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MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER. Madison Weather at Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT WED JUN 18 2003 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: MOSUNNY Temperature: 79 F ( 26 C ) Dew Point: 63 F ( 17 C ) Relative Humidity: 57% Wind: W7 MPH Barometer: 29.89F (1012.2 mb). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERMADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER
Madison Weather at Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT WED JUN 18 2003Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: MOSUNNY Temperature: 79 F (26 C) Dew Point: 63 F (17 C) Relative Humidity: 57% Wind: W7 MPH Barometer: 29.89F (1012.2 mb)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 77
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88
CloudsClouds
Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99
Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1111
Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1212
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1313
Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1616
ATM OCN 100 – ATM OCN 100 – Summer 2004Summer 2004LECTURE 2ALECTURE 2A
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREof EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
A. PRACTICAL QUESTIONSA. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
– What makes Planet Earth special?What makes Planet Earth special?
– How has the atmosphere evolvedHow has the atmosphere evolved??
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1717
Earth-Rise Earth-Rise (Apollo Mission)(Apollo Mission)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1818
SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE
From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1919
B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREB. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE BackgroundBackground
– Early Greek ThoughtEarly Greek Thought The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.
– ““Modern” Chemistry Modern” Chemistry (since 18(since 18thth century) century) ElementElement CompoundCompound MixtureMixture
Chemical CompositionChemical Composition– Air is a mixtureAir is a mixture– With the following gases:With the following gases:
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2020
Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18thth Century ChemistsCentury Chemists
Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22) ) D.D. Rutherford 1772Rutherford 1772
Oxygen (OOxygen (O22)) J.J. Priestley & A. Lavoisier 1774Priestley & A. Lavoisier 1774
Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) J. Black 1756J. Black 1756
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2121
FRACTIONAL VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR in
HOMOSPHERE
Ar0.93%
CO2
0.03%O2
21%
N2 78%
See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2222
B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.)(con’t.)
Vertical Variations of Atmospheric Vertical Variations of Atmospheric CompositionComposition– Criterion Criterion
ChemicalChemical
– DivisionsDivisions HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE
– Where ...Where ...
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2323
VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS (con’t.)(con’t.)
HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE– ““Homo” Homo” = same = same ((percentage composition)percentage composition);;– Turbulent mixing;Turbulent mixing;– Below 80 km altitude.Below 80 km altitude.
HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE– ““Hetero” Hetero” = different (= different (compositioncomposition););– Fractional diffusion Fractional diffusion (by molecular weight)(by molecular weight);;– Above 80 km altitude.Above 80 km altitude.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2424
CONSTITUENTS OF AIR CONSTITUENTS OF AIR in the in the HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE
(Below 80 km)(Below 80 km)
Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air”Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air” Principal Variable gasesPrincipal Variable gases Anthropogenic GasesAnthropogenic Gases AerosolsAerosols
– Liquids Liquids oror solids suspended in Atmosphere solids suspended in Atmosphere CloudsClouds
– Liquid droplets Liquid droplets oror ice crystals in Atmosphere ice crystals in Atmosphere
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2525
PRINCIPAL FIXED GASESPRINCIPAL FIXED GASES in the “Dry” Homospherein the “Dry” Homosphere
Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22))– Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)
Oxygen (OOxygen (O22))– Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)
Argon (Ar)Argon (Ar)– Unknown ImportanceUnknown Importance
Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))– Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)
(also Asphyxiation) (also Asphyxiation)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2626
FRACTIONAL VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR in
HOMOSPHERE
Ar0.93%
CO2
0.03%O2
21%
N2 78%
See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)See Table 2.1 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2727
PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Homospherein the Homosphere
Water Vapor (HWater Vapor (H22O) O) << 4% by volume4% by volume
Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) 360 ppm = 0.036%360 ppm = 0.036%
Methane (CHMethane (CH44) ) < 1700 ppb = 0.00017%< 1700 ppb = 0.00017%
Ozone (OOzone (O33) ) < 8 ppm = 0.0008%< 8 ppm = 0.0008%
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2828
Recent Atmospheric CORecent Atmospheric CO22 Concentrations Concentrations
See Fig. 3.24, Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.24, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2929
Mauna Loa Observatory, HIMauna Loa Observatory, HI
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3131
OzoneOzone
A paradoxA paradox
– Good and BadGood and Bad Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction
where…where…
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3232
Ozone FormationOzone FormationFigure 3.18 Moran (2002)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3333
Ozone Destruction (Natural)Ozone Destruction (Natural)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)Figure 3.18 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3434
OzoneOzone
A paradoxA paradox Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction Location in AtmosphereLocation in Atmosphere
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3535
VERTICAL OZONE PROFILE US STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 1976
020406080
100120140
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MIXING RATIO [PPMV]
AL
TIT
UD
E [
km
]
8 ppmv = 0.0008%
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3636
ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCESANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCES
Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)(CFCs)
Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds– (Hydrocarbons)(Hydrocarbons)
Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO(NO, NO22))
Oxides of carbon Oxides of carbon (CO, CO(CO, CO22))
Sulfur compounds Sulfur compounds ((HH22S, SOS, SO22,, SOSO33))
Suspended particulatesSuspended particulates
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3737
AEROSOLSAEROSOLS
What they areWhat they are
– Suspended solid particles or liquid Suspended solid particles or liquid droplets in atmosphere.droplets in atmosphere.
SourcesSources
– NaturalNatural
– Human activityHuman activityWhere….Where….
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3838
Aerosols from WildfiresAerosols from Wildfires
11 May 200011 May 2000 ((NOAA-15)NOAA-15)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3939
Aerosols from Colorado WildfiresAerosols from Colorado Wildfires
10 June 200210 June 2002 ((SSEC - MODIS)SSEC - MODIS)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4040
Aerosols from VolcanoesAerosols from VolcanoesMt. St. Helens, WA May 1980Mt. St. Helens, WA May 1980
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4141
Volcanic Plume from Mt. EtnaVolcanic Plume from Mt. Etna
23 July 200123 July 2001 ((NOAA-14)NOAA-14)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4242
Aerosols-Dust from MongoliaAerosols-Dust from Mongolia
10 Apr 200110 Apr 2001
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4343
Aerosols from Blowing DustAerosols from Blowing Dust
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4444
Aerosols from Sea Spray Aerosols from Sea Spray (Calif. Coast)(Calif. Coast)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4545
Aerosols from Natural VegetationAerosols from Natural Vegetation
in Great Smoky Mtn. Nat'l Park, NC-TNin Great Smoky Mtn. Nat'l Park, NC-TN
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4646
Aerosols from Urban PollutionAerosols from Urban PollutionMadison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)Madison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4747
Relative sizes of dustRelative sizes of dust
– Coarse sand 2 mm
– Beach sand 0.5 mm
– Granulated sugar 0.4 mm
– Table salt 0.1 mm
– Typical Mideast particles Fine sand 0.06 mm
Silt, dust 0.05 mm or less
– Talcum powder 0.01 mm
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4848
PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Heterospherein the Heterosphere
(above 80 km)(above 80 km)
Diatomic nitrogen (NDiatomic nitrogen (N22) ) 85 to 200 km85 to 200 km
Monatomic oxygen (O) Monatomic oxygen (O) 200 to 1100 km200 to 1100 km Helium (He)Helium (He) 1100 to 3500 km1100 to 3500 km Atomic hydrogen (H) Atomic hydrogen (H) 3500 to 11,000 km3500 to 11,000 km
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5050
C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONC. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONof Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere
How did our current atmosphere How did our current atmosphere evolve?evolve?
General History of the AtmosphereGeneral History of the Atmosphere
– 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System formedformed
– And then…And then…
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5151
Early AtmosphereEarly Atmospherebefore 3 billion years BPbefore 3 billion years BP
Outgassing ofOutgassing ofHH22OO
COCO22
CHCH44
NHNH33
Formation of OceansFormation of Oceans
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5252
Fossil algae 2 billion yrs old vs. living algaeFossil algae 2 billion yrs old vs. living algae
PhotosynthesisWater + Carbon Dioxide + Sunlight ---> Sugar + Oxygen
6H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5353
C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION of Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5858
ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION (con’t)(con’t)
RationaleRationale– Planet Earth is special because of Planet Earth is special because of
large amounts of Olarge amounts of O22;;– Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.
Human InterventionHuman Intervention– Humans could possibly affect Humans could possibly affect
concentrations of some gases, concentrations of some gases, with following…with following…
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5959
Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”
BackgroundBackground
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6060
Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”
Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44
Why more COWhy more CO22??
– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6161
Global COGlobal CO22 Emissions Emissions
Marland, et.al. 2001Marland, et.al. 2001 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6262
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6363
COCO2 2 measurements at Mauna Loa, HImeasurements at Mauna Loa, HI
See Fig. 3.24 Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.24 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6464
COCO2 2 measurements at South Polemeasurements at South Pole
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6565
Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect” (con’t.)(con’t.)
Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44
Why more COWhy more CO22??– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature
Potential Implications Potential Implications – Ice cap melting & coastal floodingIce cap melting & coastal flooding– Changes in agricultural areasChanges in agricultural areas– Increases in diseases and pestsIncreases in diseases and pests
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6666
See Fig. 3.25 Moran (2002)See Fig. 3.25 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6767
““Ozone Hole”Ozone Hole”
BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone
– From CFCsFrom CFCs
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6868
Destruction of ozone by CFCs. Destruction of ozone by CFCs. See pg 49-51, Moran (2002)See pg 49-51, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6969
CFC & other SolventCFC & other Solvent Concentrations in Concentrations in Atmosphere Atmosphere
(Source: NOAA/CMDL)(Source: NOAA/CMDL)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7070
Evolution of the “Ozone Hole”Evolution of the “Ozone Hole” NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7171
Recent “Ozone Hole” Status Recent “Ozone Hole” Status NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7272
““Ozone Hole” Changes 1980-2002Ozone Hole” Changes 1980-2002
(TOMS Project – NASA GSFC, 2003)(TOMS Project – NASA GSFC, 2003)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7474
““Ozone Hole” Ozone Hole” (con’t.)(con’t.)
BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone
– From CFCsFrom CFCs Potential ImplicationsPotential Implications
– Increased skin cancerIncreased skin cancer– Increased cataractsIncreased cataracts– Unknown changes to food chainUnknown changes to food chain
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7575
D. ATMOSPHERES D. ATMOSPHERES of of OTHER PLANETSOTHER PLANETS
General Composition Considerations:General Composition Considerations:
– Planetary Size Planetary Size (influences planetary gravity) (influences planetary gravity)
– Closeness to Sun Closeness to Sun (influences temperature) (influences temperature)
Atmospheric Composition of PlanetsAtmospheric Composition of Planets
– Inner PlanetsInner Planets– Outer PlanetsOuter Planets
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7878
E. VARIATION OF CHARGED E. VARIATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH HEIGHTPARTICLES WITH HEIGHT
CompositionComposition– Ions: Charged ParticlesIons: Charged Particles
LocationLocation– IonosphereIonosphere– MagnetosphereMagnetosphere
ImplicationsImplications– Radio CommunicationsRadio Communications– Aurora Borealis (Australis)Aurora Borealis (Australis)
The Reason - Active SunThe Reason - Active Sun
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7979
IonosphereIonosphereSee pg. 35, Moran (2002)See pg. 35, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8080
MagnetosphereMagnetosphereSee Fig. 2.13 Moran (2002)See Fig. 2.13 Moran (2002)
Northern Lights Planetarium Northern Lights Planetarium
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8282
MAGNETOSPHEREMAGNETOSPHERE
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8383
AURORA BOREALISAURORA BOREALIS (from Univ. of Alaska)(from Univ. of Alaska)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8686
Aurora from Space ShuttleAurora from Space Shuttle
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9090
Atmosphere in Perspective Atmosphere in Perspective (UCAR)(UCAR)
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