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LATG: Chapters 1, 2, 3LATG: Chapters 1, 2, 3
Functions of ManagementFunctions of Management
Identifying and Controlling CostsIdentifying and Controlling Costs
Regulations and SecurityRegulations and Security
Ch. 1: Functions of Ch. 1: Functions of ManagementManagement
3 levels of Management3 levels of Management• Lower-level: frontline, supervise workersLower-level: frontline, supervise workers
– Group leadersGroup leaders
• Middle-level: oversee activities of Middle-level: oversee activities of supervisorssupervisors– Managers, Dept. HeadManagers, Dept. Head
• Upper-level: responsible for programs and Upper-level: responsible for programs and operationsoperations– Facility Director, PresidentFacility Director, President
Manager skillsManager skills
Conceptual skills:Conceptual skills:• identify and solve problems, think identify and solve problems, think
creatively and analytically, develop long creatively and analytically, develop long range plansrange plans
People skills:People skills:• leadership, motivation, and communicationleadership, motivation, and communication
Technical skills:Technical skills:• understanding the workunderstanding the work
5 Phases of Management5 Phases of Management
PlanningPlanning OrganizingOrganizing DirectingDirecting MonitoringMonitoring StaffingStaffing Open, Honest, & Knowledgeable (good) Open, Honest, & Knowledgeable (good)
communication is essential for good communication is essential for good managementmanagement
PlanningPlanning
LATG positions fall into lower and middle LATG positions fall into lower and middle level managementlevel management
Upper-level management: set goals and Upper-level management: set goals and provides direction on how to accomplishprovides direction on how to accomplish
LATG provide input to upper-level managers LATG provide input to upper-level managers about equipment and personnelabout equipment and personnel
Understand goals, why, how relate to overall Understand goals, why, how relate to overall goals of organizationgoals of organization
Feedback up and down lineFeedback up and down line
OrganizingOrganizing
Identify all of the work to accomplish goalsIdentify all of the work to accomplish goals Divide work into individual jobsDivide work into individual jobs
• Physical limitations of the staff and facilityPhysical limitations of the staff and facility
– daily obs and continuous care (365 days a yr.)daily obs and continuous care (365 days a yr.)
– physical limits affect efficiency & productivityphysical limits affect efficiency & productivity
• Research RequirementsResearch Requirements
– special diets, strict feeding schedules, light-dark special diets, strict feeding schedules, light-dark room schedulesroom schedules
• Special RequirementsSpecial Requirements
– dog enrichment, rodent breeding-low noisedog enrichment, rodent breeding-low noise
DirectingDirecting
Day to day supervision of employees and workDay to day supervision of employees and work Motivating the staffMotivating the staff
• One of the most important roles of a supervisorOne of the most important roles of a supervisor• Provide incentives that stimulate working towards Provide incentives that stimulate working towards
specific goalsspecific goals• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- money is only one Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- money is only one
componentcomponent• Sense of purpose: accomplishmentSense of purpose: accomplishment
Time ManagementTime Management
DirectingDirecting
Job delegation:Job delegation:• one of the most important skills a new one of the most important skills a new
supervisor must acquiresupervisor must acquire• use guidelines to delegateuse guidelines to delegate
Problem Employee:Problem Employee:• there is always one!!there is always one!!• Counsel on first incidence of unacceptable Counsel on first incidence of unacceptable
behaviorbehavior• Behavior vs. PersonalityBehavior vs. Personality
DirectingDirecting
Job VarietyJob Variety• well-trained staff and low-rate of employee well-trained staff and low-rate of employee
turnoverturnover• flex-time: employees choosing work hrs.flex-time: employees choosing work hrs.• scheduling routine procedures at different scheduling routine procedures at different
timestimes• Research project reviews with PI’sResearch project reviews with PI’s
MonitoringMonitoring
Regular evaluation of unit’s and Regular evaluation of unit’s and individual’s progress towards goalsindividual’s progress towards goals
Effective performance review: 3 typesEffective performance review: 3 types• Informal or ongoing evaluationsInformal or ongoing evaluations• Periodic Performance AppraisalsPeriodic Performance Appraisals• Annual Appraisal Performance StandardsAnnual Appraisal Performance Standards
– Personal GoalsPersonal Goals– Annual Appraisal InterviewAnnual Appraisal Interview
StaffingStaffing
One of the principal responsibilities of an animal One of the principal responsibilities of an animal research facility staff supervisorresearch facility staff supervisor
HR dept. is great resourceHR dept. is great resource Interviewing:Interviewing:
• First Impression for interviewer and applicantFirst Impression for interviewer and applicant• Interviewer professional and well-preparedInterviewer professional and well-prepared• Pre-employment interview guidelinesPre-employment interview guidelines
– competency based questionscompetency based questions
StaffingStaffing
Hiring:Hiring:• Big decision; best fit for now and future; don’t Big decision; best fit for now and future; don’t
overlook overqualified candidatesoverlook overqualified candidates Terminating Employees:Terminating Employees:
• final option after disciplinary actions (verbal final option after disciplinary actions (verbal reprimands, written reprimands, suspensions, and reprimands, written reprimands, suspensions, and demotions).demotions).
• Solid legal ground for terminationSolid legal ground for termination• Must have a written record (documentation) of Must have a written record (documentation) of
problems with employeeproblems with employee
StaffingStaffing
Labor unions:Labor unions:• Written contracts with wages, work hrs., vacation Written contracts with wages, work hrs., vacation
& sick leave, promotion criteria, etc.& sick leave, promotion criteria, etc.• Contracts are for written period of timeContracts are for written period of time• Re-negotiated between the union mngmt. & Re-negotiated between the union mngmt. &
institutions mngmt. institutions mngmt. • Union has 1 representative, designated stewardsUnion has 1 representative, designated stewards• Written complaints against employer:Written complaints against employer:
– GrievanceGrievance
Ch. 2: Identifying and Ch. 2: Identifying and Controlling CostsControlling Costs
Cost analysis:Cost analysis:• method used o calculate the amount of method used o calculate the amount of
money required to operate an animal money required to operate an animal resource programresource program
• Cost Analysis and rate Setting Manual for Cost Analysis and rate Setting Manual for Animal Resources (revised in 2000)Animal Resources (revised in 2000)
• deterimine and list all costs associated with deterimine and list all costs associated with animal facility & assign cost centersanimal facility & assign cost centers
• generate animal per diemsgenerate animal per diems
Cost Accounting CriteriaCost Accounting Criteria
Small centralized facilities are easier to Small centralized facilities are easier to handlehandle
LATGs gather and summarize stats on LATGs gather and summarize stats on info. needed to generate cost analysis info. needed to generate cost analysis (sq. ft., animal days, amount of food (sq. ft., animal days, amount of food used, etc.)used, etc.)
Total Cost Accumulation:Total Cost Accumulation:• Three step processThree step process
Total Cost AccumulationTotal Cost Accumulation
Step 1: Prepare Trial BalanceStep 1: Prepare Trial Balance• list all direct an indirect expenses list all direct an indirect expenses
– direct: salaries, wages, benefits, supplies, service direct: salaries, wages, benefits, supplies, service contracts, noncapital equipmentcontracts, noncapital equipment
– indirect: costs incurred by institution in general indirect: costs incurred by institution in general support of facility operations. Physical plant & support of facility operations. Physical plant & maintenance, facility depreciation, water and maintenance, facility depreciation, water and electrical consumptionelectrical consumption
• Step 2: Assign cost centers on all expenses Step 2: Assign cost centers on all expenses listed in trial balancelisted in trial balance
Total Cost AccumulationTotal Cost Accumulation
Step 3: Allocate total costStep 3: Allocate total cost• nonrevenue-producing cost centersnonrevenue-producing cost centers
– does not allow recovery of its own costs by per does not allow recovery of its own costs by per diem rate or fee for servicediem rate or fee for service
• Allocation to revenue-producing cost centers Allocation to revenue-producing cost centers the total cost from nonrevenue producing the total cost from nonrevenue producing cost centers.cost centers.
Institutional Cost Recovery MethodsInstitutional Cost Recovery Methods• varies from institution; recovery=per diemvaries from institution; recovery=per diem
Cost Analysis and Cost Analysis and BudgetingBudgeting
Cost containment based on lack of cost Cost containment based on lack of cost recovery from per diem ratesrecovery from per diem rates
Personnel:Personnel:• 60% of all costs related to animal care60% of all costs related to animal care
Consolidation of physical spaceConsolidation of physical space Caging: automatic watering systemsCaging: automatic watering systems Cage Washing: efficiency Cage Washing: efficiency
Cost Analysis and Cost Analysis and BudgetingBudgeting
Animal days: evaluate minimum number of Animal days: evaluate minimum number of days animals must be keptdays animals must be kept
Feed: amounts, prices,Feed: amounts, prices, Bedding: quantity and quality of contact Bedding: quantity and quality of contact
beddingbedding Refuse: bulk vs. small batchRefuse: bulk vs. small batch Laboratory tests: sentinel programLaboratory tests: sentinel program Special Services and ProgramsSpecial Services and Programs
Ch. 3: Regulations and Ch. 3: Regulations and SecuritySecurity
Legislative Issues and RegulationsLegislative Issues and Regulations• supervising personnel requires in depth supervising personnel requires in depth
knowledge of federal, state, and local knowledge of federal, state, and local regulations and guidelinesregulations and guidelines
Federal regulations:Federal regulations:• Animal Welfare Act-USDAAnimal Welfare Act-USDA• Public Health Service (PHS) Policy -OLAWPublic Health Service (PHS) Policy -OLAW• Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs)-FDAGood Laboratory Practices (GLPs)-FDA
RegulationsRegulations
Reference file for LATGsReference file for LATGs• ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals:Laboratory Animals:– outlines adequate veterinary care, facility outlines adequate veterinary care, facility
environment, housing requirements, sanitation environment, housing requirements, sanitation standardsstandards
• Animal Welfare Act (AWA):Animal Welfare Act (AWA):– programs for disease prevention, parasite programs for disease prevention, parasite
control, and euthanasia under supervision of control, and euthanasia under supervision of veterinarianveterinarian
1985 Amendments to AWA1985 Amendments to AWA
Dog exercise programDog exercise program Environmental enrichment program for NHPEnvironmental enrichment program for NHP Training for scientists, animal techs. In proper Training for scientists, animal techs. In proper
handling and care of lab animalshandling and care of lab animals One major operative surgical procedureOne major operative surgical procedure Minimization of Pain and DistressMinimization of Pain and Distress Defined duties and composition of IACUCDefined duties and composition of IACUC
Facility SecurityFacility Security
Risk Assessment:Risk Assessment:• all animal research facilities are at risk all animal research facilities are at risk • specific research that increases risk:specific research that increases risk:
– using random source dogs and cats from poundsusing random source dogs and cats from pounds– use of nonhuman primatesuse of nonhuman primates– substance abuse researchsubstance abuse research– pain studiespain studies– psychological or behavior researchpsychological or behavior research
• Higher risk with publicity of work conducted on-siteHigher risk with publicity of work conducted on-site• USDA reports available to public-FOIAUSDA reports available to public-FOIA
Selecting a Security Selecting a Security SystemSystem
Needs of facilityNeeds of facility Level of RiskLevel of Risk
• random source dogs vs. mouse houserandom source dogs vs. mouse house Financial status of institutionFinancial status of institution
Defusing IssuesDefusing Issues
Institutions proactively work on public Institutions proactively work on public sentimentsentiment
Project files:Project files:• lists of research projects and goalslists of research projects and goals
Public education: Public education: • Can’t support if don’t understand issuesCan’t support if don’t understand issues• NABR and AMP: conduct media campaigns NABR and AMP: conduct media campaigns
which details the advances in biomedical which details the advances in biomedical researchresearch
Defusing IssuesDefusing Issues
Employee Education:Employee Education:• animal care staff will notice strangers in facilitiesanimal care staff will notice strangers in facilities• educate staff on need to report unusual activities educate staff on need to report unusual activities
or occurrencesor occurrences Employee Screening:Employee Screening:
• Interview process-ask questions about use of lab Interview process-ask questions about use of lab animalsanimals
• security background screenssecurity background screens Contacts within Law EnforcementContacts within Law Enforcement
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