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1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
LTE & Beyond
Chaim Pesach
March 2011
2 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
WHY LTE?
Superior mobile broadband user experience
GSM HSPA LTE
Throughput latency
GSM HSPA LTE
10ms
100 Mbit 150
<1 Mbit
50
>42 Mbit
Industry commitment behind the ecosystem
113 LTE network operator commitments in 46 countries
55+ LTE networks expected to be in commercial operation by end 2012
> 380 million LTE subscribers by 2015Forecast for LTE lead markets by Research and Markets
Technology convergence
GSM
WCDMA
CDMA
WiMAX
TD-
SCDMA
FDD LTE
TD-LTE
LTE
Advanced>90% harmonized
in 3GPP
Extensive range of radio spectrum support
22 different FDD frequency band options
9 different TDD frequency band options
Single operator may deploy both FDD+TDD LTE
for maximum utilization of spectrum assets
+ new ones still being specified both for new
band deployment and re-farming cases
3 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
LTE: 3GPP Targets
LTE Study Item was initiated back in 3GPP in 2004 to develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology towards a high-data-rate, low-latency and packet-optimized radio-access technology:
• Support of packet switched domain only (including VoIP).
• Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz (lowest possible BW: 1.4 MHz).
• Significantly increased peak data rate: 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink)
• 2 or 4 times capacity over Release 6 reference scenarios with HSDPA or HSUPA.
• Radio Network user plane latency below 10 ms (RTT) with 5 MHz or higher spectrum allocation.
• Reduced CAPEX and OPEX
• Reduced complexity (of terminals)
• Need for inter-working with WCDMA and GSM based networks.
4 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
LTE: Current Status
• 3GPP has finalized the LTE specifications for Release 8 and 9
– Backwards compatibility maintained: March 2009 for radio / June 2009 for RAN interfaces
• LTE key features:
– OFDMA in downlink and DFT-S-OFDMA (aka SC-FDMA) in uplink.
– Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz.
– Both TDD and FDD modes are supported.
– Optimized for macro cells, works even with very high mobility.
– Channel-aware scheduling in both time and frequency domain
– Uplink power control for reduction of inter-cell interference.
– Fast CQI based link adaptation, Turbo coding utilized together with Hybrid ARQ retransmissions.
– Up to 4x4 single-user MIMO support in downlink (no SU-MIMO support in uplink):▪ Open-loop spatial multiplexing, closed-loop precoded spatial multiplexing, rank-1 beamforming and transmit diversity supported.
– Multi-user MIMO supported both in uplink and downlink.
• With these features, LTE Release 8 supports peak data rates exceeding 300 Mbit/s in DL and 75Mbit/s in UL, and a cell average spectral efficiency gain of x 2-3 over HSPA Release 6
5 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Public LTE end user device examples
Huawei E398,
2100/2600 LTE
LTE/HSPA/EDGE
E.g. Tele2, Telenor
Samsung B3730
2600 LTE
LTE/HSPA/EDGE
E.g. TeliaSonera,
Samsung Craft
1700/2100 LTE
LTE/CDMA
MetroPCS
SamsungTD-LTEprototype
Sequans TD-LTE trial device
LG Adrenaline AD600
1700/2100/700 LTE
LTE/HSPA/EDGE
AT&T
Many more devices coming in diverse band combinations along communication service providers requirements.
Samsung N350
LTE/HSPA+
Pantech UML290USB modem
700 LTE
LTE/EVDO
Verizon
L-02C USB-modem 2100 LTE
LTE/HSPA
F-06C PC Express Cards
NTT DoCoMo
LG VL600 USB modem
700 LTE
LTE/EVDO
Verizon
AVM FRITZ!BoxWLAN router
800 (1800/2600) LTE
O2 Germany
Huawei B390Router
800 LTE
DT, O2 Germany
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Confidential
LTE spectrum & ecosystem
FDD LTE
• Early FDD LTE ecosystem mainly building on
2600 (Europe, China, APAC)
2100 (Japan)
1800 (GSM refarming)
1700/2100 AWS (North America)
1600 (US – wholesale)
800 digital dividend (Europe, APAC)
Upper 700 MHz (Verizon)
Lower 700 MHz, B/C (AT&T)
TD-LTE
• Early TD-LTE ecosystem
2300 (India, APAC, China)
2600 (Europe, China ?, USA ?)
7 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
How many bands can current LTE device chipsets support ?
ST-Ericsson M710 [LTE/HSPA/EDGE,4 LTE, 3 HSPA, 4 GSM]
Qualcomm MDM9200 [LTE/DC-HSPA+/GSM]
Qualcomm MDM9600 [LTE/DC-HSPA+/CDMA/GSM]
Icera Espresso 410 [LTE/HSPA+/GSM]
• 1 - 4 LTE bands with
• up to 4 HSPA bands
• up to 4 GSM bands
• up to 3 CDMA2000 bands
•Possible band combinations
vary between chipset vendors
Multimode chipset platforms
Samsung’s LTE-only chip setLG’s LTE-only chip set
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Confidential
Frequency band vs. early LTE market demand
LTE Band 1 (2100 , FDD)
LTE Band 7 (2600, FDD)
EU Digital Dividend Initially in Germany
LTE Band 20 ( 800, FDD)
LTE Band 13 (U700 MHz, FDD)
LTE Band 4 + Band 2(AWS and 1900, FDD)
• Currently, all commercial mobile LTE devices are multimode (GSM/WCDMA and/or CDMA)• Initial LTE deployments in 8 FDD bands and 2 TDD bands
• Device availability driven by market demand per use case , early operators are driving devices which include the LTE bands needed for the operator’s specific spectrum assets
LTE Band 17 + Band 4 (AT&T L700 + AWS, FDD)
China, India, Russia
LTE Band 38 (2500 – 2600, TDD)LTE Band 40 (2300 – 2400, TDD)
LTE Band 3 (1800, FDD)
Telefonica]
9 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Evolution paths to LTE3GPP operator examples
2010
Aggressive HSPA+
T-Mobile, USASoftbank, Japan
LTE2GWCDMA/HSPA
HSPA+
Potentially skip HSPA+,Early LTE
TeliaSonera, DoCoMo LTE
HSPA+?
First HSPA+, then LTE
AT&T, USAElisa, Finland
LTE2GWCDMA/HSPA
HSPA+
DC-HSPA
2GWCDMA/HSPA
10 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Evolution paths to LTE3GPP2 operator examples
2010
Continue CDMA,Aggressive HSPA+
Bell & Telus, Canada
CDMA EV-DO
HSPA /HSPA+
LTE
Continue EVDO,Aggressive LTE plan
Verizon, USALG U+, South-Korea
Continue EVDO,Aggressive WiMAX
Sprint/Clearwire, USA
CDMA EV-DOEV-DOeHRPD
LTE
CDMA EV-DO
WiMAX
LTE
11 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Evolution paths to LTETD-LTE specific operator examples
2010
TD-LTE greenfield
Reliance Industries (India)
TD-LTE
Evolve TD-SCDMA path
China Mobile
TD-LTE
First HSPA, then TD-LTEIndia – most of BWA Spectrum holders (single-carrier WCDMA/HSPA, plus TD-LTE) TD-LTE
2GWCDMA/HSPA
2GTD/SCDMA
12 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
S/PGW, GGSN
Internet/
IntranetsMultiradio
SGSN,
MME
HSS/
HLR
Charging+
billing PCRF
E2E Management
Voice,
Messaging
Common transport
RNC, BSC
Smooth LTE-introduction 10 step “check list”
10. SMS, Voice• SMS-support
• Voice options
4. EPC• Need for 4D scalability
• Location of MME, SGW, PGW
• 2G/3G/4G Packet Core evolution
• Scalable Internet connectivity
• IP address scalability
5. E2E interworking(device, radio, core)
• LTE-WCDMA/HSPA
• LTE-GSM
• LTE-CDMA2000
• LTE-WiMAX
1. Devicecapabilities
• network support should be aligned with device LTE capabilities
2. Radio Access• New band deployment
vs. refarming
• antenna plant arrangements(including 2*2 MIMO)
• Synchronization reference
7. Subscriber management
• LTE subscriber profiles
• USIM cards, EIR, roaming
8. Charging• LTE charging
and billing
9. PCRF• LTE policy control
6. OSS-domain• SON capabilities
• E2E-mgmt (e.g. QoS, customer experience)
3. Mobile transport• Transport data scalability, SLAs
• Ethernet for every LTE BTS cell site
• Network topology changes (X2-links between BTS-sites)
• LTE traffic security (esp. BTS-sites)
3G/2G access
13 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Smart networks with LTE innovations
Always on
Battery life
Service quality
Capacity &Throughput
Smart scheduler software
More active users per cell• LTE: up to 800• LTE-A: up to 1.600
Longest battery life time • Less time ”active” when not needed
Unique service perception• Service aware scheduling• Service aware latency reduction
14 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
LTE voice options
LTE used for data service only
Voice via 3G/2G based
on standardized CSFB
LTE used for data service only
Voice via 3G/2G based on
device based “velcro” dual radio
LTE used for both data as well
as SIP/IMS-based VoLTE(as defined in the One Voice / GSMA VoLTE specs)
LTE in phone formfactor devices
15 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Bandwidth Extension
MIMO
Cooperative Systems
Relaying
8x 4x
100 MHz
Backward
compatible
to LTE
Mobility
Evolution to LTE-Advanced
16 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
LTE-Advanced: Background
• ITU-R has issued a Circular Letter early 2008 to invite candidate Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced.
• In the circular letter, key features of IMT-Advanced are listed. From physical layer perspective, one important requirement is stated as: “enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research)”
• To enhance LTE features further to fulfill all IMT-Advanced requirements and hence become an IMT-Advanced technology, 3GPP started a new Study Item on LTE-Advanced in March 2008.
• Currently, 3GPP RAN is finalizing LTE Release 10 which is the first LTE-Advanced release. LTE-Advanced has been evaluated by 3GPP and external bodies like WINNER+ and it meets all IMT-Advanced requirements.
• LTE-Advanced has got an approval from ITU-R in October 2010
17 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Bandwidth Extension
MIMO
Cooperative Systems
Relaying
8x 4x
Smooth
Migration
to LTE-A
Backward
compatible
to LTE
Mobility
Up to 100 MHz
Flexible component carrier aggregation
Different frequency bands
Asymmetric in UL/DL
20 MHz
Component Carrier
(LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
Aggregated BW: 30MHz
10 MHz
20 MHz
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
20 MHz20 MHz20 MHz20 MHz
1st LTE field trialBerlin, 11/2007
Bandwidth Extension
100 MHz
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Confidential
MIMO Extension
Bandwidth Extension
Cooperative Systems
Relaying
100 MHz
Backward
compatible
to LTE
Mobility
Smooth
Migration
to LTE-A
1st LTE field trialBerlin, 11/2007
MIMO8x
4x
MU / Virtual MIMO
6x
2x
2x
2x
Increased spatial Multiplexing
DL: 8x8
UL: 4x4
Virtual MIMO
Multi User MIMO
MIMO8x 4x
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Confidential
Cooperative Systems
Bandwidth Extension
MIMO
Relaying
8x 4x
100 MHz
Backward
compatible
to LTE
Mobility
Smooth
Migration
to LTE-A
1st LTE field trialBerlin, 11/2007
Cooperation of antennas of multiple sectors / sites
Interference free by coordinated transmission / reception
Highest performance potential
Service Area
Cooperative Systems
20 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Relaying
Bandwidth Extension
MIMO
Cooperative Systems
8x 4x
100 MHz
Backward
compatible
to LTE
Mobility
Smooth
Migration
to LTE-A
1st LTE field trialBerlin, 11/2007
Fast deployment
Coverage infrastructure costs
Relaying
21 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Peak Data Rate Evolution
WCDMA
HSPA
LTE
LTE-Advanced
BEYOND
2 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
10 Gbps
• Radio evolution must bring at least 10x improvement– EDGE 0.2 Mbps WCDMA @ 2 Mbps
– HSPA 10 Mbps LTE @ 100 Mbps
– LTE-A 1 Gbps Beyond 4G @ 10 Gbps
• Initial 5G must fulfil >10 Gbps
• Beyond 5G >100 Gbps
100 Gbps
1-4 Mbps
10-40 Mbps
~100 Mbps
~1 Gbps
EDGE
0.2 Mbps
0.3 Mbps
0.1 Mbps
22 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Peak Rate can be Pushed with More Bandwidth and More Antennas
• Peak rate can be pushed by– Higher order modulation
– More MIMO branches
– More bandwidth
• Preconditions
– Stationary environments
– Good signal level
– High frequency band
64QAM
8x8 MIMO
270 MHz spectrum
x
x
-20% overhead
x
10 Gbps
=
256QAM
8x8 MIMO
200 MHz spectrum
x
x
-20% overhead
x
10 Gbps
=
64QAM-256QAM feasible in small cells with good signal conditions
8x8 antenna is less complex at high frequency, but not practical at low bands
200-270 MHz bandwidth may be available above 2500 MHz
24 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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Summary of Main BEYOND Technology SolutionsBest of both worlds: Wide Area & Local Area
Connectivity Everywhere
Marriage of RF and optical transport
Cooperative active antennas & beams give
>10 bps/Hz/cell
Local break outfor direct Internet access
>10x small cells including wireless backhaul
Ultralow latency 0.1 ms for local access
>200 MHz wideband RF technology
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Technology Cycles and Terminal Volumes
2040203020202010200019901980
1G - analog
2G - GSM
3G - WCDMA
4G - LTE
5G
= Technology launch
= Terminal sales peak volumes
• 18-20 years from technology launch to terminal sales peak volume. Note: the sales peak value is a few years earlier than the peak volume.
• 3G peak volume expected 2020
• 4G LTE peak volume 2028-2030
• 5G peak volume 2036-2040
Future extrapolation
Internet of things and machine-to-machine may change this picture?
26 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Confidential
Need for Technology Evolution?
“Lada – No need for evolution if you make it right at the first time!”
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