LATG: Chapters 1, 2, 3LATG: Chapters 1, 2, 3

Functions of ManagementFunctions of Management

Identifying and Controlling CostsIdentifying and Controlling Costs

Regulations and SecurityRegulations and Security

Ch. 1: Functions of Ch. 1: Functions of ManagementManagement

3 levels of Management3 levels of Management• Lower-level: frontline, supervise workersLower-level: frontline, supervise workers

– Group leadersGroup leaders

• Middle-level: oversee activities of Middle-level: oversee activities of supervisorssupervisors– Managers, Dept. HeadManagers, Dept. Head

• Upper-level: responsible for programs and Upper-level: responsible for programs and operationsoperations– Facility Director, PresidentFacility Director, President

Manager skillsManager skills

Conceptual skills:Conceptual skills:• identify and solve problems, think identify and solve problems, think

creatively and analytically, develop long creatively and analytically, develop long range plansrange plans

People skills:People skills:• leadership, motivation, and communicationleadership, motivation, and communication

Technical skills:Technical skills:• understanding the workunderstanding the work

5 Phases of Management5 Phases of Management

PlanningPlanning OrganizingOrganizing DirectingDirecting MonitoringMonitoring StaffingStaffing Open, Honest, & Knowledgeable (good) Open, Honest, & Knowledgeable (good)

communication is essential for good communication is essential for good managementmanagement

PlanningPlanning

LATG positions fall into lower and middle LATG positions fall into lower and middle level managementlevel management

Upper-level management: set goals and Upper-level management: set goals and provides direction on how to accomplishprovides direction on how to accomplish

LATG provide input to upper-level managers LATG provide input to upper-level managers about equipment and personnelabout equipment and personnel

Understand goals, why, how relate to overall Understand goals, why, how relate to overall goals of organizationgoals of organization

Feedback up and down lineFeedback up and down line

OrganizingOrganizing

Identify all of the work to accomplish goalsIdentify all of the work to accomplish goals Divide work into individual jobsDivide work into individual jobs

• Physical limitations of the staff and facilityPhysical limitations of the staff and facility

– daily obs and continuous care (365 days a yr.)daily obs and continuous care (365 days a yr.)

– physical limits affect efficiency & productivityphysical limits affect efficiency & productivity

• Research RequirementsResearch Requirements

– special diets, strict feeding schedules, light-dark special diets, strict feeding schedules, light-dark room schedulesroom schedules

• Special RequirementsSpecial Requirements

– dog enrichment, rodent breeding-low noisedog enrichment, rodent breeding-low noise

DirectingDirecting

Day to day supervision of employees and workDay to day supervision of employees and work Motivating the staffMotivating the staff

• One of the most important roles of a supervisorOne of the most important roles of a supervisor• Provide incentives that stimulate working towards Provide incentives that stimulate working towards

specific goalsspecific goals• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- money is only one Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- money is only one

componentcomponent• Sense of purpose: accomplishmentSense of purpose: accomplishment

Time ManagementTime Management

DirectingDirecting

Job delegation:Job delegation:• one of the most important skills a new one of the most important skills a new

supervisor must acquiresupervisor must acquire• use guidelines to delegateuse guidelines to delegate

Problem Employee:Problem Employee:• there is always one!!there is always one!!• Counsel on first incidence of unacceptable Counsel on first incidence of unacceptable

behaviorbehavior• Behavior vs. PersonalityBehavior vs. Personality

DirectingDirecting

Job VarietyJob Variety• well-trained staff and low-rate of employee well-trained staff and low-rate of employee

turnoverturnover• flex-time: employees choosing work hrs.flex-time: employees choosing work hrs.• scheduling routine procedures at different scheduling routine procedures at different

timestimes• Research project reviews with PI’sResearch project reviews with PI’s

MonitoringMonitoring

Regular evaluation of unit’s and Regular evaluation of unit’s and individual’s progress towards goalsindividual’s progress towards goals

Effective performance review: 3 typesEffective performance review: 3 types• Informal or ongoing evaluationsInformal or ongoing evaluations• Periodic Performance AppraisalsPeriodic Performance Appraisals• Annual Appraisal Performance StandardsAnnual Appraisal Performance Standards

– Personal GoalsPersonal Goals– Annual Appraisal InterviewAnnual Appraisal Interview

StaffingStaffing

One of the principal responsibilities of an animal One of the principal responsibilities of an animal research facility staff supervisorresearch facility staff supervisor

HR dept. is great resourceHR dept. is great resource Interviewing:Interviewing:

• First Impression for interviewer and applicantFirst Impression for interviewer and applicant• Interviewer professional and well-preparedInterviewer professional and well-prepared• Pre-employment interview guidelinesPre-employment interview guidelines

– competency based questionscompetency based questions

StaffingStaffing

Hiring:Hiring:• Big decision; best fit for now and future; don’t Big decision; best fit for now and future; don’t

overlook overqualified candidatesoverlook overqualified candidates Terminating Employees:Terminating Employees:

• final option after disciplinary actions (verbal final option after disciplinary actions (verbal reprimands, written reprimands, suspensions, and reprimands, written reprimands, suspensions, and demotions).demotions).

• Solid legal ground for terminationSolid legal ground for termination• Must have a written record (documentation) of Must have a written record (documentation) of

problems with employeeproblems with employee

StaffingStaffing

Labor unions:Labor unions:• Written contracts with wages, work hrs., vacation Written contracts with wages, work hrs., vacation

& sick leave, promotion criteria, etc.& sick leave, promotion criteria, etc.• Contracts are for written period of timeContracts are for written period of time• Re-negotiated between the union mngmt. & Re-negotiated between the union mngmt. &

institutions mngmt. institutions mngmt. • Union has 1 representative, designated stewardsUnion has 1 representative, designated stewards• Written complaints against employer:Written complaints against employer:

– GrievanceGrievance

Ch. 2: Identifying and Ch. 2: Identifying and Controlling CostsControlling Costs

Cost analysis:Cost analysis:• method used o calculate the amount of method used o calculate the amount of

money required to operate an animal money required to operate an animal resource programresource program

• Cost Analysis and rate Setting Manual for Cost Analysis and rate Setting Manual for Animal Resources (revised in 2000)Animal Resources (revised in 2000)

• deterimine and list all costs associated with deterimine and list all costs associated with animal facility & assign cost centersanimal facility & assign cost centers

• generate animal per diemsgenerate animal per diems

Cost Accounting CriteriaCost Accounting Criteria

Small centralized facilities are easier to Small centralized facilities are easier to handlehandle

LATGs gather and summarize stats on LATGs gather and summarize stats on info. needed to generate cost analysis info. needed to generate cost analysis (sq. ft., animal days, amount of food (sq. ft., animal days, amount of food used, etc.)used, etc.)

Total Cost Accumulation:Total Cost Accumulation:• Three step processThree step process

Total Cost AccumulationTotal Cost Accumulation

Step 1: Prepare Trial BalanceStep 1: Prepare Trial Balance• list all direct an indirect expenses list all direct an indirect expenses

– direct: salaries, wages, benefits, supplies, service direct: salaries, wages, benefits, supplies, service contracts, noncapital equipmentcontracts, noncapital equipment

– indirect: costs incurred by institution in general indirect: costs incurred by institution in general support of facility operations. Physical plant & support of facility operations. Physical plant & maintenance, facility depreciation, water and maintenance, facility depreciation, water and electrical consumptionelectrical consumption

• Step 2: Assign cost centers on all expenses Step 2: Assign cost centers on all expenses listed in trial balancelisted in trial balance

Total Cost AccumulationTotal Cost Accumulation

Step 3: Allocate total costStep 3: Allocate total cost• nonrevenue-producing cost centersnonrevenue-producing cost centers

– does not allow recovery of its own costs by per does not allow recovery of its own costs by per diem rate or fee for servicediem rate or fee for service

• Allocation to revenue-producing cost centers Allocation to revenue-producing cost centers the total cost from nonrevenue producing the total cost from nonrevenue producing cost centers.cost centers.

Institutional Cost Recovery MethodsInstitutional Cost Recovery Methods• varies from institution; recovery=per diemvaries from institution; recovery=per diem

Cost Analysis and Cost Analysis and BudgetingBudgeting

Cost containment based on lack of cost Cost containment based on lack of cost recovery from per diem ratesrecovery from per diem rates

Personnel:Personnel:• 60% of all costs related to animal care60% of all costs related to animal care

Consolidation of physical spaceConsolidation of physical space Caging: automatic watering systemsCaging: automatic watering systems Cage Washing: efficiency Cage Washing: efficiency

Cost Analysis and Cost Analysis and BudgetingBudgeting

Animal days: evaluate minimum number of Animal days: evaluate minimum number of days animals must be keptdays animals must be kept

Feed: amounts, prices,Feed: amounts, prices, Bedding: quantity and quality of contact Bedding: quantity and quality of contact

beddingbedding Refuse: bulk vs. small batchRefuse: bulk vs. small batch Laboratory tests: sentinel programLaboratory tests: sentinel program Special Services and ProgramsSpecial Services and Programs

Ch. 3: Regulations and Ch. 3: Regulations and SecuritySecurity

Legislative Issues and RegulationsLegislative Issues and Regulations• supervising personnel requires in depth supervising personnel requires in depth

knowledge of federal, state, and local knowledge of federal, state, and local regulations and guidelinesregulations and guidelines

Federal regulations:Federal regulations:• Animal Welfare Act-USDAAnimal Welfare Act-USDA• Public Health Service (PHS) Policy -OLAWPublic Health Service (PHS) Policy -OLAW• Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs)-FDAGood Laboratory Practices (GLPs)-FDA

RegulationsRegulations

Reference file for LATGsReference file for LATGs• ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of

Laboratory Animals:Laboratory Animals:– outlines adequate veterinary care, facility outlines adequate veterinary care, facility

environment, housing requirements, sanitation environment, housing requirements, sanitation standardsstandards

• Animal Welfare Act (AWA):Animal Welfare Act (AWA):– programs for disease prevention, parasite programs for disease prevention, parasite

control, and euthanasia under supervision of control, and euthanasia under supervision of veterinarianveterinarian

1985 Amendments to AWA1985 Amendments to AWA

Dog exercise programDog exercise program Environmental enrichment program for NHPEnvironmental enrichment program for NHP Training for scientists, animal techs. In proper Training for scientists, animal techs. In proper

handling and care of lab animalshandling and care of lab animals One major operative surgical procedureOne major operative surgical procedure Minimization of Pain and DistressMinimization of Pain and Distress Defined duties and composition of IACUCDefined duties and composition of IACUC

Facility SecurityFacility Security

Risk Assessment:Risk Assessment:• all animal research facilities are at risk all animal research facilities are at risk • specific research that increases risk:specific research that increases risk:

– using random source dogs and cats from poundsusing random source dogs and cats from pounds– use of nonhuman primatesuse of nonhuman primates– substance abuse researchsubstance abuse research– pain studiespain studies– psychological or behavior researchpsychological or behavior research

• Higher risk with publicity of work conducted on-siteHigher risk with publicity of work conducted on-site• USDA reports available to public-FOIAUSDA reports available to public-FOIA

Selecting a Security Selecting a Security SystemSystem

Needs of facilityNeeds of facility Level of RiskLevel of Risk

• random source dogs vs. mouse houserandom source dogs vs. mouse house Financial status of institutionFinancial status of institution

Defusing IssuesDefusing Issues

Institutions proactively work on public Institutions proactively work on public sentimentsentiment

Project files:Project files:• lists of research projects and goalslists of research projects and goals

Public education: Public education: • Can’t support if don’t understand issuesCan’t support if don’t understand issues• NABR and AMP: conduct media campaigns NABR and AMP: conduct media campaigns

which details the advances in biomedical which details the advances in biomedical researchresearch

Defusing IssuesDefusing Issues

Employee Education:Employee Education:• animal care staff will notice strangers in facilitiesanimal care staff will notice strangers in facilities• educate staff on need to report unusual activities educate staff on need to report unusual activities

or occurrencesor occurrences Employee Screening:Employee Screening:

• Interview process-ask questions about use of lab Interview process-ask questions about use of lab animalsanimals

• security background screenssecurity background screens Contacts within Law EnforcementContacts within Law Enforcement