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ratu

re R

evie

ws

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at L

akes

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ther

n Fo

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pera

tive

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m S

tudi

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nit

Fund

ed b

y N

atur

al R

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rces

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serv

atio

n Se

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d pa

rtner

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akes

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rest

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pera

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m S

tudi

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nit

Fund

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y N

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serv

atio

n Se

rvic

e an

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rtner

s

Gar

y S

ands

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liter

atur

e R

evie

ws

Two

liter

atur

e R

evie

ws

1.W

Q Im

pact

s of

Wat

er

Tabl

e M

anag

emen

t

2.Im

pact

s of

Dra

inag

e on

Aqu

atic

E

cosy

stem

s

Pre

pond

eran

ce o

f Wet

Soi

lsP

repo

nder

ance

of W

et S

oils

Effi

cien

t Dra

in W

orks

Effi

cien

t Dra

in W

orks

Foot

prin

t of S

ubsu

rface

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inag

e (’9

2)51

mill

ion

ac o

f cor

n-so

ybea

n be

ltFo

otpr

int o

f Sub

surfa

ce D

rain

age

(’92)

51 m

illio

n ac

of c

orn-

soyb

ean

belt

Ben

efic

iarie

s of

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er M

anag

emen

t

Wet

land

s lo

sses

W

etla

nds

loss

es

Rat

e of

wet

land

s lo

ss h

as g

reat

ly s

low

ed

How

ever

, rem

aini

ng fr

eshw

ater

wet

land

s lo

sses

ove

rwhe

lmin

gly

conc

entra

ted

on

smal

ler,

ephe

mer

al w

etla

nds

Dah

l 200

0

Nitr

ate

Mov

es w

ith W

ater

Nitr

ate

Mov

es w

ith W

ater

Gul

f Hyp

oxia

(con

t)G

ulf H

ypox

ia (c

ont)

2002

est

imat

ed

nitr

ate/

nitr

ite lo

adin

g :

960,

000

met

ric to

ns(1

2th

high

est i

n 22

yrs

)

Gul

f Hyp

oxia

(con

t)G

ulf H

ypox

ia (c

ont)

……A

New

Way

of T

hink

ing

A N

ew W

ay o

f Thi

nkin

g

Prod

uctio

n &

the

Prod

uctio

n &

the

Envi

ronm

ent

Envi

ronm

ent

“Con

serv

atio

n D

rain

age”

“Con

serv

atio

n D

rain

age”

1.D

rain

just

eno

ugh

wat

er to

ens

ure

traffi

cabi

lity

and

crop

gro

wth

….

and

not a

dro

p m

ore!

2.A

dopt

bes

t pra

ctic

es w

here

ap

prop

riate

to im

prov

e w

ater

an

d N

use

effi

cien

cy—

whi

le

mai

ntai

ning

pro

duct

ivity

.

Dra

inag

e D

esig

n &

Man

agem

ent

Dra

inag

e D

esig

n &

Man

agem

ent

2½-3

ft

Shall

ow D

rain

age

Cont

rolle

d Dr

ainag

e & S

ubirr

igat

ion

Man

aged

Dra

inag

e (“

Con

trolle

d”D

rain

age)

Man

aged

Dra

inag

e (“

Con

trolle

d”D

rain

age)

Wat

er C

ontro

l Stru

ctur

esW

ater

Con

trol S

truct

ures

Wat

er T

able

“Con

trol Z

ones

”W

ater

Tab

le “C

ontro

l Zon

es”

Wat

er C

ontro

lS

truct

ure

Targ

et:

20 a

cres

/str

uctu

re

Des

igni

ng b

y “Z

ones

”D

esig

ning

by

“Zon

es”

CO

NTR

OL

ZON

E 1

CO

NTR

OL

ZON

E 2

Imag

e co

urte

sy o

f Agr

iDra

in C

orp.

Mar

Feb

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Jan

Dec

Apr

Drain

Wat

erta

ble

Sea

sona

l Wat

er T

able

Man

agem

ent

Sea

sona

l Wat

er T

able

Man

agem

ent

AD

MS

Tas

k Fo

rce

“Sto

p se

ndin

g ou

r pre

ciou

s re

sour

ces

dow

n th

e dr

ain!

”A

DM

S T

ask

Forc

e“S

top

send

ing

our p

reci

ous

reso

urce

s do

wn

the

drai

n!”

Uni

vers

ity, A

RS

, NR

CS

Sta

te A

genc

ies

Indu

stry

(AD

M C

oalit

ion)

Mis

sion

Pro

mot

e th

e ad

optio

n of

“im

prov

ed”d

rain

age

prac

tices

th

roug

h re

sear

ch,

dem

onst

ratio

n, a

nd in

cent

ive

stra

tegi

es

Wat

er T

able

Man

agem

ent

Lite

ratu

re R

evie

wW

ater

Tab

le M

anag

emen

tLi

tera

ture

Rev

iew

G. S

ands

(MN

)M

. Hel

mer

s(IA

) R

. Coo

ke (I

L)

Ref

eren

ceLo

catio

n of

Stu

dy

Amat

ya, D

.M.,

et a

l. (J

. of E

nviro

n. Q

ual.

vol.

27),

1998

Car

tere

t Cou

nty,

NC

Borin

, M. e

t al.

(J. o

f Env

iron.

Qua

l. vo

l. 30

), 20

01Pa

dova

Uni

v. N

E Ita

lyBr

eve,

M.A

., et

al.

(Ag.

Wat

er M

anag

. Vol

. 35)

, 199

8Pl

ymou

th, N

orth

Car

olin

aBr

eve,

M.A

., et

al.

(Tra

ns. o

f ASA

E vo

l. 40

(4))

, 199

7Pl

ymou

th, N

orth

Car

olin

aD

eal,

S.C

. et a

l. (A

gric

ultu

re, E

cosy

stem

s an

d E

nviro

nmen

t vol

. 18)

, 198

6N

orth

Car

olin

aD

rury

, C.F

. et a

l. (J

. of E

nviro

n. Q

ual.

vol.

25),

1996

Ont

ario

, Can

ada

Dru

ry, C

.F. e

t al.

(The

Sci

entif

icW

orld

vol

. 1(S

2)),

2001

Ont

ario

, Can

ada

Dru

ry, C

.F. e

t al.

(Soi

l Sci

Soc

. Am

. J. v

ol. 2

5), 1

997

Ont

ario

, Can

ada

Duk

es, M

.D. e

t al.

(J. o

f Irr

ig. &

Dra

in. E

ng. V

ol.1

29(2

)), 2

003

Gol

dsbo

ro, N

orth

Car

olin

aEl

-Sad

ek, A

. et a

l. (J

ourn

al o

f Eni

vron

men

tal E

ng. V

ol. 1

28(4

)), 2

002

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Elm

i, A.

A. e

t al.

(Ag.

, Eco

syst

ems

& En

v. V

ol. 7

9), 2

000

Cot

eau

Du

Lac,

Que

bec

Elm

i, A.

A. e

t al.

(Wat

er, A

ir, a

nd S

oil P

ollu

tion

vol.

151)

, 200

4C

otea

u D

u La

c, Q

uebe

cEv

ans,

R.O

. et a

l. (J

. of I

rrig

. & D

rain

. Eng

. Vol

.121

(4))

, 199

5N

orth

Car

olin

aFa

usey

, N.R

. et a

l. (J

. of I

rrig

atio

n &

Dra

inag

e vo

l. 12

1(4)

), 19

95Th

is p

aper

doe

s no

t hav

e an

y da

ta t

Fish

er, M

.J.,

et a

l. (S

oil S

ci. S

oc. A

m. J

. vol

. 63)

, 199

9Pi

ke C

ount

y, C

olum

bus,

Ohi

oFo

uss,

J.L

., et

al.

(Tra

ns. o

f AS

AE v

ol. 3

0(6)

), 19

87N

ew O

rlean

s, L

ouis

iana

Gilli

am, J

.W. e

t al.

(J. o

f Irr

ig. &

Dra

in. E

ng. v

ol. 8

(1))

, 197

9N

orth

Car

olin

aG

illiam

, J.W

. et a

l. (J

. of I

rrig

. & D

rain

. Eng

. vol

. 112

(3))

, 198

6Be

lhav

en, N

orth

Car

olin

aG

rigg,

B.C

. et a

l. (T

rans

. of t

he A

SAE

vol

. 47(

2)),

2004

Loui

sian

aH

unt,

P.G

. et a

l. (J

ourn

al o

f Soi

l and

Wat

er C

ons.

Vol

. 48(

6)),

1993

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Kalit

a, P

.K.,

et a

l. (T

rans

. of A

SAE

vol

. 36(

2)),

1993

Ames

and

Ank

eny,

Iow

aKh

an, G

.D. e

t al.

(Irrig

atio

n &

Dra

inag

e vo

l. 52

), 20

03Pa

kist

an (S

wat

Riv

er)

Klie

wer

, B.A

., et

al.

(Soi

l Sci

. Soc

. Am

. J. v

ol. 5

9), 1

995

Ral

eigh

, NC

Lalo

nde,

V. e

t al.

(Ag.

Wat

er M

anag

. Vol

. 29)

, 199

6Ba

insv

ille, O

ntar

io, C

anad

aLi

agha

t, A

. et a

l. (C

anad

ian

Wat

er R

esou

rces

Jou

rnal

vol

. 22(

3)),

1997

Que

bec,

Can

ada

Mej

ia, M

.N. e

t al.

(J. o

f Irr

ig. &

Dra

in. E

ng. V

ol.1

24(2

)), 1

998

Bain

sville

, Ont

ario

, Can

ada

Ng,

H.Y

.F. e

t al.

(Ag.

Wat

er M

anag

. Vol

. 43)

, 200

0O

ntar

io, C

anad

aN

g, H

.Y.F

. et a

l. (A

g., E

cosy

stem

s &

Env

. Vol

. 90)

, 200

2O

ntar

io, C

anad

aPa

ason

en-K

ivek

äs, M

.P. e

t al.

(Wat

er S

cien

ce a

nd T

echn

olog

y vo

l. 33

(4-5

)), 1

996

Finl

and

Shirm

oham

mad

i, A.

et a

l. (J

. of I

rrig

. & D

rain

. Eng

. Vol

.121

(4))

, 199

5Th

is is

a D

rain

age

His

tory

Arti

cle

wit

Skag

gs, R

.W. e

t al.

(Eur

opea

n Jo

urna

l of A

gron

omy

vol.

4(4)

), 19

95N

orth

Car

olin

aSk

aggs

, R.W

. et a

l (Irr

igat

ion

& D

rain

age

Syst

ems

Vol

. 9),

1995

Nor

th C

arol

ina

Skag

gs, R

.W. e

t al (

Tran

s. O

f the

ASA

E vo

l. 24

), 19

81N

orth

Car

olin

aSt

one,

K.C

. et a

l. (J

. of S

oil a

nd W

ater

Con

serv

atio

n vo

l. 47

), 19

92Th

is is

a p

aper

exp

lain

ing

how

dra

ina

Tan,

C.S

. et a

l. (2

004

ASA

E In

tern

atio

nal M

eetin

g, O

ttaw

a, C

anad

a) P

aper

#04

2241

Sout

hwes

tern

Ont

ario

Tan,

C.S

. et a

l. (W

ater

Sci

ence

Tec

hnol

ogy

vol.

38(4

-5))

, 199

8O

ntar

io, C

anad

aTh

omas

, D.L

. et a

l. (J

. of I

rrig

. & D

rain

. Eng

. vol

. 117

(1))

, 199

1Pi

erce

Cou

nty,

GA

Thom

as, D

.L. e

t al.

(J. o

f Soi

l and

Wat

er C

onsv

erat

ion

vol.

47),

1992

This

is a

pap

er e

xpla

inin

g th

e im

por t

Wah

ba, M

.A.S

. et a

l. (Ir

rigat

ion

& D

rain

age

vol.

50),

2001

Alex

andr

ia C

ity, E

gypt

Wes

stro

m, I

. et a

l. (A

g. W

ater

Man

ag. V

ol. 4

7), 2

001

Sout

hwes

t Sw

eden

Wes

stro

m, I

. et a

l. (H

ydro

logi

cal P

roce

sses

Vol

. 17)

, 200

3M

anst

rop,

Sw

eden

Wrig

ht, J

.A. e

t al.

(Tra

ns. o

f AS

AE

Vol

. 35(

3)),

1992

Bat

on R

ouge

, LA

Zhou

, X. e

t al.

(Eur

opea

n Jo

urna

l of A

gron

omy

vol.

12),

2000

Que

bec,

Can

ada

50+

stud

ies

7 co

untri

esM

idw

est,

east

, s-c

entra

lU

.S.

Con

trolle

ddr

aina

ge &

su

birr

igat

ion

Mod

elin

g &

field

stu

dies

Wat

er T

able

Man

agem

ent P

roto

col

Leng

th o

f St

udy

(yea

rs)

Cro

ppin

g Pr

actic

esSo

ilD

rain

Dep

th

(m)

Dra

in

Spac

ing

(m)

free,

fixe

d, v

ar. 0

.4(m

ar-ju

n)/0

.8(ju

n-no

v.)

2.5

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stD

elos

s fin

e sa

ndy

loam

1,0.

6,0.

4-0.

810

0Fr

ee, F

ixed

, var

.(fal

l to

100c

m a

dd to

rais

e to

60c

m)

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rn, s

ugar

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, ree

d gr

ass

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i-Cal

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biso

l Soi

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od, 0

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trolle

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rain

age

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nP

orts

mou

th s

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loam

110

-100

2 C

onv.

, 2 C

ontro

l Fix

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t. S

ubirr

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whe

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oybe

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orts

mou

th s

andy

loam

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ec. -

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. 0.3

, Mar

. - J

un. 1

.0, J

un. -

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t. 0.

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ould

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is is

a p

aper

sta

ting

that

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e is

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o m

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orts

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ixed

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mab

le s

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e (S

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ley

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to lo

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h R

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men

datio

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inte

r 0.4

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umm

er 0

.5m

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orn

Por

tsm

outh

san

dy lo

am1

10-1

0040

cm N

ov.-M

ar, 5

0cm

May

-Aug

.20

Cor

nP

orts

mou

th s

andy

loam

0.4,

0.5,

120

-100

50cm

(Apr

. 15

- Aug

. 15)

, 15c

m (O

ct. 1

5 - M

arch

15)

5C

orn

Typi

c U

mbr

aqua

lt1

22.5

age

and

cont

rolle

d dr

aina

ge is

use

d in

the

east

ern

coas

tal p

lane

of t

he U

S w

ith re

fere

nces

to c

erta

in re

sear

ch p

aper

sD

urin

g gr

owin

g se

ason

at 4

0cm

bel

ow s

oil s

urfa

ce(o

ff fo

r pla

nt a

nd h

arve

st)

3To

mat

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orn

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rian

San

dy L

oam

0.6

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ntro

lled

drai

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onl

y di

seng

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plan

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659.

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peci

fied

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lube

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Prim

arily

Pel

ham

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field

115

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nce

of c

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lled

drai

nage

in th

e S

E U

S w

ith re

fere

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to c

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in re

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loam

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6, 1

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fixe

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ar 1

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year

22

pota

to (b

arle

y in

terc

rop)

N/A

110

0.6-

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in y

ear 1

, 0.2

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m in

yea

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& 3

3N

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truct

ured

loam

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sea

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60c

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r gro

win

g se

ason

8C

orn

Com

mer

ce c

lay

loam

120

mai

ntai

ned

with

SI a

t 0.7

m a

nd 0

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terc

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Typi

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umaq

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1N

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Volu

me

of S

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rfac

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rain

age

from

Con

vent

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l C

ondi

tions

(cm

)

Volu

me

of S

ubsu

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e D

rain

age

from

Man

aged

C

ondi

tion

(cm

)

% C

hang

e in

the

Volu

me

of S

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rfac

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rain

age

Volu

me

of S

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ce

Run

off f

or

Con

vent

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l C

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(cm

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Volu

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of

Run

off f

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M

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Con

ditio

n (c

m)

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hang

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Su

rfac

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unof

f

6035

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42%

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N/A

N/A

N/A

27.2

74,8

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32, 3

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23.8

1824

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16.2

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76.6

5726

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65.1

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712.

46, 1

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/A39

to 3

238

to 2

82.

56%

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0 to

30

to 3

0% N

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/A N

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tals

not

repo

rted,

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per

cent

age

redu

ctio

n of

15%

-45%

was

repo

rted

N/A

N/A

N/A

3423

.132

%30

.20

22.4

26%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

(131

,160

)(15

8,24

9)(9

4,11

9)(1

19,1

55)

(28,

26)%

(24,

38)%

N/A

N/A

N/A

23.5

2.5

89.3

6%N

/AN

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/A14

.5, 1

2.5

10.3

, 9.6

29%

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1.7,

2.1

4.5,

3.9

(-164

, -85

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N/A

52.9

N/A

42.2

046

.3-9

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N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

22.2

9.1,

7.7

59%

-65%

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.62

5 m

^30.

6 m

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N/A

N/A

N/A

18.5

33.5

, 49

(-81,

-165

)%N

/AN

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/AN

/AN

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/A32

299.

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N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

61 to

38

55 to

30

9.8%

- 21

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to 6

5 to

15

(-)66

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34.4

50.3

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614

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42.5

3029

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N/A

N/A

N/A

24.9

18.8

24.5

0%N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

5030

40%

N/A

N/A

N/A

17.2

(1),

23.9

(2)

3.67

(1),

1.42

(2)

79%

-94%

N/A

N/A

N/A

28.7

679

%N

/AN

/AN

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/A-1

5.8

-149

%N

/A58

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1%N

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App

licat

ion

Rat

e of

N

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g/ha

)

Tim

ing

of

Nitr

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A

pplic

atio

n

Form

ulat

ion

of

Nitr

ogen

Fe

rtili

zer

Flow

-wei

ghte

d N

O3-

N

Con

cent

ratio

n fr

om

Con

vent

iona

l Dra

inag

e (m

g/L)

unkn

own

20,1

3, 5

yrs

bef

ore

stu

unkn

own

N/A

600

star

t, cr

op n

eeds

plan

tpo

ultry

, ure

a41

150

Pre-

plan

t & S

ided

ress

N/A

N/A

16.3

, 145

.6N

ov. '

91, F

eb. '

92N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A6

167

plan

tur

ea10

.58

132,

115

only

on

corn

, pre

-pla

n tS

tarte

r, U

rea

9.35

(8-y

r avg

)0,

45,9

0,13

5Pl

ant

unkn

own

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

7.5

275

May

6, M

ay 1

4N

/AN

/A12

0-20

0Pr

e-pl

ant &

Sid

edre

ssA

mm

oniu

m n

itrat

e N

/A12

0, 2

00 +

man

ure

Pre-

plan

t & s

idre

ssD

AP

, AN

, Man

ure

6.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

30, 1

20

plan

t, Ju

lyU

rea

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

224

25%

pre,

50%

@30

d, 2

5Liq

uid

(NH

3NO

3)N

/AN

ON

EN

ON

EN

ON

EN

/A20

0pl

ant

urea

3yr.

Avg

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69un

know

nU

nkno

wn

unkn

own

N/A

56M

ayur

eaN

/A21

1si

dedr

ess

& J

uly

Liqu

id N

16.5

N/A

N/A

N/A

3013

0, 1

40Si

dedr

ess

(cor

n on

ly)

amm

ouni

um n

itrat

e11

.05

55 +

Pre

v. A

lfalfa

si

dedr

ess

Ure

a12

.520

4Pr

e-P

lant

Anh

ydro

us

14.5

120

N/A

N/A

2.2

(SI)

100

+ 50

Apr.

15-M

ay 2

2N

/AN

/A15

0Ap

r. 15

-May

22

N/A

N/A

60 +

120

sid

edre

ssPr

e-pl

ant &

Sid

edre

ssN

/AN

/A

78 +

56

side

ress

(202

Cor

n)Pr

e-pl

ant &

Sid

edre

ss N

/A, (

anhy

drou

s)12

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185(

no ti

ll )-

224(

till)

Plan

t, Fa

llS

tarte

rR

epor

t as

not s

igni

fican

t, bu

t no

valu

es g

iven

av

g. o

f 80

N/A

amm

ouni

um n

itrat

eN

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100-

130

Pre-

plan

tA

mm

oniu

m n

itrat

e1.

22N

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), 12

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)N

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6Pr

e-pl

ant &

Sid

edre

ssN

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0Pr

e-pl

ant

N/A

N/A

Flow

-wei

ghte

d N

O3-

N C

once

ntra

tion

from

Man

aged

D

rain

age

(mg/

L)

% C

hang

e in

th

e N

O3-

N

Con

cent

ratio

n

NO

3-N

Los

s fr

om

Con

vent

iona

l D

rain

age

(kg/

ha)

NO

3-N

Los

s fr

om

Man

aged

D

rain

age

(kg/

ha)

% C

hang

e in

th

e N

O3-

N

Load

N/A

N/A

2.49

0.91

,0.7

764

%, 6

9%1

5.54

,6.8

9,0.

97(8

6,83

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141

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6.75

(63,

46,9

4)%

N/A

N/A

37.7

-5.9

16.4

-4.5

56%

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N/A

N/A

8.35

7.45

, 3.8

511

%,5

4%6

4.2

30%

17.9

12.5

230

%8

7.9

25%

77.3

43.7

44%

5.5

(8yr

avg

.)41

%13

4.8

54.6

59%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

51.

975

%N

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/A39

to 1

938

to 1

82.

56%

- 5.

26%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

25-5

9%1

1.4

77%

12.8

(3 y

r tot

)4.

4 (3

yr t

ot)

12.5

0%N

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/A31

.117

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N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

324

87.5

0%N

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7.8

26.4

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132

%, 3

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2N

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r. Av

g. 1

0.43

29%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Den

itrifi

catio

n 0.

44/d

ayD

enitr

ifica

tion

4.23

/day

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. 861

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ay5

8.76

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3647

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92, 1

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76%

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018

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f ini

tial

69%

of i

nitia

l14

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3.1,

472

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4%17

3, 1

1.5

83%

, 32%

56.

746

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N/A

N/A

N/A

58.

541

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3736

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9 (N

o S

I)-1

40%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

37 to

615

to 4

60%

- 33

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12.2

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58.

136

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21.

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53.

144

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37.6

5(1)

, 30.

80(2

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15(1

), 1.

8(2)

78%

-94%

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

3.8

393%

Cro

p Yi

eld

Con

vent

iona

l (kg

/ha)

Cro

p Yi

eld

Con

trol

led

(kg/

ha)

% C

hang

e in

Yie

ldA

dditi

onal

Not

es

N/A

N/A

N/A

Und

er F

ores

t Con

ditio

nsN

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ysim

eter

Stu

dy, W

ater

add

ed to

mai

ntai

n W

TD81

00-4

220

8360

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0((-

3.2%

)-15%

)D

rain

Spa

cing

has

a h

uge

effe

ct o

n yi

eld

and

nitra

te lo

ss b

enef

itsW

4950

, S28

50W

4900

-515

0, S

3050

-290

01-

(-4)

, (-7

-(-1

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Fiel

d te

stin

g D

RA

INM

OD

-N

N/A

N/A

N/A

DR

AIN

MO

D, a

ll nu

mbe

rs a

re a

vera

ged

over

soi

l typ

e an

d dr

aina

ge p

ract

ice

N/A

N/A

N/A

Ave

rage

ove

r 3-y

r flo

ws

and

tilla

ge p

ract

ices

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sub

irrig

atio

n (o

nly

reco

rede

d ou

tflow

how

ever

), '9

1-'9

4 co

nt. c

orn/

'95-

'99

corn

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bean

low

est (

g/pl

ant)

0.6m

Hig

hest

, 0.3

m M

idN

/Aso

il co

lum

n st

udy

that

doe

s no

t see

m re

pres

enta

tive

N/A

N/A

N/A

Rip

aria

n/C

ontro

lled

Dra

inag

e st

udy,

Rep

orte

d st

age

dept

h in

stre

amN

/AN

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RA

INM

OD

, 4 d

iff. d

rain

dep

ths

but p

icke

d on

e an

d va

ried

spac

ing,

Goo

d su

rface

Sto

rage

N/A

N/A

N/A

This

jour

nal r

epor

ted

soil

nitra

te n

ot n

itrat

es in

the

drai

nage

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sub

irrig

atio

nN

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pora

dic

Dat

a

C45

29, S

1753

C54

44, S

3017

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72)%

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ate

expr

esse

d as

mic

rogr

ams/

g of

soi

lN

/AN

/AN

/AD

RAI

NM

OD

N/A

N/A

N/A

Spo

radi

c D

ata

N/A

N/A

N/A

DR

AIN

MO

D S

tudy

-ass

umin

g no

dee

p pe

rcol

atio

n59

0057

00-3

.39%

Sur

face

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inag

e is

incl

uded

for e

ach

treat

men

t/foc

used

on

norm

al o

r dro

ught

con

d.43

0047

5010

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Focu

sed

on N

acc

umul

atio

n in

the

pean

ut a

nd p

eanu

t pla

nt94

0066

1430

%Ly

sim

eter

/Ope

n Fi

eld

stud

y, s

uctio

n tu

be s

ampl

ing

N/A

4.61

N/A

Not

ver

y in

fom

ativ

e da

taN

/AN

/AN

/AS

oil c

ore

stud

y =

Not

ver

y re

pres

enta

tive

it se

ems

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Lysi

met

ers

wer

e us

ed a

nd w

ater

was

app

lied

over

a 5

5 da

y pe

riod

with

a k

now

n ni

trate

con

ditio

nN

/AN

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/AD

rain

age

is in

flate

d du

e to

Sub

irrig

atio

n to

mai

ntai

n w

ater

leve

lN

/AN

/AN

/A N

/A N

/A N

/AS

ubirr

igat

ion

infla

ted

the

Con

trolle

d D

rain

age

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sub

irrig

atio

n, V

ER

Y in

com

plet

e da

ta re

porti

ng

N/A

N/A

N/A

DR

AIN

MO

DN

/AN

/AN

/AD

RA

INM

OD

, 20m

spa

cing

- 10

0m s

paci

ng

N/A

N/A

N/A

DR

AIN

MO

D

5840

0, 6

700

6490

0, 1

1000

(-11.

1%, -

64%

)Fa

rm s

cale

/Plo

t sca

le, S

ubirr

igat

ion

3.06

?3.

1??-

1.31

%U

sed

CD

with

con

vent

iona

l and

no

tilla

geN

/AN

/AN

/Ave

ry in

com

plet

e da

ta re

porti

ng fo

r thi

s ar

ticle

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sta

ted

that

initi

al s

tora

ge fo

r Con

trolle

d D

rain

age

is le

ss th

an C

onve

ntio

nal D

rain

age

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sub

irrig

atio

n w

ith th

e us

e of

CR

EA

MS

8700

8625

-0.8

6%S

tudy

focu

sed

mor

e on

Bio

mas

s ac

cum

ulat

ion

and

N a

ccum

ulat

ion

in B

iom

ass

2nd

Lite

ratu

re R

evie

wU

nive

rsity

of M

inne

sota

W

ater

Res

ourc

es C

ente

r

Gre

at L

akes

Nor

ther

n Fo

rest

Coo

pera

tive

Eco

syst

em

Stu

dies

Uni

tFu

nded

by

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

onse

rvat

ion

Ser

vice

and

pa

rtner

sK

riste

n B

lann

Jim

And

erso

n, W

ater

Res

ourc

es C

ente

rG

ary

Sand

s, B

iosy

stem

s and

Agr

icul

tura

l Eng

inee

ring

Bru

ce V

ondr

acek

, Fis

h, W

ildlif

e, a

nd C

onse

rvat

ion

Bio

logy

The

Impa

ct o

f Sub

surfa

ce (T

ile)

Dra

inag

e on

Aqu

atic

Eco

syst

ems

The

Impa

ct o

f Sub

surfa

ce (T

ile)

Dra

inag

e on

Aqu

atic

Eco

syst

ems

Par

t I

Bas

ic th

eore

tical

and

em

piric

al c

onse

nsus

?W

hat a

re c

urre

nt a

reas

of d

ebat

e/ e

nqui

ry?

Iden

tify

know

ledg

e ga

psP

art I

IW

hat i

mpl

icat

ions

doe

s th

is h

ave

for

expa

nsio

n of

tile

dra

inag

e in

RR

B?

Surf

ace

Wat

er q

ualit

y S

edim

ent,

P,

pest

icid

e/he

rbic

ides

in

runo

ffN

(fro

m p

erm

soi

ls, N

Hx)

Hab

itat a

ltera

tion

•Fl

ow ti

min

g &

dur

atio

nC

hann

el h

abita

t S

edim

enta

tion

& tu

rbid

ityE

utro

phic

atio

n(p

rimar

ily

PP

)D

itchi

ng /

stra

ight

enin

g

Agr

icul

tura

l Dra

inag

e im

pact

sA

gric

ultu

ral D

rain

age

impa

cts

Subs

urfa

ce

•W

ater

qua

lity

–In

crea

sed

nitra

te lo

ss

–R

educ

ed se

dim

ent,

P,

pest

icid

e/he

rbic

ide

load

s (u

sual

ly)

•H

abita

t alte

ratio

n •

Flow

tim

ing

& d

urat

ion

–C

hann

el h

abita

t –

Sedi

men

tatio

n &

turb

idity

–In

crea

sed

base

flow

s–

Eutro

phic

atio

n(p

rimar

ily

NO

3en

richm

ent)

Key

Pap

ers

/ Stu

dies

/ Li

tera

ture

sK

ey P

aper

s / S

tudi

es /

Lite

ratu

res

Long

-term

fiel

d sc

ale

drai

nage

stu

dies

(> 1

50

pape

rs)

Was

eca,

Lam

berto

n; U

K/E

urop

e; W

alnu

t Cre

ek, I

A;

NC

; Illi

nois

Cat

chm

enth

ydro

logy

/geo

mor

phol

ogy

stud

ies

&

mod

els

(> 1

0 ke

y st

udie

s)La

b st

udie

s –

toxi

colo

gy (>

50)

Nat

ural

his

tory

sur

veys

(10-

15 k

ey s

ourc

es)

Eco

logi

cal s

tudi

es (>

50

stud

ies)

Fish

, ins

ect,

amph

ibia

n, w

etla

nd p

lant

, etc

. in

rela

tion

to la

nd u

se c

hang

e, h

ydro

logy

/hyd

rolo

gic

alte

ratio

n,

nutri

ent e

nric

hmen

t, w

ater

qua

lity,

hab

itat a

vaila

bilit

y an

d qu

ality

Land

scap

e sc

ale

data

& m

odel

s (>

50,

div

erse

)

Que

stio

ns a

nd C

omm

ents

?Q

uest

ions

and

Com

men

ts?

Gar

y S

ands

Dep

t. of

Bio

syst

ems

& A

gric

ultu

ral E

ngin

eerin

gU

nive

rsity

of M

inne

sota

(612

)625

-475

6gr

sand

s@um

n.ed

uht

tp://

d-ou

tlet.c

oafe

s.um

n.ed

u

Phot

o co

urte

sy o

f Dr.

Jeff

Stro

ck, S

WR

OC