and
D
ama
ges
___
___
___
Umpiring Landmine
Warfare__.________
_______
C
omp
uta
tion
of
Los
ses
D
ue
to C
hem
ica
l
Ag
ent
s_
Cas
ualt
y a
nd
D
ama
ge
As
sess
me
nts
Due
to
C
hem
ica
l a
nd
Bi
olog
ical
A
ttac
k
__
___
___
___
__
•U
sed
only
wh
en
exerc
ise is
p
redo
min
ately
a
n ai
rborn
e o
ne or i
s
requ
ired
for
pr
oper
um
pire
o
rien
tatio
n. Tim
e to
be t
aken
fr
om op
en tim
e.
4
Ho
urs
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Subjec
t
Continue
d
Duties of
Umpires
in
the
Atomic
Play of the
Exerci
se- ---_
___-__
___-.__
_--_--_
_____
____
Obstacl
es and De
lays_._
_--___
----___
______
__
U
mpire
Records
and R
eports
__-_-__
____-__
____
Intell
igence (co
ncurren
tly by u
mpire ass
ignmen
t).
Arm
y
Securi
ty
A
gency
Umpi
re Dutie
s. _
__ -„
Fie
ld O
peratio
ns
I
ntellige
nce U
mpire
Du
ties.
CIC
Ump
ire D
uties_
_-_---_
---__-
__--__
.,
G
2 Air
Umpire
Duties
____-_
_--___-
-_-____
IP
W Um
pire
Dutie
s .
.
...._
_
Or
der of
Batt
le
Um
pire
Duti
es,.__
_._.._._
Pho
to In
terpret
er Umpi
re D
uties
.........
.
Te
chnical In
telligen
ce Ump
ire
Duties.
C
ensorsh
ip Umpire
D
uties.
_
..___
.
Docu
ment A
nalysis
Ump
ire Dutie
s......
..
Recording
Teams
Umpire
Duties..........
Inte
rpreter
and
Transla
tor U
mpire Du
ties..
Revie
w
of Ump
ire D
uties_-
------_
_--___
-.|
Ex
aminat
ion. _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_._
_ ..
..
.__ ..
Field
De
monstra
tion
of Ump
ire
Meth
ods...
....I
Pr
actical
Feld W
ork to In
clude
Rehea
rsal w
ith
Aggres
sor F
orce._
_.-_-.
--___-
--__---
-.___.
Testing of
Communications.__.._---__-.._____
At
omic
Weap
ons Play
Umpirin
g- — . .
..
Sched
uled T
ime.
Open T
ime__.
..
To
tal.
143
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A PPENDIX
IV
SAFET
Y P R EC A
UTIONS
1.
The f
ollowing
rulesapply
to the
han
dling
of
all
explosives
and
pyrotechnics:
E
xplosive
s will be
ha
ndled
only
by
pers
onnel
who
ha
ve
rec
eived
ind
ividual ins
truction
from
a
qualified
instruc
tor.
.
A
ll
person
nel will
b
e instr
ucted
in
s
afety p
re
cautions
of
type
s of amm
unition
and explosiv
es t
o
be used.
person will be
made re
sponsible
f
or
ob
servan
ce of
safety
precautio
ns in all
task
s invo
lving
the
use of explosiv
es.
2.
Each
sim
ulator
conta
ins approxim
ately
poun
d
of expl
osives an
d
is
detonated
by
an electric
blasting
cap.
Smokin
g is
proh
ibited
wh
ile
hand
ling
am
mu
niti
on.
ft . Keep
ammu
nition
away
fr
om heat.
Han
dle am
munition
ca
refully an
d do
not apply
pr
essure o
r
su
dden impact
a
s the
electric blasti
ng
caps
a
re
sensitive.
Primed
ammun
ition should
not be trans
ported.
El
ectric blastin
g caps
should n
ot
be
carri
ed
in
pockets.
/.
The lo
ader must disco
nnect the
cable
from
the
con
trol box
and ta
ke the
control box
forward
with
144
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him
to
the simulator
bank.
The
cable must
also be
disconnected from the simulator bank.
Load the simulator
before connecting
the
cable.
Return
to
the
firing
position
with the control
box
and
connect
the
cable to
the control
box.
Make certain
all
personnel are
at
least 150
feet
from the simulator during firing.
Wait
at
least 5 minutes before investigating
mis
fires.
3.
The grenades
are activated by a
pull-type
friction
igniter. The commercial type
grenade
explodes
5
to 8 seconds after the firing device is pulled.
4. The practice
antitank
mine normally contains
no
explosive
in
the
body of
the
mine.
The
fuze
contains
the
charge
and
is
ac
tivated by pi'essure.
Inspect the fuze assembly and the fuze well for
any
damage
or
obstruction
before arming.
6. Screw the
fuze assembly
finger tight.
The
mine
should
be
before
it
is
armed.
Handle the practice mine with the
same
care
given
a
live service mine.
5.
This type
pyro
technic is fired from
a
pyrotechnic pistol
M-8
or
pyrotechnic projector M-9 and bursts at
a
height of
approximately
200
feet.
Fire the
pyrotechnic pistol
or projector at a
vertical angle of at
least
60°.
B e
sure no one is in the
line
of
fire.
D o not
fire directly over
troops.
S55734O—55———10 145
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6.
(1)
Do not hand
le
g
renades by the pull
ring.
(2)
When
removing
the
safety
pin,
hold
the
fuze lever
firmly agains
t
the gre
nade bo
dy
until grenade
is thrown.
(1) Keep head w
ell to
one
side
when ignitin
g
sm oke p
ots.
(2)
Eemain
25
feet
away
from
burning
pots.
7.
Do not
insert
foreign objects
in the
car
tridge
case or in the base o
f
the
weapon.
8.
Simulat
or,
g
unflash M-110_______
___________ 150
Booby-trap
,
flash
T-80
_____________
_____
5
Booby-trap
,
illuminating
T-81____
___________ 5
Booby-tra
p, illumina
ting
T-82
______________
_
5
Simu
lator,
h
and-grenade, T-79__
_____________ 30
Grenade
, hand,
simulator
(commer
cial
type
_____
15
Grenade,
smoke,
white
HO
AN-MS-___________
15
Grenade, smoke,
colored
M18——————_
____—__ 15
Po
t,
smok
e,
HO
M
l_____________
__________ 25
Mine, anti
personnel,
M 8
T4)_________
_______
15
Mine, antip
ersonnel T
34
______________
_____ 3
Mine
,
antitank, M 12
(T8E1)
____________
____ 5
Mine, chemi
cal___———____
______________
10 0
Cal .30
ammunition blank-_________
_________
60
Cal
.4 5
ammunition
blank__________________
60
Cal .50
ammunition blank_
______________
___ 60
10 gage shotgun blank________
_____________
60
9 .
Chemical
la
nd
mines
must be
filled with a
harmless simulated
agent before
6
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f
iring
,
and
w
hene
ver
p
ossi
ble
sh
ould
be
b
urie
d j
ust
be
neat
h the
sur
face
. If
the
m
ine is bu
ried
,
a
pri
ma-
cord
burs
ter of
6 to
8 fe
et s
hould
be
attac
hed
by
means
of
two wires
on
the back
of
the
mine.
If
the
min
e
i
s not
buri
ed,
2
t
o
fee
t of
prim
acor
d is
used
.
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AP P E N
DIX
V
THE FIRE
POWER CO
MPUTER
1 A
simple fi
re
po
wer computer,
ap
plicable to
both United Sta
tes and
Aggr
essor forces, for
use
by
unit
umpires
in
computing
fire
power
scores
in
para
graphs 5
7 and 58,
is
descr
ibed in the following
paragr
aphs.
2.
The
c
omputer consists of a
cover (fig.
15) and
four ins
erts (figs. 16-20).
The cov
er
indi
cates
ranges at which the
fire power of indiv
idual wea
pons
(side
A) and
the
fire
power
of
infantry
units
(side
B) may
b
e
effective. Th
e
inserts
contain
the
fir
e
power
for units
f
rom squ
ad to battalion size (side
B).
The fire powe
r
score
s fo
r units
are
based on
all
th
e
weapons
normally
en
gaging in fire figh
ts (par.
58).
When
dam
age of
weapons in
a
unit is assessed
, the
given
fire
power
score
must
be
reduced by
the
scores
of the weapo
ns damaged.
The
re
are four inserts;
one fo
r
United
States w
eapons and the infantry
battalion
(fig.
16),
one
for
United
States
Armored
Infantry
Battalion
and United
Stat
es Airborne In
f
antry
B
attalion
(fig. 18),
one for Aggressor w
ea
pons
and
Aggressor
Rifle
Battalion
(fig.
19),
and
one
f
or
Aggressor Mechan
ized Rifle Battalio
n and
Aggressor
Airborne Rifl
e
Battalion
(fig.
20).
In
for
mation
concerning
fire power
and casualty assess
ment, applicable
to both Unit
ed States a
nd
Agg
ressor
14
8
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force
s, has been ex
tracted
a
nd
ed on
the
back
of
the i
nserts
f
or read
y referen
ce
(fig. 17). The
same cover
may be used
with
either
insert.
Inserts
for other units
may
be
prepared
and
used
when
the
provision
s
of
an
exercis
e
requir
e it (
for ex
ample,
arctic
or j
ungle e
xercises)
.
3. The
cove
r
is
m
ade
from
a
4 x
11% pie
ce
of
the
100 Ib wei
ght white
index pap
er, or
sim
ilar
ma
te
rial. Whe
n
folde
d an
d glued
(fig. 15),
a
4
x 53,4
cover
envelope
is formed.
4. The
insert
s are ma
de
fro
m
a 5% x 8
piece of
paper of
the same
type
as t
he
co
ver.
When folded
(figs.
16-20), a
4 x
5%
insert
is formed.
When
p
rinted
on
o
ne card,
the positi
on
of A
' and B
s
hould be ca
refully
noted. Th
e ins
erts sh
own
in
figur
es
1
8 and 20
ar
e
used with s
ide
A
of
figu
res
1
6 and 19
,
r
espective
ly. For
con
venience and rea
dy
ident
ification,
it is de
sirable
that inform
ation pe
r
taini
ng
to the
Unit
ed
S
tates
forces be printed
on
paper of
a co
lor
diff
erent from
that p
ertaining
to
the
Aggresso
r
f
orces.
5 . The
fire
power comput
er is assemb
led
by sliding
the ins
ert
in
to the
cover. Slide
A
o
f
insert
m
atches
side
A of co
ver. After
the
insert is pl
aced in t
he
co
ver,
t
he fire p
ower
scores of the
various w
eapons,
for
a give
n range, ma
y be
read throug
h the o
pen slot
of
side
A .
At
a
given
range, the
fire
power
score
of
in
fantry
un
its
fro
m a s
quad to a
nd includ
ing a
battalion
,
can
be determi
ned on
side B
.
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FIRE
P O W E R
C O M P U
T E R
REG
IM EN T
A L
W E A P
O N S
Cut o _
ut
W E A P O N
[ ~ 3 ° °
7
5°°
T~ TW ~ T~ w ~ ]' iioor~ i35o Ji5oo ~ n
R A N G E
IN Y
A RD S
R E F E
R E N C E
F M 1 0 5
5
M A N E
U V E R C O N
T R O L
Fo
ld
FIR E
P O W
E R
C O M
P U T E R
IN
F A N T RY
B
A T T A L
IO N
U N IT S
CuF b
ut'~
TY
PI
o 50
0
ove
r
UHT
Eff
ect
15
00|
R A
D G E IH
Y A RD S
— — — —
— — —
— —
• r —
Fo
ld
flap
thl>
r
lu«
to
back
of
A
a
t
left
edge
pow
er
I
SO
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FIRE P O W E R O O l f f t f T E R — U S
W E A P O N S
1 5 5
n a ~ 5 5 W
1 0 5
U L
a o w
75 1 0 1 P A C E
H O W
9 0 ui
am
40
Itt G O
T D U A L
105 W
RIFLE
75
1 0 1 RIFLE
57
1 0 1
RIFLE
2.3
6
R O C K E T
3.5 B O O K E T
4.2 tti
M O R T
A R
81
M O R T A R
60
IK
I B R T A R
ID
50
O A L
1 C
50
Q U A D
ID
H V T
30
ID L T
30
B A R
RIFLE
C A R B I N E
^
—
— —
-
— — — — — — — — — — — — —
—
— — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — ^
25
20
15
15
1
6
20
15
10
6
6
15
12
6
10
40
10
6
3
1
1
2
5
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
6
6
15
12
6
10
40
10
6
3
1
.5
25
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
6
6
15
12
6
10
40
10
6
1.5
.5
~ —
25
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
_
6
15
12
6
10
40
10
6
1.5
.5
~ —
2 5
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
_
_
15
12
6
10
40
10
6
—
—
—
2 5
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
_
15
12
6
10
40
10
3
—
—
—
25
20
15
15
16
20
15
10
_
_
1 5
12
6
10
40
10
3
—
—
—
25
20
15
15
16
2
0
15
10
_
_
15
12
6
10
40
10
—
—
—
—
FIRE P O W E R
C O M P U T E R — U 3
I H F A N T R T B A T T A L I O N
B H
R
IFLE
C O
RI
FLE
P L
A T
RIFLE
3 Q D
W F N S O D
W P H P L A T
60
1 0 1 H O O T
S E C T
57
1 0 1
RIFLE
S E C T
H V I 1 P N S C O
ID
P L A T
A T P L A T
M O R T A R
P L
A T
775
19 0
50
10
10
50
20
30
200
40
110
50
775
19 0
50
10
10
50
20
30
200
40
110
50
610
14 0
30
5
10
50
20
30
200
40
no
50
610
14 0
30
5
10
50
20
30
200
40
110
50
430
65
10
— —
10
50
20
30
200
40
110
50
39 0
65
5
— —
5
50
20
30
200
40
110
5
0
39 0
65
5
—
5
50
20
30
200
40
U .O
50
290
30
— —
— —
— —
30
30
200
40
110
50
luxiiiai
R A S Q E C R E D I T
9 0 HI
Q D H ( M O V I N G ) 1000
( S T A T I O N A R Y ) 14000
75 O R 76
1 0 1 O U H •
10 00 13000
106 R
R
10 00
8000
75 R R
1000
7
00C
57
RR
800
100C
4.2
M O R T A R
'gOC
81 1 0 1
l i O R T A R
300C
—
*^
-^^— ̂^ ~ * ^ — —
^
^B
^**^
—
— • —
—
—
*— —
—
151
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F
IRE
P
O W E
R
1.
A
n
att
ack
ing
u
nit
Bay
a
dva
nce
a
gai
nst
an
opp
osi
ng
uni
t vbe
n
t
ha
s fir
e p
ow e
r
su
per
ior
ity a
s
foll
ow
s:
a.
normal
nintaua
of
2
to
1 ,
preferably
3
or
to
1.
b.
D
efen
der
wit
h
g
ood
co
ver
a
nd
con
ceal
me
nt,
5
to 1.
c
.
Su
rpr
ise
fla
nk
or
re
ar
att
ack
1
to 1
ex
2
to
1
.
u
nit u
sing
f
ire
and
m
an
euv
er i
n fro
nta
l
atta
ck
;
cre
dit
u
nit
wit
h t
wic
e ac
tua
l
fir
e po
wer
.
3
«
U
nit
at
tac
kin
g fro
nta
lly
by
fir
e a
nd M
an
euv
erin
g t
o s
trik
e d
e
f
end
ers
fl
ank
or
r
ear
;
cr
edi
t u
nit
wit
h t
hre
e ti
aes
act
ua
l
f
ire
po
wer
.
* •
Ef
fec
ts
on
fir
e
p
ow
er of:
a
.
SM
oke:
l)
On
un
it
fi
ring
; 50
red
uct
ion
of
inf
fi
re po
wer
.
(2)
On
target; 25?
reduction
of Inf
fire
pow
er .
(3
) On
tan
ks,
v
eh
icle
s; 100
r
edu
ctio
n
of
A T
fir
e.
U )
O n
t a r g
e t ;
2
e
d u c
t i o
n
o f A
rty
f i r e
,
b .
Ar
ty f
i r e
:
l )
O n
i
n f
u n i
t ;
f i
r e
p o w e
r
o f u n
i t
n e u
t r a
l i z
e d d
u r i
n g
a
r t y
f i
r e .
2
) O
n
a r t
y b t
r y ;
n e u
t r a
l i z
e b t
r y
>
s O n
u t e
s
p e
r b
t r y
v o
l l e
y f
i r e
d .
c
T a n
k ,
S
P Gu
n F
i r e
: o
b s e
r v e d
f i
r e
o
n d i s
c o u
n t e
d t r
o o p
s
n e u t
r a l
i z e
s t h e
f i r
e p o w
e r
o
f
t
h e
d l
s n o
u n t
e d t
r o o
p s
f o
r
t h e
d
u r a
t i o
n
o f t h e o b s e r v e d f i r e .
d
.
A v
i a t
i o n
:
f i
r e
p o w e
r
o f
t r o
o p s
u n d
e r a t t
a c k
n
e u t
r a l
i z e
d
d u
r i n
g
a
t t a
c k .
C
SUM
IY
S
S S
SM
NT
1
F i
r e b y
o p
p o s
i n g
I
n f ;
1 ?
t
o 3
?
p
e r
h o
u r .
2
.
P e
r s o
n n e
l
u n d
e r
a r t
y f
i r e :
a .
S t a n
d i n
g , r u
n n i
n g ,
o
r I
n
t r
u c k
s ; 1
?
p e
r
b t r y
v
o l l
e y .
b
P r o n
e ;
1 3
o
r
1
£
p e r
b t
r y
v o
l l e
y .
c
.
E n t
r e n c
h e d
;
1 / 2 0
o f
1 ? p e
r b
t r y
v
o l l
e y .
3
I n
f a n
t r y
w i t
h i n
1 0 O
y
d s
o f
a t t
a c k i
n g
t a n
k s o r
s e l f
- p r
o p e
l l e
d g
u n s
a .
N
o t
e
n t r
e n c
h e d ;
3
?
p e
r a t t
a c k
.
b .
E n t
r e n
c h e
d ; l
j
p e r
a t
t a c
k .
k
F o u
r
a
i r c
r a f
t a t
t a c
k i n
g
d i s
c o u
n t e d
t r o
o p s
: 5 0
x 1
0 0
y d
a r
e a *
Ra
pal
n w
o r
1 0
? c a
s u a
l t i e
s .
F
i r e
p o w
e r
1
0 0 ?
n
e u t r
a l i
s e d
f
o r
w/o
s t
r a f
i n g
d u
r a t
i o n
o
f t h
e a
t t a
c k
p l
u s
t w o
M i
n u t
e s .
HE
b o
n b s
w
o r
5 ?
c
a s u a
l t i
e s .
F i r
e
p o w
e r n
e u t
r a l
i z e
d s a
n e
a
s
v/
o
s t r
a f i
n g
a
b o v e
.
S t
r a f
i n g
2 ? c a
s u a
l t i
e s .
F i r
e p
o w e r
1
0 0 ?
n e u
t r a
l i z
e d
o n
l y
e x
c e p t
AA
f o
r
d u r
a t i
o n
o f
a
t t a c
k .
T h
e
l o
n g a x
i s
o f
t h e
a
r e a
p a r
a l l
e l t o
t h
e
d i r
e c t
i o n
o
f f l
i g h
t I s
t h
e b
a s i
s f
o r
M e a
s u r
e .
I E
C I S
I O K
S O
F U M P
I R E
S A
RE FI
IAL
77.
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FIRE
P O
W E R C O M P U T E R
D 3 A R K Q R E
D
INF
B
A T T A L I O N
B N
H Q A T O 3 V 00
R O N P L A T
30
0UT
SECT
T
H K S E C T
RIFLE
3 Q D
S U
P P O R T S O D
K O R T
3 Q D
RIFL
E 00
RI
FLE
P L A T
RIFL
E S Q D
f f i P H
S Q D
tORT
P L A T
800
150
90
20
5
0
10
10
60
160
10
10
35
800
150
9
0
20
50
10
10
60
160
40
10
10
35
610
140
80
15
50
5
10
60
1
05
3
0
10
35
610
14
0
80
15
50
10
60
105
3
0
10
35
420
135
70
10
50
1
0
60
70
10
10
35
345
130
70
5
50
1
0
60
55
5
5
35
145
110
70
5
50
10
60
55
5
5
35
265
1
20
60
50
1
0
60
3
5
35
FIRE P O W E R C O M P U T E R
U 3 A I R B O R N E
INF
B A
T T A L I O N
N
RIFLE 00
RI
FLE P L A T
HIF
LE
S Q D
T O N S
9 Q D
»PNS P L A T
60
U U M O R T
S E C T
57
J f f i R R S E C T
H V T W P N 3
O
H O P L A T
AT P L A T
V O R T PL
AT
720
175
40
10
10
50
20
30
2
00
40
110
50
72
0
175
4
10
10
50
20
3
0
200
40
110
50
585
1
30
25
5
10
50
20
30
2
00
40
no
50
585
130
25
5
10
50
20
30
200
4
0
11
0
50
450
8
5
10
—
1
0
50
20
10
200
4
0
11
0
50
395
65
5
—
5
50
20
30
200
40
11
0
50
395
65
5
—
5
50
2
0
30
200
40
110
50
290
30
—
—
30
30
200
40
110
50
53
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F
IR E P O
W E R C
O M P U T
E R
O
F A G G
R E S S O R
W E
A P O N S
so
U
L
G O T
75 S i k G
U N
120 lui
D R T A R
8
1 Hi
k C R T A
R
H V Y L f l
O A L
.5
0
H ID
C A L
.30
L1C
RIFL
E
SiC
15
1
5
15
12
10
10
6
1
3
15
15
15
12
10
10
6
1
(D
I
15
15
15
12
10
10
6
T O 1
(
15
15
15
12
10
10
6
.5
0
Y D S
15
15
15
12
10
10
6
15
15
15
1
2
10
10
3
15
15
15
1
2
10
10
3
15
15
1
5
12
10
—
—
I
A X I U U U
RA
ID S CR ED I
T
80 C
U M
l i O V
IN Q
1 C G O
103 3 T
A T I 0 1IA
R Y 14000
Y D 3
75
Q U N
K
O O Y D S
1
3000 T D 3
120 kk
tO R T
A R
6000
ID S
81 1 2 1
K
O R T A R
3000
ID 3
A
F
IR E PO ' J
E R O O
K H T E R
A O - R S 3
S O R IK F
B A T T
A L I O N
B N
RIFLE
00
RI
FL E
P L A T
RIFL
E 3 «
D
ffl P L A
T
1C
00
L Q P L A
T
A A
1C
PL A T
L
T i£RT 0
0
t iOR
T P L
A T
A
T 0
0
A T P L
A T
7
20
12
0
30
10
30
16 0
40
40
110
35
90
30
720
12
0
30
10
30
160
4
0
40
1
10
35
90
30
53
5
75
15
5
30
160
40
40
1
10
35
90
30
5
65
75
15
5
30
16 0
40
40
110
35
90
30
450
30
— —
— —
TQ
160
4
0
40
110
35
90
30
45
0
30
— —
—
30
1
60
4
0
40
110
35
90
10
450
30
—
—
—
30
16 0
40
40
13
0
35
90
30
24
0
— —
— —
— —
4 0
—
40
110
35
90
30
E
54
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F I RE
P
OHER
AGGRES
SOR MECHA
NI ZED
BATTA
L I ON
BN
RI F
L E
00
RI F L E
PLAT
RI
F L E S
QUAD
SO 00
J E
PLAT
MORT AR
CO
l i O R
T A R
PLAT
AT
CO
AT
PL AT
460
90
1
6
2
70
5
6
3
4 6
90
3
1
6
2
70
3 5
6
3
3 2 5
4 5
1 5
5
60
2
7
3 5
6
3
3 2 5
4 5
1 5
5
60
2
7
3 5
6
3
1 9
60
2
70
3
5
6
3
1 9
60
20
70
3 5
6
3
1 9
60
2
7
0
3 5
6
3
1 3
7
5
6
3
T H I S
B A T T A L I O N
I S
F O U N D
I N
R I F L E
R E G
DE N T S
A N D
H E D I U K
T A N K
R E G I M E N
T S
O
F M E C H A N I Z
E D
D I V I S I O N
S
T
H B
A T T A L I O N
S F O U W D
I
N H
E A V T
T A N K
R E G I M E N
T S O F M E C
H A N I Z E D
D I V I S
I O N S D
O N O T H A V E
U A O H I N E
G U N
U
ORTAR
AND ANTI TANK
OOUPAN
I ES.
B
FIRE
POTER
A G G R E S S O R
AIRB O RN E
RIFLE
B A T T A L I O N
RIFLE 0
0
RIFL
E
PLAT
RIFLE
S«D
50
10
M O R T S Q D
l i Q
PLAT
U O SEC T
I C O R T
C O
K O R T P
UT
A T
00
A T PLA T
805
170
35
10
5
60
20
70
2
5
60
30
805
17
0
35
1
0
5
60
20
70
25
60
3
0
625
125
2
0
5
5
60
20
70
25
60
30
625
125
20
5
5
60
20
70
25
60
30
370
60
— —
— —
—
—
60
20
7
0
25
60
3
0
130
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
70
25
60
30
130
—
—
— —
—
— —
—
—
70
25
60
30
13
0
— —
— —
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—
— —
—
—
7
0
2
5
60
30
B
55
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s o
; . i
G
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F
IR3
75
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120
11. iBRTAR
81
L
X
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J R T A R
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V T 1 C C
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0
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RIF
LE
PO TO
J C O t f
fU T E R
O F
1
5 1
5
15 15
15 15
12
12
1
0
10
1
0
1
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6
6
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L A X I K O M R A K Q E
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t l
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ST A T I
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om r
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A P P E N D I X VI
T H E C H E M I C A L C A S U A L T Y C O M P U T E R
1.
A
simple
chemical casualty computer (fig. 28),
applicable
to both
United States and aggressor
forces,
for
use by
unit
umpires in computing
the
losses due
to
chemical
warfare,
is
described in
the
following
paragraphs.
2. The computer consists
of four
discs (figs. 22-
27). Disc "A"
(fig.
22) has
three
agents
represented.
Phpsgene
and
"G" agents have three
weather
con
ditions
indicated:
Lapse,
Neutral,
and
Inversion.
Mustard shows three concentrations:
Vapor
or light
(odor—no droplets), Medium (odor—tiny droplets),
and
Heavy (odor—large
droplets
or
puddles).
Disc
"B" (fig. 24) shows wind speeds for use with
CG
and
"G"
agents only.
This disc also
shows
the tem
perature
conditions
for
use with mustard only: Hot
and
humid (90°
and
over,
80 percent humidity),
Warm
(65°-85°),
Cool (65° and
below).
Disc
"C"
(fig.
25)
lists
the
type of terrain
for
use in
computing
CG and "G" agents and also shows
vegetation
condi
tions
for
use with mustard. Disc"D" (fig. 26) shows
five conditions
of
personnel readiness for use with
CG and
"G"
agents,
four
conditions
for
use
with
mustard gas,
and
a large
arrow
that points
to
the
percent
of casualties
that
can be expected from CG
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and
G
agents
shown
on
Disc A (fig. 22).
To
correctly orient b
oth sides of
Disc A , aline the
r
eference
line
through Casu
alties CO, 'G' Age
nts,
figure
26,
with
the
tick mark
shown
in
figure
27.
3.
The
comput
er is used as
follows:
CG
and
G
agents: The arrow
on Disc B
(fig. 24)
near
wind
s
peed is set topoin
t at the
type
of
weather
condition
p
revailing.
The arrow on the
D
isc C
(fig.
25)
near terrain
is set to point at
the
speed
of
the
wind blowing
as
shown
on
Disc
B
(fig. 24). One of the five
arrows
on
Disc
D (fig
.
26)
showing the stat
e of
re
adiness of the p
ersonnel
is set
to
point
to the type of ter
rain show
n on
Disc
C (fig. 25). T
he percent of
casualties
th
at
shoul
d
be
assessed is
shown by the
large
arrow
po
inting to
Disc
A
(fig.
22).
Mustard: The
arrow
on
Disc B (fig.
24)
near
temperatu
re
conditions
is
set to
point at the type
concentra
tion
of
mustard shown
on
Disc
A
(fig.
22)
. The arrow
on Disc
C
(fig. 25)
is set to point
toward
the temperature
conditions shown
on
Disc
B
(fig.
24). One of
the
three
arrows
on
Disc
D
(fi
g.
26) is
set to poin
t at the type
vegetation in the
gassed
area as show
n on Disc
C (fig.
2
5). The
percent
of
c
asualties
that
should
be asse
ssed is shown
on
the
rear of Disc D (fig.
26) through an ope
ning
on the r
ear of Disc
A (fig. 23).
4.
The
chemical
casualty
computer
is
not
a
stand
ard item of issue
a
nd
must be
procured locally.
58
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E
F
if
fit
rc
i
sc
A
Jr
v
nt
).
159
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M
US
T
AR
D
C
AS
U
AL
T
Y
T
AB
L
E
C
HE
M
IC
AL
C
AS
U
AL
TY
C
O
MP
U
TE
R
NO
TE
:
P
ER
SO
NN
EL
D
EC
ON
TA
MI
NA
TIO
N
WI
LL
CA
US
E
TH
E C
AS
UA
LT
Y
R
AT
E
TO
BE
RE
DU
CE
D
B
Y
TH
E
FA
CT
OR
S
GIV
EN
B
EL
OW
9
0
I
D
E
CO
NT
AM
IN
AT
ION
I
S A
CC
OM
PL
IS
HE
D
W
IT
HIN
I
OM
IN
5
0
IF
DE
CO
NT
AM
IN
AT
ION
IS
A
CC
O
MP
L IS
HE
D
WIT
HI
N
20
MI
N./
.25
IF
D
EC
ON
TA
MI
NA
TIO
N
IS A
CC
OM
PL
IS
HE
D
WIT
HI
N
45
MI
N/
(
TIM
E
SH
OU
LD
BE
M
EA
SU
RE
D
F
RO
M
T
HE
TIME
OF
ENTERING
THE CONTAMINATED
A
RE
A)
N
OT
E
:
C
RO
SS
H
AT
C
HE
D
P
OR
TI
ON
T
O
B
E
C
UT
O
UT
1
60
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N
OT
E
C
RO
SS
H
AT
CHE
D P
ORT
IO
N
TO
BE
C
UT
OUT
355
734
O
—55—
——
11
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NOTE
CROSS
HATCHED PORT I ON TO BE CUT OUT
£ . 3 .
Oi.w
"C".
162
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CASUALTIES
in
e
D
63
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MUST
ARD
C
ASUA
LTY T
ABLE
CH
EMICA
L
CAS
UALT
Y C
OMPU
TER
N
OTE: PER
SONNE
L DEC
ONTAMI
NATION
WILL
CAU
SE THE
CAS
UALTY
,
R
ATE
TO
E RED
UCED
Y
T
HE
FACT
ORS GIVE
N BE
LOW
9
0
IF DE
CONTAM
INATIO
N IS ACCO
MPLISHE
D WIT
HIN 1
MI
N
50 IF
DEC
ONTAMIN
ATION IS
A
CCOMP
LISHED
WIT
HIN O
MIN
\25
IF
DEC
ONTAMI
NATION
IS ACCOM
PLISHE
D WIT
HIN 45
MI
N
TIME
S
HOULD
E ME
ASURED
FR
OM T
HE
TIME
OF
ENTERING
THE CONTAMINATED
AREA
)
1
66
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A P P E N D I
X
VI
I
P R E P A R
I N G AND U S I N G T H E
A
TOMIC
W E A P O
N S
E
FFECTS O V E R
L A Y S
1
The
At
omic Weapons Effects
Overlay is de
signed
for
the
use
of
unit
umpires upon
whom
will
fa
ll
the burden
of assessing pers
onnel casualties an
d
eq
uipment damage.
T
he real
ism with
which
th
e
atomic wea
pons are played
and the successful
inte
gration of atom
ic weapons into the man
euver will
depend to a large extent
upon
the manner
in
which
the
unit
umpires
perform
their
duties.
The
follow
in
g
guidin
g principles shou
ld be
used
in designing
the effects overlays :
The informati
on contained
in
the effects
over
lays will be
unclassified.
Z >
The effects
overl
ays
must
provide the
si
mplest
possible
method
for
assessing
damage
to
personnel
an
d
equipment.
2.
Ba
sed
upon
t
he
p
hilosophy of
paragraph 1
above,
the effects overlay
s must have th
e
follo
w
ing chara
cteristics:
No
refere
nces
to yiel
d, damage criteria,
height
of
burst,
or
other
classified
information,
or
which,
eve
n though
unc
lassified,
may
be used
t
o
deduce in
for
mation of a classified
n
ature,
will
appear
on the
effects overlays.
167
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Instruction
s
to the unit
umpire
for determi
na
tion of
casualties must include
percentage
s
which he
can appl
y to the unit u
nder his
cont
rol.
3.
As
far
as
the
assessment
of
casualties
or
dam
age
by
the
u
nit ump
ire is
concer
ned, there are
only
two possibl
e situatio
ns:
Noncontam
inating
Burst—
Denned for
the
pur
poses
of
atomi
c
p
lay in mane
uvers as
an
atom
ic
burst
which
does result
in
any
militarily
significant
residual
nuclear
radiation
contamination of
the
gro
und.
A
s
ample effects
overla
y for a noncon-
ta
minating
burst
is s
hown in
figure
30.
& . Contamin
ating Burst—Define
d for the purposes
of atomic play
in maneuve
rs
as an atom
ic burst whic
h
results i
n militarily signific
ant
residual
radiation
contamination
of
the
gro
und. A sample
effects
overlay
for
a
contaminating
burst is shown
in
figure
31.
4 .
Examinat
ion of figures
30 and 31 sho
w that
informati
on containe
d on the eff
ects overlays
is
limited
to the followin
g:
Map
reference.
&
.
E
ffects circles
(and indicated
center).
Brief
but
complete inst
ructions to unit
ump
ires
on
method of assessing
damage.
Table of percent
immedia
te
damag
e to
person
nel
and equipment.
Table of
residual
nuclear
radiation
dose
rate
levels
(only in the
case
of
a contaminati
ng burst).
/. Table
of perce
nt residual nuclear radia
tion
casua
lties (only
in the
case of a con
taminating bu
rst).
5 . The information
c
ontained in
th
e
tables
are
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merely examples
of wh
at might
b
e done; the
actual
man
euver situ
ation will dictate the
detail and
extent
of
these
t
ables. Fo
r
exampl
e, in
th
e t
able
of
Percent Immediate
Damage to Personnel and
Equipm
ent, it might be desirable
to specify addi
tional tro
op
si
tuations or
catego
ries
of equipment;
in
the
table of
Radiation
D os
e
Rate Levels,
it
might
be desirable to
give the dose
rates at
tim
es other than
those liste
d;
and
in
th
e table
of Percent Residual
Radiation
Casualties,
it
might
be
desirable
to
use
other
times
of entry and o
ther times
of
stay.
The
comp
osition of
these
tables
ca
n
be varied at t
he dis
cretion of the Special W
eapons Subsection
at
U
m
pi
re Hea
dquarters,
prio
r to
the
start of the
maneuver.
However, it
should
be
pointed ou
t that t
he
effec
ts
overlay should
not be over-com
plicated nee
dlessly,
otherwise un
it umpires, u
ntrained in atomic
weapons
effects,
may ha
ve difficulty in applying
it.
6. The
dam
age c
riteria used in
the
preparati
on
of
th
e effe
cts overlay
can
be
varied also to suit the needs
of
the
ma
neuver. For immediate
casualties,
an
all
effects
criteria
based
upon
thermal
energy
a
lone
was used
; for
residual
radiati
on casualties,
a
criteria
of
evacuation
on
the
first
day
was
used.
For
damag
e to equipment,
a criteria of
not combat
usable afte
r
org
anizational maintenanc
e was use
d.
It
mi
ght
be desira
ble to specify dam
age
criteria
which
emphasize the immediate
destructive
effects
of
the
atomic weapon.
7. It s
hould be noted th
at on
the
effec
ts overlay
for a
contaminatin
g
burst, the radiation
do
se
rat
e
lev
els
are
given for the
same zone
s
th
at specify im-
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med
iate
cas
ualti
es.
This
avo
ids
the
us
e of
sepa
rate
e
ffect
s
circl
es fo
r im
med
iate cas
ualt
ies and
re
sidu
al
e
ffect
s, th
ereb
y si
mpli
fying
the
use
of th
e
averl
ay.
8 .
The
steps
in
the
preparation
of the
effects
over
lay
by th
e S
pec
ial W
eapo
ns
S
ubsec
tion
at
U
mpi
re
Hea
dqua
rters
ar
e
a
s
fol
lows
:
Pri
or
to the s
tart
of th
e
mane
uver
, t
he Sp
ecial
Wea
pons
Su
bsect
ion sh
ould d
eterm
ine
th
e foll
owin
g
in
form
atio
n:
(1)
Type
of
personnel
situations
to
be
used
on
the
ov
erla
y (i. e.
, tro
ops
in ope
n, t
roop
s in
foxh
oles, tro
ops i
n
woo
ds, etc.
).
(2
) C
atego
ries
o
f eq
uipm
ent to
be
u
sed
on
th
e
ov
erla
y
(i. e.,
ligh
t e
quip
men
t, heav
y e
quip
me
nt,
b
ridg
es,
etc.).
(3
)
For
conta
min
ating
bu
rsts
only
:
Time
s of
meas
ured
ra
diati
on d
ose
rat
e
le
vels.
Tim
es of e
ntry
.
Tim
es of st
ay.
(
4)
Spec
ific
da
mag
e crit
eria to b
e ap
plie
d in
t
he
a
ssess
ment
o
f cas
ualti
es
to
pers
onne
l
an
d
dam
age
t
o
eq
uipm
ent.
• 5
) Num
ber
and
size
o
f ef
fects
c
ircle
s to
be us
ed
on
the
effe
cts
ove
rlay
.
6.
The
Spe
cial W
eapo
ns
Sub
secti
on shou
ld the
n
c
alcul
ate t
wo or thr
ee r
epre
senta
tive
y
ields
a
vaila
ble
to
both
s
ides,
th
e
fol
lowin
g da
ta f
or
o
ne
o
r tw
o
heights
of
burst
considered
appropriate:
(
1)
Perce
ntag
es
to be us
ed
in
the a
ssess
ment
of
casu
alties
to pe
rsonn
el
(both
im
med
iate and
resi
dual
w
hen
a
con
tam
inati
ng bu
rst i
s
used)
a
nd
dam
age t
o eq
uipm
ent.
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(2) Ke
sidual
radiat
ion
dose rat
e leve
ls (only
in
case
of a con
tamina
ting b
urst).
W
ith the
inf
ormat
ion
f
rom
an
d abo
ve, a
set
of weapons
effects
overlays should
be
prepared
for
the se
lected
r
eprese
ntativ
e yiel
ds,
h
eights
o
f bu
rst,
and w
eather
cond
itions.
The n
umber
of differ
ent
over
lays
sh
ould b
e hel
d to
a
m
inimu
m an
d
each
shou
ld be g
iven
a cod
e numbe
r. Thes
e sets
of
over
la
ys
sh
ould
be
prepa
red and
di
stribu
ted to a
ll the
unit
umpir
es p
rior to the
star
t of the
man
euver
.
F
ollow
ing decisio
n of
app
ropria
te
head
quar
ter
s to
empl
oy an
atomic
w
eapon
,
the
U
mpire
Head
quarte
rs w
ill b
e fu
rnishe
d the
follow
ing
inform
ation
:
(1 ) Yield
.
(2 ) D
esired
gr
ound
zero.
(3)
Desired
height
of
burst.
(4) Tim
e
of
b
urst.
(5
)
D
eliver
y m
eans.
Th
e Spe
cial W
eapons
S
ubsec
tion
of Um
pire
Headq
uarte
rs wi
ll adjus
t
th
e des
ired
ground
zero
a
nd
desire
d
he
ight
of
burst
in
accord
ance with th
e
CEP
of the
delivery
means,
to obtain
an
actual
groun
d zero
and a
ctual
he
ight of burs
t.
/.
U
mpire
Head
quarte
rs deter
mines
whic
h of
their
prepa
red ove
rlays
most
closely
meets
th
e
con
dition
s (yi
eld, ac
tual
heigh
t of b
urst, etc.
) a
nd
in
forms the
unit
umpir
e (s)
co
ncerne
d
of
t
he
code
n
um
ber
of
the
overlay to
use,
actual ground
zero,
and
time
of bur
st. In
issui
ng in
structi
ons
to
ump
ires,
the
max
imum
u
se
of radio
o
r
telep
hone
co
mmuni
ca
tion
sho
uld be
mad
e; thus
un
usual ar
eas o
f terr
ain
of spec
ial
consid
eratio
n ca
n be
descri
bed by
co
ordina
tes.
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9.
If sufficient tim
e before the inten
ded burst
is
available and if
none of the
prepared
e
ffects over
lays
can
be
alte
red
b
y radio or
telephone message
to
fit the co
nditions of the
intended burs
t
sufficient
ly
well,
it
might
be
desirable
to
prepare
an
effects
over
lay
(fig.
32) to
meet
the exact conditions of the
pre
dicated cl
imatological
conditions and
of
ter
rain,
repro
duce it, and send
it
to the
umpires
of
the
af
fe
cted area only.
5. Indicated
in
figure 3
2
are
several shaded a
reas
depicting shielding
as
a
result
of
gross
terrain
fea
tures. Se
veral
h
igh hills have
afforded shieldin
g
t
o
a
certain extent
in areas E, F a
rid G. It ha
s
been
indicat
ed
in the
tables
that
immed
iately behind the
hills the
re has
been
alm
ost complete shielding
whereas a
t
a
greater
distance,
wh
ere
the
effects
of
shielding are
less,
the
percent
damage
to
personnel
and equipmen
t
ris
es.
It
is
neither
necessary
nor
d
esirable
that the
assessment
of atomic casualties
be
carried out to the
last dec
imal
place.
The
realism
desir
ed will
b
e intro
d
uced
i
nto the
atomic play by pr
oducing situations
which agree
qualitatively
in
production
of casualties
and damage to
equipment
with those to be
expected
after
an
actual
atomic bu
rst. The qu
antitative
effects need
only
be
gross
approximations;
in fact,
in
view of the lar
ge number of variables
involved in
the calculat
ions and the unce
rtainties a
s
to their
actual
values, such
approximation
s are
jus
t as valid.
The
personnel of th
e Special
Weapons Sub
section
must
b
ear th
is
thoug
ht
in
min
d in
produ
cing th
e
effects
overlay.
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P S R
O R T
B
M E D
I A T I
D
J U Q E T O
F R
S O H H
I L
H D
nan
roon
ow
1 0
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IN
STRUCTIONS T
O UMPIRE
1. D o not
assess dam
age
u
ntil atomic burst
Is si
mulated
or
Barked.
2. A
ssess damag
e
agalnat unit
baaed upo
n
plotted
positions of unita
eleaenta.
3. umpires
nuat not In
dicate
the amount
of
conta
mination in
the area
unless
que
stioned by
t
ha Radiologic
al Dafena
e Monitors poaaeasin
g
the
proper
aurve
y
inotrumo
nts.
G R O U N D
O O N T A M
H U T I C W
H U O L E A R R A D I A T
I O N D O
S E R A T E L E V E L S
Roente ens
/
h
our)
B OO R S AFTER
BOB3T
0 5
1
3
4
ZONES
1
6
26
1 1 2 5
7
5
———
B
4
1 0 0 0
4 5 0
2 7 0
2
7
2
3
1 3 5
6
D
2 4
1 0 0
4 5
2 7
2
———
—————
>
8
2 5
85
25
8
PEROEO
T
RE3IZ01L
S T J O L E 1 H RlDDlTIO
N 013D1LTIE3
T I H
E Of
BS T
RT
HDOR3
i F TBB
BURS
T
f
l MB OF
3 T A I
HOU R S
i
B
0
D
1
1
1
1
0
1
1 0 C
1 0
C
5
5
1
1
1 C
5 5
1
1
1
1
0
3
1 D
O
1 0 0
3 0
5
1
I C O
5 5
0
75
0
0
3
1
7 5
0
5
1
1
}
Aa
acsa
no oaau
altiea for times of
atay
le
aa than those
given to table.
AboTe
flfi
urfla ar« for
troops dism
ounted) for
troop8 in armored
vehi
clea
enter table
with
one
half aotual
tlae
of stay,
e.g.
i
a
tank
enters Zone
A , thr
ee houra after
the burst and
remain
a for two
hours,
75 percent of
the
orew
arc
ca
sualties.
Figure
C
ontinued
175
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IN
X
Ad
ministr
ative
section
:
Umpire
group
h
eadqua
rters. _____
___
12/,
13, 4, 11
4
4,
ap
p.
II
Aeria
l fire ro.arker
_
______
_______
______
34d, 44/
31
,44
Aggr
essor:
C
adre__
______
______
______
_______
_
56
5
Co
ntrolle
d-_____
______
______
______
66
7
E
mploym
ent. ____
___--_-
--_____
___
60
5
,6
Free__
-_____
______
__-____
-_____
___ 6
c
8
Gen
eral.___
______
______
______
_____
G o
6
Order of b
attle__
_____--
-_____
______
5a
5
Pur
pose__
______
_______
______
___.__
5 <
z
5
Repre
sentatio
n-____
_---_-_
_____
___ 5,6
,8
5,6,10
The maneuver
enemy____ ___________
2,
5a
3,5
A ir
act
ion:
Inf
ormatio
n tra
nsmitte
d_____
___ 52
6(1), (2)
50,
53
M
arking str
ikes...
... ____
__ 34
e,
5
26 1)
31,52
A
ir u
mpire._
_____
_____.
_--...__
______
12d
, 5
2 1
3,50
A
irborn
e um
pires
. . ..
17
,38,47
20
,34,48
Aircra
ft
loss
es,
gro
und
fire__
--_-
-
_-_-__-
77
95
Am
bulances:
Cap
ture__
______
___._-
-.--_-._
-___ 666 2
)
77
Dama
ge _
____._
__-_.-
------_
-__-_.
746
87
I
dentifi
cation
.....____
______
_______
30
25
A
mmun
ition:
Blank
______
._-___
-_.____
___
366 4
),
6
66(3)
33,7
7
Safety
preca
utions, ___
_---- 366
4), ap
p. IV
33,14
4
A
nnoun
cement
, ump
ire.__
.--__-_
-_-_ 3
1c, 386,
27,
35,36
Antiaircraft
unit
umpires_-__--__-_------
38,46
34,47
Arm
ored cav
alry
unit u
mpires ______
_____
18 2
0
Arm
ored
unit u
mpires:
As
signme
nts,
__-_
--___-
__---_-
.-_-_
16
20
Dutie
s .
.
38-40
34
355734
O —55
———12
177
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Army
um
pire
.----
-----
------
-----
--_-
-
12c
1
3
Artill
ery c
ontro
l
fo
rms
_
55
55
A
rtille
ry fire
mark
ers.
fir
e m
arke
r
t
eam.)
Arti
llery
fire p
owe
r. _--
.--__
____
-_-_
44e 70
6
44,82
Artil
lery
unit um
pires
:
As
sign
men
ts
15a
18
Dec
ision
s-.
___--
-_-__
__-_
-----
-_-_
32
28
Du
ties
—--
-----
-----
-----
--
38 4
2 43
46 34
41 4
7
A
ssign
ment
s
o
f
umpi
res._-
-___-
-_-_-
____
13
22
17 2
2
Airborne
units...__ _. ___ __.
17,47
20 48
Anti
aircra
ft
units
__.__
____
___-_
-_-_
46
47
A
rmo
red cava
lry uni
ts.__
__---
_-__
_
1
8
20
A
rmor
ed unit
S--__
___
___-
_-„--
--_-_
16
20
Artill
ery un
its _
_
_
_
___
15a
18
F
ire
ma
rker team
s _
__
_
.
20
21
Infan
try un
its__
__-__
___-_
___-
--.--_
1
5
18
M
iscella
neou
s
uni
ts---
-----
-----
---
21
2
1
Serv
ice
unit
s
__
-____
-_--
_----_
--__
_
48
48
Spe
cial
op
eratio
ns-_
___-_
„_---
-_-__
_ 5
0
49
Staff
u
mpir
es__
____.
_.--_
--__-
-.___
49
49
Um
pire li
aison
te
ams
___-_
__--
-.--__
19
21
A
tomi
c ef
fects
ov
erlay
._-.
_.....
----.
App
.
VI
I
167
At
omic
play
-....-
--- 7c
31c
34
0
45
d 5
6a,
9 2
7 31
46
58
85
Booby
traps:
Cred
it for
use_
___.
___--
-__--
_-__
_ 6
3
7
1
Safe
ty
pr
ecau
tion
s
8 ap
p. IV
10 14
4
C
aptur
e:
In
stall
ation
s.. .
_
_ _
___
66a
77
M
ater
ial--
-----
.----
-----
-----
..--
66
5
77
Per
sonne
l-__
----__
_-_-
------
-_-__
_
65
7
5
Casualty
assessments:
A
rtill
ery..
. __
___
_.___
_ ._
._
71
85
Ch
emic
al__
____
--_---
--_-.
45c
4), 7
0e 21 4
6 82
E
ffect
o
f fire
pow
er. _
__._
.._
_
6
7e
78
Gen
eral_
____
_-___
-_-__
_--_
_----_
__
67
78
H
andli
ng...
—-
___ —
-_- —
__.
6
7d
68
78
79
Infan
try -_
__--
____
-__--
--___
_-_-
-
70
80
78
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Ca
sualty
assess
ments—
Conti
nued
Nu
mbers
ssesse
d ______
_____
67,
686, 70-
73 78,79,
80
Personn
el-____
______
______
______
__
68
7
9
Pu
rpose_
_--___
_-------
-____
-__-_--
67,68
78,79
Reconnaissance
72 86
R
esult
of
a
ir
act
.on-_--
-----_-
--____
73,
86
,
52a
2), 6
(1), (2)
5
0, 5
3
Tag
S---_-
--____
____-_
_-----_
-___ 68
a,69
79,8
0
Chain of
co
mmand
, umpires
._____
______
_
12
Ch
emical
casua
lty
c
ompu
ter .
..
A pp.
V
I
157
Ch
emical
s, us
e...... _
______
______
______
6
4,
74,
70e, 74
e, 7
8e 82, 88,
9
6
C hief
air
umpire.-.-_..-.----------__-__
12d
13
C h
ief
arm
y
um
pire.._
.___-
--_..---
__.__
12c
1
3
Chi
ef n
avy um
pire __
_
...__
.
12f
13
Chie
f of
staff
,
u
mpire
group
head
quarter
s,_ 126
13
Comm
unicatio
ns:
Fre
e and
contro
lled ex
ercises
.__.._.
_ 8
1
103
Fire
mark
ing___
.._____
-.-___-
__._.__
85
105
Radio
nets.-__-„-
. .
_ _
_ _
83 104
Relay
cente
r,
u
mpire
.
._.
86
106
Typ
es
use
d---_.-
--„--._
_-_-_
-_-_-. 80
103
Wire n
ets.--.
-__.__
_.----_
_-_._
-„_ 8
8
10
8
C
ommun
ication
c
enter, umpir
e.-.---
-_
_
82
103
C
ommu
nication
s s
ection,
umpi
re
group
hea
dquart
ers--.. ._...
__.___
_ 12j;
10,
app. II
16, 11, 11
4
Con
trol co
mmand
-
___.
.__.
_ _
_. -
-..-.__
-_ 10—12
Control,
infantry action
_ _
31,
3
4o(l),
37,
38
27 ,
30, 3
2,
34
Contro
l plan.__
__.___
_____._
_._.__
..__.._
66(
3)
7
Cont
rol f
orms,
a
rtillery
.__
___._.
_____.
_ 55
55
Dai
ly
re
port,
ump
ire ..._.. .
______
12^,
54
13,55
Dam
age
ass
essmen
ts-
__
______
-__.. 6
7, 74, 75
, 77
7
8,
87, 89
,
95
Damage tags,
vehicle.----.--
76 90
D
amages
f
rom air acti
on,--_
--
-..____
__ 75
89
Dam
ages
to bridg
es, a
ir attac
k_-___
-_-_--
79a
99
Decis
ions, umpi
re. _
_____-
_--___-
______
32,336
28,29
..
. __
____ 66a
(l), 6(
2), 78a,
/,
7
9
7
7,
95,
98,
99
179
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Del
ays
fr
om
air attack__
.-_____-_
--___-_ 79d
101
Delays from
atomic bursts.
____
_________ 7
9e
101
Delays
from chemical
agents.
____-____.._
79/
101
D
epots, cap
ture._____
_________
________
66a 2) 77
Docume
nts__..__
-__-____-
_-_--------
--_ 86
10
D
uties, umpire_
_________
_________
____ 38
34
Em
ergency
measur
es,
um
pire
contro
l.
__- 34
a, 36
30
,32
E
ngineer:
A
ssignment
of
umpir
es________
______ 1
5a
18
Delays. ..
79a,
99,101
Exercise:
Aggressor
force—c
ontrolled-
.
________
66, 81
7, 1
03
Aggresso
r
force
—free.___
_________
__
6c,
8
1 3,
103
Contr
ol-____-
-----------
-_-----_-_
66,
76 7, 9
Dir
ector- _________
_________
_______ 9
11
Em
ployment
of
Aggr
essor_-____
_____
6a
6
Objectives
________-
_-_--__ __
______
4
4
Exercise
director________________
6c 3),
4),
9
8 9 11
Fire d
irection cente
r______
436 4), 6), 45,
55, 85
42,
43, 45
, 55,
105
Fire due
ls,____._-
-______-_
-_--__-_-_
„_ 62
69
Fire marke
r
teams:
Aerial
___...____
_____-_-_
__ 20,
34d, 44a,
21,
31,
43,
44
Communic
ation.
_
__-__-____
_-__
45 80 8
5 45,
103,
105
Co
ntrol___-
-__-___--
--_--------_
__
45a,
45
Groun
d..... . .
..
20,
446, 456,
c 4),
8) 21,
42, 45,
46
Mission
-__
______
-„______-
--_______
44a
43
Organization,
___-_-_-______..__..___
446,
43,44
Prov
isions for
__-______
_-_-_-_-_
66 1),
c
2)
7
8
Use of
pyr
otechnics
--- .------
----
44c,
43 44
Fire
p
ower:
Compute
r_______
-_--___-_.
------- Ap
p. V
148
Eff
ect of
maneu
ver._____
-_-_ 436 3), 566
, c 42 5
8 59
Sup
eriority
of fire.
________
_________
566
58
180
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F
i
r
e
p
o
w
e
r
—
C
o
n
t
in
u
e
d
U
n
i
t
s_
_
_
_
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
5
8
61
\V
e
a
p
o
n
s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
_
._
_
_
.
.-
_
_
_
_
57
6
0
F
ir
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
ti
o
n
c
e
n
te
r
_
_
._
_
_
_
_
_
4
3
6
3
)
4
2
F
la
g
s
,
u
m
p
ir
e
:
Disabled
v
e
h
ic
l
es
_
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
3
4
6
,7
6
3
1
,9
0
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
,
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
3
4
o
l
),
2
)
3
0
,
3
1
F
ir
in
g
a
n
t
it
a
n
k
w
ea
p
o
n
s
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
3
4
/,
6
2
c
3
1
,7
0
O
b
s
t
a
c
le
s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
34
c
,
3
1
,9
6
V
e
h
ic
l
e
s,
i
d
en
t
i
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
8
c
2
5
G
a
s
o
li
n
e
,
c
ap
tu
r
e
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
6
6
6
3
)
7
7
Hand
grenades,
simulated______
_________
44rf
43
H
o
s
p
it
a
ls
:
_
-
-
-_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
6
6
a
l
)
77
_
_
-
_
_
-_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
3
0
a
2
5
I
d
e
n
t
if
i
c
at
i
o
n
, p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
a
n
d
v
e
h
ic
l
e
s:
A
g
g
r
e
s
so
r
f
o
rc
e
s
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
2
7
6
,
2
8
,
2
9
6
2
4
,
2
5
E
x
e
r
c
is
e
d
ir
e
c
t
o
r
h
e
a
d
q
u
a
rt
e
r
s
.
2
7
/,
2
8
d
,
2
9
a
2
4
,
2
5
Medical
installations
_______________
30a
25
N
e
u
t
r
a
l.
_
_
_
2
4
,2
5
U
m
p
i
re
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
7
d
,
2
9o
,
2
4
,
2
5
U
n
it
e
d
S
ta
t
e
s
f
o
rc
e
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__
_
2
7a
,
2
8
a,
2
9
6
2
4
,
2
5
I
n
fa
n
tr
y
u
n
it
u
m
p
ir
e
s
:
A
n
n
o
u
n
c
e
m
en
ts
.
-.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
31
c
,
3
8
6
2
7
,3
5
A
ss
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
_
-
_
_
-
-_
_
.
_
_
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-_
_
1
5
1
8
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
..
.
3
1
,
3
6
2
7
,32
Decisio
n
s
.
__---
-
-
-_
_
-
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
_
-
.
--
3
2
2
8
D
u
t
ie
s
.
. _
_
_
_
-_
-
_
-
-
_
_
._
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-_
.
_
3
7
,
3
8
3
2
,
3
4
L
i
a
is
o
n
.
_
_
_
_
.
_
._
--
_
_
--
_
_
-
_
_
_
._
-
.
._
3
3
3
0
I
n
s
ta
l
la
t
i
o
n
s
,
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
_
_
-
_
_
-
-
_
_
-.
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
6
6
a
77
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
:
A
r
t
il
le
r
y
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
-
_
--
_
_
_
_
-_
-
_
4
3
6
2
)
4
2
A
s
p
e
ct
s
_
_
_
. _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
8
1
0
Assignment
of
umpires_-_--_-______
21o,
6
21
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
_
-
_
--
_
_
_
-
-_
_
--
-
-
-
--
_
_
-
_
_
-_
8
6
c
1
0
S
t
a
ff
u
m
p
ir
e
s
-_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
9
4
9
U
m
p
i
r
e
g
ro
u
p
h
e
a
d
q
u
a
r
te
r
s
s
e
ct
i
o
n
.
1
2 <
7
1
3
,
9
1
1
4
7
a
p
p
.
I
I
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K
it
ch
e
n tr
uc
k
s:
C
a
p
t
ur
e
d
-.
--
-.
--
-
-.
-.
--
--
--
-
.-
.-
6
66
2
)
7
7
D
a
m
ag
ed
..
.-
__
_
-_
--
__
_
-_
_
__
-_
_
__
_
7
4f
t
87
Liaison
team, umpire:
A
s
si
gn
m
e
n
t..
.-
-_
--
-_
-
--
_-
--
--
-_
--
_
19
2
1
C
om
m
u
n
ic
at
io
n
-.-
...
-_
_
8
1,
83
?,
84
,
86
, 8
86
1
03
,1
0
4,
1
06
,
1
08
M
i
ss
io
n.
_-
_-
--
__
_
_-
-_
-_
_
__
_
__
2
)
1
6,
17
O
rg
a
ni
za
ti
on
. .
_
_
_-
_.
_
. _
__
__
_
__
__
__
_
_
2
A :
16
M
a
il
tr
uc
k
s:
C
a
p
tu
re
d
.-
-
--
.-
--
--
--
-
--
--
.-
--
-
..
66
6
2)
77
D
am
a
g
ed
..
.
.-
-
--
--
-
--
--
----------.
746
87
M
in
es
:
C
r
ed
it f
or
u
se
_
_-
__
_
__
--
_
__
_
-_
__
_
_
63
71
S
af
et
y
pr
e
ca
u
tio
n
s.
._
-._
_
._
4
,
8
, 9,
ap
p.
I
V
4
,
1
0,
1
1,
44
M
is
sio
n
, u
m
p
ir
e
s.
..-
--
_
-.
__
-
..
._
_
--
...
_
3
3
N
i
gh
t
op
er
at
io
ns
:
G
e
n
e
ra
l
...
--
-
.-
.-
-.
--
--
-
--
.-
--
..
-.
51
49
S
ig
na
ls
._
_
__
_
„.
__
_
_-
._
_.
_,
__
_
__
._
.
.
3
4a
30
T
a
nk
a
ct
io
n
.
--
--
-
-.
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
.-
4 0
r,
40
,4
1
N
o
nc
o
m
m
iss
io
ne
d
of
fic
er
s, u
m
pi
re
s
__
__
__
_
22
2
2
O
b
se
rv
e
rs,
a
rti
lle
ry
_
__
__
-
__
_-
-_
_
__
__
._
_
_
4
5c
l)
4
5
O
b
st
ac
le
s:
C
er
ti
fic
at
e
o
f o
bs
ta
c
le
._
__
_
-_
_
._
_.
_
78
rf
9
6
M
ar
ki
ng
s
im
u
la
te
d
o
bs
ta
cles.....
34 r,
78
6-d
31,96
P
u
rp
o
s
e
_-
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
7
8o
9 5
S
im
u
la
te
d
o
bs
ta
c
le
.-
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
78
6
,
c
,
9
6
O
p
er
at
io
ns
a
nd
tr
ain
i
ng
s
ec
tio
n
,
um
p
ir
e
gr
ou
p
he
ad
q
ua
rt
er
s.
._
__
_
__
__
_
12
A,
8,
a
p
p.
I
I
13
, 1
0,
1
4
O
r
de
r o
f
b
at
tle
,
a
g
gr
es
s
or
_.
__
-
__
._
._
_
-_
.
5
a
5
O
r
ga
ni
za
ti
on
fo
r
co
nt
ro
l_
._
__
__
_
__
__
_
__
__
10
11
P
a
tro
ls
, u
m
pires.....-.-------.---------
216 4 )
21
Pr
is
on
er
s
of
w
ar
:
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
nt
s
.--
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-.
-
65
i
7
6
C
a
pt
u
re
-
--
--
--
-
--
..
.-
--
--
--
_
--
-.
..
6
5 a
75
E
x
ch
a
ng
e
...
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
_
__
__
2
16
5
),
65
c
21
,7
6
G
u
a
rd
i
n
g-
-
--
--
--
.-
--
.-
-
--
-.
--
..
--
6
56
7
6
182
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Pri
soner
s
of war—
Con
tinue
d
Veh
icle
opera
tors.
____
_____
_____
___
666(1
)
77
W
eapo
ns
and equ
ipmen
t-___
____
____
65e
7
6
Pyro
techn
ics._
_ 34o,
366(4
), 73
a; 1 , ap
p.
IV 3
0,
31
,
32, 8
63, 44
Radio:
Armo
red
unit u
mpire
s.___
_____
____
_
396
39
Net
s, um
pire
s.____
____
____
_____
___
83
1
04
R
adio
pro
cedur
e._-_
__--_
____
____
_-
87
10
7
T
ypes
used_
_____
_-___
____
_____
80, 83
, 89a
10
3,
104,
110
R
ation
truc
ks:
Captured_-_______-_______________
666 (2)
77
Da
mage
d. _ _
____
_-_--
-____
____
_.__
746
87
Rea
lism:
Aggre
ssor.
____
__--_
-_.__
_____
___.
_
5a, 7
5 , 9
Impo
rtan
ce
..
.
.
.......
. 5a
,
7
5,9
Um
pire c
ontro
l.-_-_
____
__„__
____
__
76
9
Reco
nnais
sance
um
pire:
Ass
ignm
ent.
.. 1
4,15
18
Duties . . . .. . .
.. 3
8,39
,41 3
4,39,
41
R
efer
ence
s-.__
_.__
..--_-
-._.-
-..-_
.__ Ap
p. I
12
R
epla
ceme
nt s
ystem
.____
_____
_____
_____
_
680
79
Rep
orts:
Da
ily,
um
pire.
„____
____
____
____
-_ 5
4
55
Proc
essing
____
-. _
-_--._
____
____
_-_-
12A
13
T
roop
locat
ion.,
--.-.-
- _ _ _ _
___
____
_
53
55
Safety
precautions.
_
_
_ _
App.
IV
44
Scho
ol, u
mpir
e._-_
__--
.--_-
-----_
-_._
- 1
2ft;
13,
2
5, 26,
5 0 < i ,
app.
II, app
.
Ill
2
2, 23,
4
9, 10
,
1
14, 1
41
Sele
ction
of
ump
ires..
_---_
---_.
.-...._
_--
13
1 7
Self
-prope
lled gun
s.
t
anks.
)
Service:
Supp
ort, u
mpi
res.
..
17
t
m
pire
s__
.. ._.
.. .
._.___
1
5 1
8,20,
1
6 , 21a,
38,
48 2
1, 34,
48
8
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S
ignals, umpire:
Air
landings or
drops._
__-_____.__--
35
31
Emerge
ncy..-_---_-_--_-__-
____-__
34 a
30
Other____________
_______________
31
Smoke:
Effect___-________
________-______- 64b
74
Use.
. . 3 4 a ,
35, 44/, 6 4
a,
6,
31,
44,
74 ,
75
Soni
c
equipment:
C
apture-____________
_____________ 6 6 6 (
1)
77
Fire marker teams---_--__
____--___
446
, c 43
Special
operations._____-_-__._-..-______
50
49
Staff umpires:
Ass
ignment--______
_
___-.__„_______
15-18
18
Duties .
. 38,48 3
4,48
Ge
neral .._. _
. 436,49
42
,49
Supply
and
tr
ansportation sec
tion, umpire
group
head
quarters___-_______
_-_..---_ 12i
16
S
upply
installations,
capture
and dam
age. . .
6 6 a(2)
77
T
anks and
se
lf-propelled guns:
Capture_
-________--__----..-
--____ 6 6
6 (1) 77
Effects of
ground
w
eapons against
.___ 6la
6 8
Effect on
fire
pow
er----_-._---_---
60, 70d 68,82
Fire duels
. .
. 39c,
62 3
9,69
Fire
power._________
______________
56
58
Loss
assessment______-
736,
74a,
75,
76
86,
87,
88, 89,
90
Moveme
nts__________-____
___--__- 39,40 39,40
Night attacks__
_-__-____-___-____
__ 40c 40
Training:
Aggress
or
f
orce.
___---_-_
---_-_-_
6a, 6(3) 6,7
Um
pires 24-26,
app.
Ill
22,141
Transportation____________----.-
89,
9a,
app.
II
110,
11,
114
Troop location reports-_
-_-_-_---_-_-_--
53 55
Umpire
group hea
dquarters-__---____
__-
12
13
Umpire
plannin
g guide.
App.
II
114
Ump
ire training prog
ram.._-____-_-__
Ap
p.
Ill
14 1
184
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Umpires:
Administration.
___________
12/,
13, ap
p.
II
13
,17,114
Airborne
division_
____--______-_____
17 20
Armored
division_______--_--_
______
1
6 20
Armored
cavalry
regiment__-
_-__-._-_ 1
8 20
Assignments. a
ssignments of
um
pires.)
CBR
teams______-_-_.._
_---_-_____ 21e 22
Chain of command
.________________
1 1
12
Chief..--.-
..--.--..
—--
----------
12a 13
Duties.
appropriate branch.)
Infantry
division-_-_--____-
_-______ 1 5
15
Liaison
team..,__-_--__-_-__._-___
life
12
Miscellan
eous
u
nitS-_______---___-
-_ 21
21
Mission.
_.
_._..__ __
_______________
3 3
Reporting
to units.______
__________ 23 22
Selection..._________
______________ 13 17
Vehicles:
Captured
.-._-----__ — — —
.
— — 666 7
7
Damaged
---.-..---._-------
----
74-76
87
Identificat
ion...._.-.-..........
...
28
25
Wea
ther..________.___-
__-_-_-_____--.
32d 30
Wire net, umpire_______
______________ 88
10 8
[AG353 (15 Jun55)]
185
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Y
O
RD
E
B
O
F
TH
E
SE
C
RE
T
AR
Y
O
F
T
H
E
A
R
M
Y
:
M
A
X
W
E
LL
I
.
T
A
T
LO
R
,
O
F
F
IC
IA
L
:
JO
H
N
A
.
K
L
E
IN
,
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