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Liquid PropellantRockets An Overview
by Nicholas Ha
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Outline
1. Intro
2. History
3. Operation
4. Partsa. fuel types
b. different parts
5. Applications6. Conclusion
7. d'Alembert
8. von Karman
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History of Rockets Hero of Alexandria Chinese scientists Tsiolkovsky's
theories 20th century led byGermany, Russia,
and US
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Pros and Cons of Liquid Fuel
Pros
more efficient throttle control
better performance reusable
Cons
complex design fuel problems-
o cryogenico undense
o hazardous
o
evaporation
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What is a Liquid Fueled Rocket?
fueloxidizer
chamber
turbopumps
injector
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Rocket Basics
http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/rocket1.gif
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8ig12OU89Hc/T90yd4RE-EI/AAAAAAAABgk/r42zrxeXLn0/s1600/inside+a+rocket+engine.jpg
Reaction
inside
combustion
chamber
produces
thrust out
nozzle
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Equations
Tsiolkovsky-o V=Ve*ln(Mo/M)
exhaust velocity-o sqrt(2CpT)
specific impulse-o Force/masso force/weight
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Optimizing a Rocket
efficiency, performance,
speed, simplicity,
vs
weight, complexity,
safety, cost.
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Liquid Fueled Rocket: Parts
Body, fuel tank, pipes, pressure tanks,
turbopumps, injectors, combustion chamber,igniter, cooling jacket, nozzle...
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Problems to Consider
Designo weight
o leakingo balance
Operationalo toxicity
o evaporation
o pogo/cavitation
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Propellant- fuel/combustibles
the one that burnso LH2o Kerosine/RP-1
o Hydrazine, N2H4 different fuels- different
characteristics.o physical
o chemical
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Propellant- oxidizers
the one that allows for burning doesn't have to be pure oxygen
o LOX
o nitric acid NO3
o nitrogen tetroxide-N2O4
o hydrogen peroxide- H2O2
o F2 and OF2
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Fuel properties
Oxidant Fuel Density Combustio
n Temp (K)
Exhaust
Velocity(K)
LOX LH2 .32 3,251 4,550
LOX RP-1 1.03 3,701 3,580
F2 H2 .52 4,258 4,790
N2O4 Hydrazine 1.2 3,398 3,420
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Other Fuels
monopropellants- single tank, selfdecomposition with catalyst.o hydrazine, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide
tri-propellants- mix of H2, petroleum, andLOX.o H2 fixes exhaust, and petroleum fixes some of the
weight issue.
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Fuel tanks
must be strong yet lightweighto oxygen poses problems
special designs- e.g cryogenic,pressurized,
also may have a tank of nonreactive gas for pressure.
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Turbopumps
pressurizespropellant
pretty complicated
uses some fuel
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Injectors
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Combustion Chamber surrounded by coolant jacket
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Ignition
pyrotechnicigniter
spark plug
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Cooling Systems
can get > 3,000K outer coolant jacket regenerative
cooling-o fuel is pumped
through and used
again
tubes make it moreuniform
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Conclusion
Rockets took us pretty far
Improvements to be made Future is promising
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Jean Le Rond d' Alembert(1717-1783)
mathematician,scientist,
philosopher,writer
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Early Life
1717
illegitimate child,adopted
heir of a lot of
money
tried a lot of stuff,
liked medicine, thenmath
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Some achievements
math contributions at 22
d'Alembert's principle partial differential
equations
integral calculus d' Alembert's paradox
Encyclopedie numerous high positions
music theory
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Theodore von Karman
1881-1963
Engineer,
mathematician,physicist.
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Bio
Born in Hungary in 1881
Great education Student of Prandtl
emigrated to US in 1930
Created scientific organizations Directed GALCIT, helped Caltech
Helped during War Jet Propulsion Labs
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Contributions/Legacy aerodynamics
o supersonic
astronautics boundary layers, viscosity Swept wing aircraft helped Caltech Labs
1st National Medal of
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Thanks for
watching!
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References"Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (French Mathematician and Philosopher)."Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Aug. 2012.
.
"Theodore Von Krmn." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 08 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Aug. 2012.
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References Cont.Bellis, Mary. "How a Liquid Propellant Rocket Works."About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2012.
.
Brain, Marshall. "How Rocket Engines Work."HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 July 2012.
.
Barry, Patrick L. "Building a Better Rocket Engine."NASA Science. N.p., 20 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 July 2012. .
"Monopropellant." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. .
"Nitrogen Tetroxide." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 07 June 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. .
"Hard Start." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Apr. 2012. Web. 27 July 2012. .
"Astronuc" "LOX/LH2." Web log post.Everything Science. N.p., 22 Apr. 2005. Web. 26 July 2012. .
Images
(1)Turner, Martin J. Chichester: Springer Praxis, 2005. Print.
(2)Melek, Pashayev N. I., and W. E. Jones.Liquid Propellant Engines. [S.l.]: Pergamon, 1962. Print.
(3)"Ch1." Ch1. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 July 2012. .
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Images(1)Turner, Martin J. Chichester: Springer Praxis, 2005. Print.
(2)Melek, Pashayev N. I., and W. E. Jones.Liquid Propellant Engines. [S.l.]: Pergamon, 1962. Print.
(3)"Ch1." Ch1. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 July 2012. .(4)"Liquid Propellant Rocket Cross View Diagram."Nomenclature, Teardown, Exploded Diagram. N.p., n.d.
Web. 30 July 2012.
goddard http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/334337/530wm/S0600041-
Dr_Robert_H_Goddard_s_rocket_flight_of_26_8_37-SPL.jpg
tsiol
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/files/2008/08/eq1.jp
chinese http://www.wpclipart.com/space/rocketry/Chinese_fire_arrow_2.png.html
saturn v
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0319/5aaf2b3b2f31b/5aaf2b4cd226c.jpgmono http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_10779/fig4-17.jpg
dlambert
http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/7/6/31167-jean-le-rond-d-alambert-la-tour-maurice-quentin-de.jpg
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Images cont.ssme
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing.jpg/250px-
Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing.jpg
saturn v stage http://www.airfix.com/_assets/images/Saturn-V-stages_1.jpg
von karman http://s3.amazonaws.com/findagrave/photos/2002/346/7936_1039796619.jpg
swept wing http://tanks45.tripod.com/Jets45/Histories/Hawker-P_1040/P.1052_2.jpg
muitistage
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/rockets/sci-media/images/saturn-v-stage-separation/563018-1-eng-NZ/Saturn-V-stage-separation_full_size_landscape.jpg
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/saturn5_apollo11.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg
coolant
http://home.manhattan.edu/~mohammad.naraghi//rte/fig1.jpgpump
http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/A317.jpg
pump2 http://airandspace.si.edu/images/collections/media/ful/A19790951000d3.jpg
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