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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A product-oriented methodfor sustainability analysis
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
• Life cycle assessment (LCA)– product from cradle to grave (vertical integration)
• total picture; avoidance of problem shifting
– all types of impact (horizontal integration)– role of functional unit
• for comparability of different product systems
– integration over space and time– standardised in ISO (14040 series)
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Now, we come to focus on LCA. First some general features.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
- Product developmentand improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other
Goaland scopedefinition
Inventoryanalysis
Impactassessment
Interpretation
Direct applications:
Life cycle assessment framework
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Here, we see the ISO framework for LCA. It comprises the LCA procedure itself, as well as its relation with the direct applications. The four main phases of LCA are concerned with different types of data, assumptions,
procedures or calculations. The phases are mutually connected with arrows. These represent flows of information from one phase to another phase. The bidirectional flows stress that LCA is not a sequential process, starting with goal and scope definition and ending with interpretation. Rather, LCA is an iterative
process, in which the goal and scope may be refined after inventory analysis, impact assessment or interpretation, and likewise the inventory analysis may be refined after impact assessment or interpretation. The direct applications are not formally part of the LCA, as LCA is a tool for decision-support. However, they
are worth mentioning in relation to the LCA framework itself.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Final result can be in terms of:– LCI results (extractions and emissions)– LCIA results (for separate impact categories)– weighted results (one index)
• Weighting (subjective!) possible on basis of:– distance to target (policy reference)– economic values (various possibilities, incl. collectively
revealed preferences)– social preferences (panel process)
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Without discussing the machinery inside the LCA tool, the type of its results it yields are important to know.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Example of the results of a comparative LCAImpact category Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp
Climate change 120000 kg CO2-eq 40000 kg CO2-eq
Ecotoxicity 320 kg DCB-eq 440 kg DCB-eq
Acidification 45 kg SO2-eq 21 kg SO2-eq
Depletion of resources 0.8 kg antinomy-eq 0.3 kg antinomy-eq
etc … …
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
An example of a table with category indicator results. Some people refer to this as the environmental profile (or ecoprofile), the characterisation table, or the impact table.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Main applications– product comparisons– product improvement, design and development– strategy and policy development– LCA as a process
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Product comparisons is the most obvious and striking application of LCA. However, product improvement, design and development are by far the most frequent applications.
Many of these LCAs are never made public: they are for internal use only. Larger companies and authorities use LCA for strategy and policy development, e.g. on the
design of logistics, waste policies, etc. LCA as a process, finally, means that doing an LCA implies learning:
1. learning about the product, 2. learning about the processes that are involved, 3. learning about the ideas of other stakeholders, etc.
• Product comparisons– by industry, government, NGOs– also for ecolabeling (type I, type III)
• Note:– need for authorized procedure and peer review– “comparative assertions disclosed to the public” (ISO)
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Here are some uses of product comparisons. ISO stresses the importance of “comparative assertions disclosed to the public”, where qualiity requirements and
procedures are extremely important.
APLIKASI LCA
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
This gives an illustration of some ecolabeling criteria.
APLIKASI LCA
• Product improvement, design and development– by industry– also on the basis of adapted LCA-tools
• Learning curve: – LCA suggests rules of thumb– rules of thumb further validated and improved by
LCA
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
The use of LCA for improvement, design and development.
APLIKASI LCA
Level of improvement
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (years)
environmentalimprovement(factors)
System Innovation
Functional Innovation
Redesign
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
This graph illustrates that different types of improvements are of interest in different decision situations. As an example, we see three innovations for cars:
1) the catalyser2) the hybrid Toyota Prius3) the full hydrogen-based GM HydroGen3
APLIKASI LCA
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Here, we see an example of simple visual LCA-based rules of thumb that are used by product designers.
APLIKASI LCA
• Policy and policy development– by government, sometimes together with industries
or NGOs– examples:
• waste management• packaging• EU's Integrated Product Policy (IPP)• energy policy• green building
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
The strategic use of LCA: some examples.
APLIKASI LCA
D r a f t
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
This shows the classical waste treatment hierarchy. LCA can be used to validate it, or to add some nuances for particular materials or products.
APLIKASI LCA
D r a f t
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
. This is an LCA application for total consumption patterns: which activities contribute to most to environmental problems? To the right, we see activities that contribute largely per euro of product. The
width indicates how much a household spends on that activity. Thus the area indicates the total impact of that activity. Car driving is the activity with the highest impact. This study has been done for the Integrated
Product Policy of the EU.
APLIKASI LCA
LCA as a process– LCA as a vehicle of discussion for various
stakeholders• producer• supply chain• competitors• purchasers• government• NGOs
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Finally, LCA as a process of learning and getting to understand the problems and one another.
APLIKASI LCA
KETERBATSAN LCA
LCA in practice obstructed by:– data requirements– methodological inconsistencies– technical characteristics
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LCA sounds nice. But now, we move to some of the problems in doing LCA.
• Data requirements– only general, no specific data– obsolete data– only data from industrialized countries– different data formats– databases not connected
• Role for ISO 14048 and UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative• Role for input-output analysis (and hybrids of IOA and
LCA)
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
LCA is very data intensive. General purpose databases are emerging, but there is still much to do.
KETERBATSAN LCA
• Methodological inconsistencies and debates:– main issues in LCI:
• system boundaries• multiple processes/allocation• attribution versus change oriented
– main issues in LCIA• midpoint versus damage level• heterogeneous mechanisms (e.g., toxicity)• regionalisation
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Although the basic principles of LCA have been described in the ISO standards, many issues are still under debate, especially within
academic circles.
KETERBATSAN LCA
• Some specific details:– global/regional, not local– steady state, not dynamic, no one-time transitions – quantitative, not pass/fail criteria– risk approach, not prevention approach
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
Some explanations:1. LCA does not address the impact of a product for a specific user at a well-defined place. It
focuses on the impacts of a product as it is available and used in a certain country, continent, or even the world.
2. LCA studies products in a well-established situation, not the transition to that situation3. LCA is primarily a quantitative tool, it does not address issues as “contains hardwood” or “is
recyclable”4. LCA does not look at risks in the sense of pollutants exceeding threshold; it focuses on the
load
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Usual impact categories: – depletion of fossil fuels and minerals– climate change– ozone depletion– photo-oxidant formation– acidification– eutrophication– human toxicity and ecotoxicity
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Potential impact categories:– land occupation (area)– water use– salination– soil erosion– leakage of nutrients– noise
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
This is an additional list of impacts that are typically not included, but that are sometimes included, and that are certainly of interest
in special cases.
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Not fitting impact categories:– land use quality (forest, coral reefs)– depletion of wildlife and fish stocks– desiccation; desertification– biodiversity– contained toxics
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
There are some environmental issues that may be of interest as such, but that are difficult to fit into the overall LCA perspectives in
a satisfactory way.
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
• Need to make LCA– broader (more impacts, also covering economic and social
aspects)– deeper (more precise, more mechanisms)
• How to make LCA broader and deeper– three major options:
• extension of LCA• hybrid LCA• use of toolbox (with additional quantitative tools, or using pass-
fail criteria)LCA is not perfect. Important directions for improvement are indicated here,
making it broader and deeper. Three strategies to achieve this are listed as well. More on the last strategy in the
next few slides.
Sumber: Life Cycle Assessment. A product-oriented method for sustainability analysis. UNEP LCA Training Kit. Module a –LCA and decision support
KARAKTERISTIK TEKNIS LCA
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