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Lite
ratu
re R
evie
ws
Gre
at L
akes
Nor
ther
n Fo
rest
Coo
pera
tive
Ecos
yste
m S
tudi
es U
nit
Fund
ed b
y N
atur
al R
esou
rces
Con
serv
atio
n Se
rvic
e an
d pa
rtner
s
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
ws
Gre
at L
akes
Nor
ther
n Fo
rest
Coo
pera
tive
Ecos
yste
m S
tudi
es U
nit
Fund
ed b
y N
atur
al R
esou
rces
Con
serv
atio
n Se
rvic
e an
d pa
rtner
s
Gar
y S
ands
Two
liter
atur
e R
evie
ws
Two
liter
atur
e R
evie
ws
1.W
Q Im
pact
s of
Wat
er
Tabl
e M
anag
emen
t
2.Im
pact
s of
Dra
inag
e on
Aqu
atic
E
cosy
stem
s
Pre
pond
eran
ce o
f Wet
Soi
lsP
repo
nder
ance
of W
et S
oils
Effi
cien
t Dra
in W
orks
Effi
cien
t Dra
in W
orks
Foot
prin
t of S
ubsu
rface
Dra
inag
e (’9
2)51
mill
ion
ac o
f cor
n-so
ybea
n be
ltFo
otpr
int o
f Sub
surfa
ce D
rain
age
(’92)
51 m
illio
n ac
of c
orn-
soyb
ean
belt
Ben
efic
iarie
s of
Wat
er M
anag
emen
t
Wet
land
s lo
sses
W
etla
nds
loss
es
Rat
e of
wet
land
s lo
ss h
as g
reat
ly s
low
ed
How
ever
, rem
aini
ng fr
eshw
ater
wet
land
s lo
sses
ove
rwhe
lmin
gly
conc
entra
ted
on
smal
ler,
ephe
mer
al w
etla
nds
Dah
l 200
0
Nitr
ate
Mov
es w
ith W
ater
Nitr
ate
Mov
es w
ith W
ater
Gul
f Hyp
oxia
(con
t)G
ulf H
ypox
ia (c
ont)
2002
est
imat
ed
nitr
ate/
nitr
ite lo
adin
g :
960,
000
met
ric to
ns(1
2th
high
est i
n 22
yrs
)
Gul
f Hyp
oxia
(con
t)G
ulf H
ypox
ia (c
ont)
……A
New
Way
of T
hink
ing
A N
ew W
ay o
f Thi
nkin
g
Prod
uctio
n &
the
Prod
uctio
n &
the
Envi
ronm
ent
Envi
ronm
ent
“Con
serv
atio
n D
rain
age”
“Con
serv
atio
n D
rain
age”
1.D
rain
just
eno
ugh
wat
er to
ens
ure
traffi
cabi
lity
and
crop
gro
wth
….
and
not a
dro
p m
ore!
2.A
dopt
bes
t pra
ctic
es w
here
ap
prop
riate
to im
prov
e w
ater
an
d N
use
effi
cien
cy—
whi
le
mai
ntai
ning
pro
duct
ivity
.
Dra
inag
e D
esig
n &
Man
agem
ent
Dra
inag
e D
esig
n &
Man
agem
ent
2½-3
ft
Shall
ow D
rain
age
Cont
rolle
d Dr
ainag
e & S
ubirr
igat
ion
Man
aged
Dra
inag
e (“
Con
trolle
d”D
rain
age)
Man
aged
Dra
inag
e (“
Con
trolle
d”D
rain
age)
Wat
er C
ontro
l Stru
ctur
esW
ater
Con
trol S
truct
ures
Wat
er T
able
“Con
trol Z
ones
”W
ater
Tab
le “C
ontro
l Zon
es”
Wat
er C
ontro
lS
truct
ure
Targ
et:
20 a
cres
/str
uctu
re
Des
igni
ng b
y “Z
ones
”D
esig
ning
by
“Zon
es”
CO
NTR
OL
ZON
E 1
CO
NTR
OL
ZON
E 2
Imag
e co
urte
sy o
f Agr
iDra
in C
orp.
Mar
Feb
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Jan
Dec
Apr
Drain
Wat
erta
ble
Sea
sona
l Wat
er T
able
Man
agem
ent
Sea
sona
l Wat
er T
able
Man
agem
ent
AD
MS
Tas
k Fo
rce
“Sto
p se
ndin
g ou
r pre
ciou
s re
sour
ces
dow
n th
e dr
ain!
”A
DM
S T
ask
Forc
e“S
top
send
ing
our p
reci
ous
reso
urce
s do
wn
the
drai
n!”
Uni
vers
ity, A
RS
, NR
CS
Sta
te A
genc
ies
Indu
stry
(AD
M C
oalit
ion)
Mis
sion
Pro
mot
e th
e ad
optio
n of
“im
prov
ed”d
rain
age
prac
tices
th
roug
h re
sear
ch,
dem
onst
ratio
n, a
nd in
cent
ive
stra
tegi
es
Wat
er T
able
Man
agem
ent
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wW
ater
Tab
le M
anag
emen
tLi
tera
ture
Rev
iew
G. S
ands
(MN
)M
. Hel
mer
s(IA
) R
. Coo
ke (I
L)
Ref
eren
ceLo
catio
n of
Stu
dy
Amat
ya, D
.M.,
et a
l. (J
. of E
nviro
n. Q
ual.
vol.
27),
1998
Car
tere
t Cou
nty,
NC
Borin
, M. e
t al.
(J. o
f Env
iron.
Qua
l. vo
l. 30
), 20
01Pa
dova
Uni
v. N
E Ita
lyBr
eve,
M.A
., et
al.
(Ag.
Wat
er M
anag
. Vol
. 35)
, 199
8Pl
ymou
th, N
orth
Car
olin
aBr
eve,
M.A
., et
al.
(Tra
ns. o
f ASA
E vo
l. 40
(4))
, 199
7Pl
ymou
th, N
orth
Car
olin
aD
eal,
S.C
. et a
l. (A
gric
ultu
re, E
cosy
stem
s an
d E
nviro
nmen
t vol
. 18)
, 198
6N
orth
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olin
aD
rury
, C.F
. et a
l. (J
. of E
nviro
n. Q
ual.
vol.
25),
1996
Ont
ario
, Can
ada
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.F. e
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(The
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entif
icW
orld
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2)),
2001
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ada
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l Sci
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. Am
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ario
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ada
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es, M
.D. e
t al.
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f Irr
ig. &
Dra
in. E
ng. V
ol.1
29(2
)), 2
003
Gol
dsbo
ro, N
orth
Car
olin
aEl
-Sad
ek, A
. et a
l. (J
ourn
al o
f Eni
vron
men
tal E
ng. V
ol. 1
28(4
)), 2
002
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Elm
i, A.
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ems
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v. V
ol. 7
9), 2
000
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eau
Du
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i, A.
A. e
t al.
(Wat
er, A
ir, a
nd S
oil P
ollu
tion
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151)
, 200
4C
otea
u D
u La
c, Q
uebe
cEv
ans,
R.O
. et a
l. (J
. of I
rrig
. & D
rain
. Eng
. Vol
.121
(4))
, 199
5N
orth
Car
olin
aFa
usey
, N.R
. et a
l. (J
. of I
rrig
atio
n &
Dra
inag
e vo
l. 12
1(4)
), 19
95Th
is p
aper
doe
s no
t hav
e an
y da
ta t
Fish
er, M
.J.,
et a
l. (S
oil S
ci. S
oc. A
m. J
. vol
. 63)
, 199
9Pi
ke C
ount
y, C
olum
bus,
Ohi
oFo
uss,
J.L
., et
al.
(Tra
ns. o
f AS
AE v
ol. 3
0(6)
), 19
87N
ew O
rlean
s, L
ouis
iana
Gilli
am, J
.W. e
t al.
(J. o
f Irr
ig. &
Dra
in. E
ng. v
ol. 8
(1))
, 197
9N
orth
Car
olin
aG
illiam
, J.W
. et a
l. (J
. of I
rrig
. & D
rain
. Eng
. vol
. 112
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, 198
6Be
lhav
en, N
orth
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olin
aG
rigg,
B.C
. et a
l. (T
rans
. of t
he A
SAE
vol
. 47(
2)),
2004
Loui
sian
aH
unt,
P.G
. et a
l. (J
ourn
al o
f Soi
l and
Wat
er C
ons.
Vol
. 48(
6)),
1993
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Kalit
a, P
.K.,
et a
l. (T
rans
. of A
SAE
vol
. 36(
2)),
1993
Ames
and
Ank
eny,
Iow
aKh
an, G
.D. e
t al.
(Irrig
atio
n &
Dra
inag
e vo
l. 52
), 20
03Pa
kist
an (S
wat
Riv
er)
Klie
wer
, B.A
., et
al.
(Soi
l Sci
. Soc
. Am
. J. v
ol. 5
9), 1
995
Ral
eigh
, NC
Lalo
nde,
V. e
t al.
(Ag.
Wat
er M
anag
. Vol
. 29)
, 199
6Ba
insv
ille, O
ntar
io, C
anad
aLi
agha
t, A
. et a
l. (C
anad
ian
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er R
esou
rces
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rnal
vol
. 22(
3)),
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ada
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ia, M
.N. e
t al.
(J. o
f Irr
ig. &
Dra
in. E
ng. V
ol.1
24(2
)), 1
998
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sville
, Ont
ario
, Can
ada
Ng,
H.Y
.F. e
t al.
(Ag.
Wat
er M
anag
. Vol
. 43)
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0O
ntar
io, C
anad
aN
g, H
.Y.F
. et a
l. (A
g., E
cosy
stem
s &
Env
. Vol
. 90)
, 200
2O
ntar
io, C
anad
aPa
ason
en-K
ivek
äs, M
.P. e
t al.
(Wat
er S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y vo
l. 33
(4-5
)), 1
996
Finl
and
Shirm
oham
mad
i, A.
et a
l. (J
. of I
rrig
. & D
rain
. Eng
. Vol
.121
(4))
, 199
5Th
is is
a D
rain
age
His
tory
Arti
cle
wit
Skag
gs, R
.W. e
t al.
(Eur
opea
n Jo
urna
l of A
gron
omy
vol.
4(4)
), 19
95N
orth
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olin
aSk
aggs
, R.W
. et a
l (Irr
igat
ion
& D
rain
age
Syst
ems
Vol
. 9),
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Nor
th C
arol
ina
Skag
gs, R
.W. e
t al (
Tran
s. O
f the
ASA
E vo
l. 24
), 19
81N
orth
Car
olin
aSt
one,
K.C
. et a
l. (J
. of S
oil a
nd W
ater
Con
serv
atio
n vo
l. 47
), 19
92Th
is is
a p
aper
exp
lain
ing
how
dra
ina
Tan,
C.S
. et a
l. (2
004
ASA
E In
tern
atio
nal M
eetin
g, O
ttaw
a, C
anad
a) P
aper
#04
2241
Sout
hwes
tern
Ont
ario
Tan,
C.S
. et a
l. (W
ater
Sci
ence
Tec
hnol
ogy
vol.
38(4
-5))
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8O
ntar
io, C
anad
aTh
omas
, D.L
. et a
l. (J
. of I
rrig
. & D
rain
. Eng
. vol
. 117
(1))
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1Pi
erce
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nty,
GA
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as, D
.L. e
t al.
(J. o
f Soi
l and
Wat
er C
onsv
erat
ion
vol.
47),
1992
This
is a
pap
er e
xpla
inin
g th
e im
por t
Wah
ba, M
.A.S
. et a
l. (Ir
rigat
ion
& D
rain
age
vol.
50),
2001
Alex
andr
ia C
ity, E
gypt
Wes
stro
m, I
. et a
l. (A
g. W
ater
Man
ag. V
ol. 4
7), 2
001
Sout
hwes
t Sw
eden
Wes
stro
m, I
. et a
l. (H
ydro
logi
cal P
roce
sses
Vol
. 17)
, 200
3M
anst
rop,
Sw
eden
Wrig
ht, J
.A. e
t al.
(Tra
ns. o
f AS
AE
Vol
. 35(
3)),
1992
Bat
on R
ouge
, LA
Zhou
, X. e
t al.
(Eur
opea
n Jo
urna
l of A
gron
omy
vol.
12),
2000
Que
bec,
Can
ada
50+
stud
ies
7 co
untri
esM
idw
est,
east
, s-c
entra
lU
.S.
Con
trolle
ddr
aina
ge &
su
birr
igat
ion
Mod
elin
g &
field
stu
dies
Wat
er T
able
Man
agem
ent P
roto
col
Leng
th o
f St
udy
(yea
rs)
Cro
ppin
g Pr
actic
esSo
ilD
rain
Dep
th
(m)
Dra
in
Spac
ing
(m)
free,
fixe
d, v
ar. 0
.4(m
ar-ju
n)/0
.8(ju
n-no
v.)
2.5
Fore
stD
elos
s fin
e sa
ndy
loam
1,0.
6,0.
4-0.
810
0Fr
ee, F
ixed
, var
.(fal
l to
100c
m a
dd to
rais
e to
60c
m)
3co
rn, s
ugar
beet
, ree
d gr
ass
Fulv
i-Cal
caric
Cam
biso
l Soi
lflo
od, 0
.6, 1
N/A
Con
trolle
d D
rain
age
Fixe
d20
Cor
nP
orts
mou
th s
andy
loam
110
-100
2 C
onv.
, 2 C
ontro
l Fix
ed, 2
Con
t. S
ubirr
.1
whe
at-s
oybe
anP
orts
mou
th s
andy
loam
1.25
23D
ec. -
Mar
. 0.3
, Mar
. - J
un. 1
.0, J
un. -
Sep
t. 0.
45. S
ept.
- Dec
. 1.0
20co
rn?
6 D
iffer
ent s
oils
110
to 2
00.
3m e
xcep
t 1m
o. B
efor
e pl
ant a
t har
vest
3co
rn-r
yegr
ass
inte
rcro
pB
rook
ston
Cla
y Lo
am0.
67.
50.
3m in
gro
win
g se
ason
, 0.6
dur
ing
plan
t and
har
vest
8co
nt. c
orn/
corn
-soy
bean
Bro
okst
on C
lay
Loam
0.6
7.5
fixed
1 gr
owin
gco
rnFo
x Sa
ndy
Loam
0.3,
0.6,
0.8
N/A
30-4
6cm
yea
r-rou
nd (i
t see
ms)
, Fre
e2
Rip
aria
n bu
ffer,
??W
ickm
an lo
amy
sand
0.3-
0.46
, ?N
/AN
ot S
peci
fied,
It ju
st s
tate
s C
D a
nd n
othi
ng e
lse
14N
ot S
peci
fied
Not
Spe
cifie
d1
25 -
300
Subi
rriga
tion
at 0
.6m
2C
orn
Sou
lang
es fi
ne s
andy
loam
1, 0
.6N
/ASu
birri
gatio
n at
0.6
m2
Cor
nS
oula
nges
fine
san
dy lo
am1
15Ye
ar ro
und
fixed
(it s
eem
s)N
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/Ath
at w
ould
hel
p us
. Th
is is
a p
aper
sta
ting
that
ther
e is
opp
ortu
nity
to d
o m
ore
rese
arch
with
con
trolle
d dr
aina
ge a
nd s
ubirr
igat
ion
in g
ener
alSu
birri
gatio
n in
gro
win
g se
ason
, Con
trolle
d in
Win
ter
3co
rn-s
oybe
anO
mul
ga s
ilt lo
am0.
755
conv
., fix
ed w
eir,
two
stag
e w
eir (
not v
ery
spec
.)5,
20
none
Com
mer
ce s
ilt lo
am0.
616
, 20
30cm
Mar
ch to
Jan
uary
3N
/AC
ape
fear
& P
orts
mou
thN
/AN
/A30
cm D
ec.-M
ar.,
100c
m M
ar.-J
un.,
45cm
Jun
.-Dec
.20
Cor
nP
orts
mou
th, W
asda
0.3,
0.4
5, 1
151.
1m y
ear r
ound
??
Cor
nC
omm
erce
silt
loam
1.25
150.
61, 0
.76,
0.9
1, 1
.07,
1.2
22
Pea
nuts
Por
tsm
outh
san
dy lo
amN
/AN
/Aco
ntro
lled
50 d
ays
afte
r pla
nt to
har
vest
3co
nt. c
orn
Nic
olle
t loa
m, s
ilt lo
am0.
3, 0
.9N
/Aco
ntro
lled
durin
g M
ay &
Jun
e (p
eak
crop
wat
er re
quire
men
t)2
Whe
atU
nkno
wn
spor
adic
350-
450
cont
rol f
ixed
2W
heat
Cap
e Fe
ar L
oam
(15,
30,4
5)cm
N/A
0.25
m &
0.5
m C
ontro
lled
fixed
exc
ept i
n Fa
ll2
corn
-soy
bean
Bai
nesv
ille
silt
loam
118
.340
cm b
elow
the
soil
surfa
ce1
Gra
ssS
t. A
mab
le s
and
1N
/A50
cm, 7
5cm
, Fre
e (S
ubirr
. To
mai
ntai
n W
T)2
Cor
n-S
oybe
anN
/A0.
5, 0
.75,
118
.3C
ontro
lled/
Sub
irr.
1C
orn
Bro
okst
on C
lay
Loam
0.6
7.5
Con
trolle
d/S
ubirr
. 1
Cor
nS
andy
Loa
m0.
66.
1N
ot S
peci
fied
2W
heat
, Bar
ley
fine
to lo
amy
sand
1.1
14th
Res
earc
h R
ecom
men
datio
nsW
inte
r 0.4
m, S
umm
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115
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Volu
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Volu
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N/A
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27.2
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76.6
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N/A
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3423
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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N/A
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23.5
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10.3
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1.7,
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N/A
52.9
N/A
42.2
046
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
22.2
9.1,
7.7
59%
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N/A
N/A
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0.62
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N/A
N/A
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18.5
33.5
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N/A
N/A
N/A
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/A
42.5
3029
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N/A
N/A
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24.9
18.8
24.5
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/A
5030
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N/A
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17.2
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3.67
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79%
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N/A
N/A
N/A
28.7
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App
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Form
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N/A
600
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N/A
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16.3
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plan
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7.5
275
May
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
30, 1
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plan
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
224
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N/A
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Flow
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2.49
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N/A
N/A
37.7
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16.4
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N/A
N/A
8.35
7.45
, 3.8
511
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4.2
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17.9
12.5
230
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7.9
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54.6
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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N/A
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N/A
N/A
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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324
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Den
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8.76
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9%32
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92, 1
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018
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nitia
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3, 1
1.5
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56.
746
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N/A
N/A
N/A
58.
541
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3736
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9 (N
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N/A
N/A
N/A
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37 to
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58.
136
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55N
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21.
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53.
144
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), 10
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37.6
5(1)
, 30.
80(2
)8.
15(1
), 1.
8(2)
78%
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N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.8
393%
Cro
p Yi
eld
Con
vent
iona
l (kg
/ha)
Cro
p Yi
eld
Con
trol
led
(kg/
ha)
% C
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es
N/A
N/A
N/A
Und
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ores
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ditio
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ysim
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Stu
dy, W
ater
add
ed to
mai
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n W
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220
8360
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0((-
3.2%
)-15%
)D
rain
Spa
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uge
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ct o
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and
nitra
te lo
ss b
enef
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4950
, S28
50W
4900
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3050
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01-
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, (-7
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Fiel
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stin
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RA
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N/A
N/A
N/A
DR
AIN
MO
D, a
ll nu
mbe
rs a
re a
vera
ged
over
soi
l typ
e an
d dr
aina
ge p
ract
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N/A
N/A
N/A
Ave
rage
ove
r 3-y
r flo
ws
and
tilla
ge p
ract
ices
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sub
irrig
atio
n (o
nly
reco
rede
d ou
tflow
how
ever
), '9
1-'9
4 co
nt. c
orn/
'95-
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corn
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bean
low
est (
g/pl
ant)
0.6m
Hig
hest
, 0.3
m M
idN
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lum
n st
udy
that
doe
s no
t see
m re
pres
enta
tive
N/A
N/A
N/A
Rip
aria
n/C
ontro
lled
Dra
inag
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udy,
Rep
orte
d st
age
dept
h in
stre
amN
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/AD
RA
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, 4 d
iff. d
rain
dep
ths
but p
icke
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d va
ried
spac
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Goo
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rface
Sto
rage
N/A
N/A
N/A
This
jour
nal r
epor
ted
soil
nitra
te n
ot n
itrat
es in
the
drai
nage
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sub
irrig
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nN
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/AS
pora
dic
Dat
a
C45
29, S
1753
C54
44, S
3017
(-C17
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72)%
Nitr
ate
expr
esse
d as
mic
rogr
ams/
g of
soi
lN
/AN
/AN
/AD
RAI
NM
OD
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spo
radi
c D
ata
N/A
N/A
N/A
DR
AIN
MO
D S
tudy
-ass
umin
g no
dee
p pe
rcol
atio
n59
0057
00-3
.39%
Sur
face
Dra
inag
e is
incl
uded
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ach
treat
men
t/foc
used
on
norm
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r dro
ught
con
d.43
0047
5010
.50%
Focu
sed
on N
acc
umul
atio
n in
the
pean
ut a
nd p
eanu
t pla
nt94
0066
1430
%Ly
sim
eter
/Ope
n Fi
eld
stud
y, s
uctio
n tu
be s
ampl
ing
N/A
4.61
N/A
Not
ver
y in
fom
ativ
e da
taN
/AN
/AN
/AS
oil c
ore
stud
y =
Not
ver
y re
pres
enta
tive
it se
ems
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Lysi
met
ers
wer
e us
ed a
nd w
ater
was
app
lied
over
a 5
5 da
y pe
riod
with
a k
now
n ni
trate
con
ditio
nN
/AN
/AN
/AD
rain
age
is in
flate
d du
e to
Sub
irrig
atio
n to
mai
ntai
n w
ater
leve
lN
/AN
/AN
/A N
/A N
/A N
/AS
ubirr
igat
ion
infla
ted
the
Con
trolle
d D
rain
age
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sub
irrig
atio
n, V
ER
Y in
com
plet
e da
ta re
porti
ng
N/A
N/A
N/A
DR
AIN
MO
DN
/AN
/AN
/AD
RA
INM
OD
, 20m
spa
cing
- 10
0m s
paci
ng
N/A
N/A
N/A
DR
AIN
MO
D
5840
0, 6
700
6490
0, 1
1000
(-11.
1%, -
64%
)Fa
rm s
cale
/Plo
t sca
le, S
ubirr
igat
ion
3.06
?3.
1??-
1.31
%U
sed
CD
with
con
vent
iona
l and
no
tilla
geN
/AN
/AN
/Ave
ry in
com
plet
e da
ta re
porti
ng fo
r thi
s ar
ticle
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sta
ted
that
initi
al s
tora
ge fo
r Con
trolle
d D
rain
age
is le
ss th
an C
onve
ntio
nal D
rain
age
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sub
irrig
atio
n w
ith th
e us
e of
CR
EA
MS
8700
8625
-0.8
6%S
tudy
focu
sed
mor
e on
Bio
mas
s ac
cum
ulat
ion
and
N a
ccum
ulat
ion
in B
iom
ass
2nd
Lite
ratu
re R
evie
wU
nive
rsity
of M
inne
sota
W
ater
Res
ourc
es C
ente
r
Gre
at L
akes
Nor
ther
n Fo
rest
Coo
pera
tive
Eco
syst
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Stu
dies
Uni
tFu
nded
by
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
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onse
rvat
ion
Ser
vice
and
pa
rtner
sK
riste
n B
lann
Jim
And
erso
n, W
ater
Res
ourc
es C
ente
rG
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s, B
iosy
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l Eng
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, Fis
h, W
ildlif
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nd C
onse
rvat
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Bio
logy
The
Impa
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f Sub
surfa
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ile)
Dra
inag
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Aqu
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Eco
syst
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The
Impa
ct o
f Sub
surfa
ce (T
ile)
Dra
inag
e on
Aqu
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Eco
syst
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Par
t I
Bas
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eore
tical
and
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piric
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onse
nsus
?W
hat a
re c
urre
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reas
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nqui
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Iden
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ave
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tile
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RR
B?
Surf
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ualit
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edim
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P,
pest
icid
e/he
rbic
ides
in
runo
ffN
(fro
m p
erm
soi
ls, N
Hx)
Hab
itat a
ltera
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•Fl
ow ti
min
g &
dur
atio
nC
hann
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abita
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edim
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rbid
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utro
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PP
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itchi
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ight
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sA
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rain
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Subs
urfa
ce
•W
ater
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–In
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ss
–R
educ
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dim
ent,
P,
pest
icid
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rbic
ide
load
s (u
sual
ly)
•H
abita
t alte
ratio
n •
Flow
tim
ing
& d
urat
ion
–C
hann
el h
abita
t –
Sedi
men
tatio
n &
turb
idity
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rimar
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f Dr.
Jeff
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WR
OC
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