Law Enforcement Organization and Administration Chapter 1

Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

Chapter 1

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Modern Day Law Enforcement can be traced to the Metropolitan Police in London, England, created in 1829.

Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution in England caused a great surge of an uneducated and poorly trained population to migrate to London.

• This surge led to an increase in crime, chaos and poverty.

• These problems led to a proliferation of private and special police forces that served the needs of the diverse interest groups needing protection.

• British Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel lobbied British Parliament to from a professional organized police force under government control.

Metropolitan Police Act

• Outlined the first duty manual to prevent crime and protect order.

• Established a police constabulary modeled into a para-military organization with a military style rank structure.

• Metropolitan Police model was a success and gradually extended to all parts of England and was exported to America.

• Key component was local control

Traditional Management 1750 - 1900

• Concept of local control– Each county or city having control of the local

police or sheriffs department

• Department had Centralized Administration– Control from top– Limited decision making at the operational level

Pendleton Act

– Attempt to limit political influence by the creation of a Civil Service to hire and promote personnel

– Placed federal employees under a merit system in an attempt to reduce political interference

Scientific Management Model1900 - Present

• Scientific Management – emphasis on efficiency, orderliness, and output.– Division of labor– Unity of Command and centralization of decision

making– One-way authority– Narrow span of control

REFORMERS

O. W. Wilson• Police Management Principals– Professional police department

divorced from politics– Rigorous police personnel

selection and training process– Use of latest technology

innovations available for law enforcement

O. W. Wilson

• Opposed civil service because it hampered police chiefs from selecting most qualified personnel in selection and promotion

• Organized police around– Planning– Activating– Controlling

William H. Parker• LAPD Chief 1950 -1966– Implemented Scientific

Management in the LAPD– Instituted probationary periods

for new officers– Developed a method of operation

manual– Implemented a research and

development division– LAPD became model for hiring

standards, recruitment, training, and technology

HUMAN RELATIONS MODEL

1925 TO PRESENT

• Participative Management– The Police Executive is a team leader– Manager is first among equals– People oriented humanistic approach• Manager defines limits in which decisions can be made• Manager and the group jointly make decisions with

limits defined by organizational constraints

Behavioral Management1945 to Present

Systems Management

1960 to Present

Management By Objectives

• Goal Orientated Philosophy and Attitude• Focus on results, less concerned for method• Program evaluation and review techniques– Manner of determining goal achievement

• Planned programmed budgets– Better identification of expenditures– Tighter control of unit activities

• Organizational development– Process of building a sound organizational structure

Community Policing

• Incorporates problem-solving policing, which attempts to solve specific crime problems in the community

Proactive Police Management

1980 to Present

Proactive Police Management

Focus Of The Text• Objective of policing is crime prevention• Strong commitment to community

involvement• Modern Bureaucracy• Full Service Police Department with multi-

specialist teams• Full use of modern communication

• Modern budgeting and accounting systems• Crisis Management Planning• Consultative Management • Data Driven Department with full use of

technology• Emphasis on Operational Utility

INNOVATORS

WILLIAM BRATTON

• Instituted crime control planning program known as COMPSTAT (computer statistics) while he was New York City Police Commissioner

Lee P. Brown

• Instituted Neighborhood Oriented Police model in Houston, Texas.

• Oriented police officer from enforcer of neighborhood beats to problem solver.