KONSEP DAN PRASYARAT INDUSTRI AKUAKULTUR YANG …

KONSEPDANPRASYARATINDUSTRIAKUAKULTURYANG

BERKELANJUTAN

MKPERENCANAANINDUSTRIAKUAKULTURYANIHADIROSEYANI

2018

MG10

PRINSIP-PRINSIPINDUSTRIALISASI

1. MENINGKATKANNILAITAMBAHDANDAYASAING:Peningkatannilaitambahdandayasaingproduk untukekspordanmemenuhikebutuhan dalamnegeri.

2. MODERNISASI SISTEMPRODUKSI:Efisiensidanmodernisasi sistemproduksihuludanhilir.

3. PENGUATANPELAKUINDUSTRIKELAUTANDANPERIKANAN:Peningkatan jumlah,kapasitas,dankualitasindustrikelautandanperikanandanpembinaanhubungan antarentitasbisnisdanindustri padasemuatahapanvaluechainuntukmemperkuat struktur industrikelautandanperikanan.

4. BERBASISKOMODITAS,WILAYAH,DANSISTEMMANAJEMENKAWASAN:Konsentrasipadakomoditas unggulan, potensiwilayahdanmanajemensentrasentraproduksipotensial sesuaidenganprospek pertumbuhannya dimasadepan.

5. BERKELANJUTAN:Prinsipkeseimbangan antarapemanfaatansumberdayaalamdanperlindunganlingkungan berjangkapanjang.

6. TRANSFORMASISOSIAL:Perubahancaraberfikirdanperilakumasyarakatmodern

KKP2012

KonsepPembangunanBerkelanjutan

Tolokukurpembangunanberkelanjutan(SoemarwotodalamSutisna(2006)

• prolingkunganhidup;• prorakyatmiskin;• prokesetaraanjender;• propenciptaanlapangankerja;• prodenganbentuknegarakesatuanRIdan• harusantikorupsi,kolusisertanepotisme

Tigasyaratakuakulturberkelanjutan

Sustainability is“theabilitytomeet theneeds ofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityofthefuturegenerations tomeettheirownneeds”

Blueeconomy

AKUAKULTURBERKELANJUTAN

Limits of the system Agar berkelanjutan dan akuakultur dapat dikelola serta dilaksanakan, perlu dijelaskan batasan sistem dimana berkelanjutan didefinisikan. Terdapat 3 tingkat limit sistem, yaitu :

1. “Farm level“, dimana faktor-faktornya dapat langsung dipengaruhi oleh pembudidaya seperti kualitas air, pengelolaan nutrien dan enerji, kesehatan ikan dsb.

2. "Second level“, dimana faktor2nya langsung terkait pada proses budidaya tetapi pembudidaya tidak dapat langsung mempengaruhinya seperti kualitas pakan, komposisis atau cara proses pakan ikan, jarak transportasi pakan, jenis enerji yang digunakan pembudidaya (renewable atau tidak), pasar produk dsb.Pembudidaya dapat memindahkan faktor pada “second level” ke"farm level", misal dengan produksi pakan sendiri, menggunakan enerji yang dihasilkan sendiri atau menjual langsung di kolam.

3. "Third level“, terdiri dari faktor2 yang tidak langsung terkait dengan proses di farm dan juga tidak dapat dipengaruhi oleh pembudidaya seperti : pasar, kebijakan/legalitas, sda, daya tahan material fasilitas budidaya, jenis bbm untuk transportasi ikan dsb.

EconomicdevelopmentPeranperikanan terhadapekonomi nasional:• Penyedia lapanganpekerjaan• Sumber devisa• Kontribusi20%terhadapGDPagrikulturdan 2.5% terhadapGDPnasional

• Akuakultur terbuktimembantumenurunkanharga ikan global• Meningkatkanaksesekonomi untuk semua konsumen yangsangatmiskin:

• Rumah tangga yangterlibat dalam perikanan budidaya ternyata cenderungkurang miskin daripada yangtidak,

• Rumah tangga miskin juga diuntungkan untuk terlibat dalam budidaya ikan,terlepas dari skala operasi.

• Tingkatkonsumsi ikan pada rumah tangga yangterlibat dalam akuakulturbiasanya lebih tinggi dari rata-ratanasional.

Manfaat dan kerugian sosial ekonomiakuakulturManfaat• Menambahpasokan ikan• Menurunkanharga ikan• Sumber devisa• Penciptaan lapangankerja• Konservasi sosial budaya• Perbaikanprasaranapedesaan

Kerugian• Kerusakan lingkungan• Konflik penggunaansumberdaya• Mengakibatkan kehilangansumberdaya

• Mengubahstruktur sosial• Mengakibatkan overfishingdanmereduksi pasokan ikantangkapan

• Menghilangkanpekerjaantradisional

FAO2010

FAO2010

FAO2010

Forcesdrivingtheresponsibleaquaculturemovement

1. Consumersareconcernedwithfoodsafetyandwantfoodproducedbyenvironmentally-andsocially-responsiblemethods.

2. Environmentalgroupsseektorelievepressureonnaturalfisheriesthroughresponsibleaquaculture.

3. Developednationsaredependingmoreonimportedfood andwanttoassurethatgoodproductionpracticesareusedinexportingnations.

4. Aquacultureindustrywantstoassureitsmarkets.5. Governmentswanttoprotecttheenvironmentandtopromote

exports.

• Aquacultureplanningneedstobeunderpinnedbyaccuratescience-basedinformationonecologicaleffects.

• Thisinformationiscriticalforappropriate,robustdecision-makingonaquaculturedevelopment.

• Somepreviousdevelopmenthasbeenhamperedbyalackofinformationor,insomecases,misinformationontheeffectsofaquacultureandinconsistentinformationrequirements.

• Allhumanactivities– fromwalkingthroughafieldtobuildingaskyscraper– haveanimpactontheenvironment. Aquacultureisnoexception

• Forallthepositiveeffectsaquaculturecanhaveonfoodsecurityandconservationofwildfisheries,itcanalsoposeseriousenvironmentalrisksandcreatesustainabilitychallenges.

• Sustainabilityis“theabilitytomeettheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityofthefuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”

AquacultureIsanEssentialActivityforWorld’sWelfare

• Aquacultureà adouble-edgedsword:• tremendousbenefitsforthehumanity:

• animalproteinconsumption to2.9billion peopleworldwide,• asourceofemployment ,• incomegenerating

• greatrepercussionstotheenvironment:

WhyAquacultureIsConsideredaNonsustainableActivity?

(1)DestructionofNaturalEcosystems,InParticularMangroveForeststoConstructAquacultureFarms

(2)Salinization/AcidificationofSoils(3)PollutionofWaterforHumanConsumption(4)EutrophicationandNitrificationofEffluentReceivingEcosystems(5)EcologicalImpactsinNaturalEcosystemsbecauseoftheIntroductionofExoticSpecies

(6)EcologicalImpactsCausedbyInadequateMedicationPractices(7)ChangesonLandscapeandHydrologicalPatterns

(8)TrappingandKillingofEggs,Larvae,Juveniles,andAdultsofDiverseOrganisms

(9)NegativeEffectonFisheries:fishmealforaquacultureisapotentialpromoterofthecollapseoffisheriesstocksworldwide

(10)SomeOtherAccusationsincludetheproductionoffishandshellfishwithhighconcentrationsoftoxinsand/orheavymetals;geneticpollutionandinfestationofnondesirable phytoplanktonand/orzooplanktonspecies

(11)InItsRoleasFoodProducer,AquacultureIsFarfromComplyinganAdequateDistributionofFood

WhattoDoforaSustainableAquaculture?

• selectionofthefarmingsitesandspecies;• implementationofthemostadequateculturesystem;• useofthebestfeedandfeedingpractices;theuseofbioremediationsystems;

• decreasingthedependenceoffishmealandfishoil;• adequatemanagementoftheeffluents;• achievingcertificationofcompliancewithsustainability;• improvingresearchandlegislationrelatedtoevaluationandsolutionsforaquacultureimpacts

FAQsaddressestotherelationshipbetweenaquacultureandtheenvironment:

1. Whatdoesaquaculturedotoprotecttheenvironment?2. Whatlawsandregulationsexisttoprotecttheenvironment?3. Whatenvironmentalfactorsareevaluatedbeforeafarmispermittedand

establishedinmarinewaters?4. Aredrugsandchemicalsusedinaquaculture?5. Whatcausesdiseaseinfish?6. Whatisdonetoreducediseasesinfarmedfish?7. Whatisdonetopreventsealiceandotherparasitesonfinfishfarmsandto

minimizeimpactsonwildfishpopulations?8. Whatisnutrientdischargeandwhyisitachallengeforfinfish aquaculture?9. Whatisdonetominimizetheimpactoffishescapesfromaquacultureonwild

populations?10. Whataboutthepotentialgeneticinteractionbetweenfarmedandwildfish?11. Whatdoaquaculturenet-penoperatorsdotopreventinteractionwithmarine

mammals?12. Isfarmedsalmoninjectedwithdye?

Minapolitan RegionDevelopmentAnalysisatPenajam Paser Utarausing

BlueEconomyConcept

Mawarsari,Dewanti1,Nurrahman.2017IOPConf.Series:EarthandEnvironmental Science

Abstract.

Penajam Paser Utara (PPU) Region in East Kalimantanwas assigned as one of Minapolitan area in Indonesiafocusing on aquaculture based on Indonesia Ministryof Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Decision Number 35in 2013. Unfortunately, it is shown from PPU regionstatistics data that decreasing fisheries production inPPU region was occur especially for land fisheries from2013 until 2015.

Theaimofthisstudy

•ToformulatedevelopmentstrategiesofMinapolitan inPPURegionbytheBlueEconomyconcept.

•Severalvariablessuchasfisheriesandaquacultureaspects,processingandmarketing,incomesandworkers,alsosustainabilityandeconomicparadigmisevaluatedinthisstudy.

• FirstlyitneedstoidentifythepotentialofcharacterandproblembyreviewingMinapolitan areainPPURegionwithdescriptivecomparativeanalysis.

• Secondly,thefruitfulnessofMinapolitan activityinPPURegionimpactfactorswasidentifiedbyusinginternalandexternalfactor(IFASandEFAS)analysis.

• ThensomeofstrategicconsiderationswasformulatedbyusingthesuccessfuldevelopmentindicatorinMinapolitan areathatassociatetotheBlueEconomyconceptwithSWOTanalysis.

Theresult

• IFASanalysisshowthehighestscoreofstrengththatisproductionandcommodityproductivity.Contrarily,theincomelevelfactorisbecomethehighestscoreatweakness.

• EFASanalysisdeclarethatmarketingsystemisthehighestfactorinopportunity.ThepositionofSWOTquadrantindicatethattheMinapolitan areaofPPUregionisinquadrantI/orfirstquadrantwhichmeansprogressive.Therefore,theMinapolitan inPPUhaveagreatchancetoincreasethecultivationoptimally.

•SWOTmatrixistoincreaseitsproductandproductivityby•upgradingthequalityandquantityproductionfacilities,

• raisingthecontrolofproductionactivities• increasingthesupervisionofprocessingbusinesswithsustainablemanagementbusinessprinciple

MULTIPLIEREFFECTSUATUINDUSTRI

MULTIPLIEREFFECT

• Dalammakroekonomi,multiplieradalah faktor proporsionalitas yangmengukur seberapa banyakvariabel endogenberubah dalammenanggapiperubahanpada beberapa variabel eksogen

• Efek multiplierterjadikarena suntikanpermintaanbaru untukbarangdan jasa ke dalamaliran pendapatanyangmelingkar danmendorongputaranpengeluaran lebih lanjut - dengankatalain"pengeluaranseseorang adalahpendapatanoranglain"

Nilai multiplierdipengaruhi

• Kecenderunganuntukmengimpor• Kecenderunganuntukmenyimpan• Kecenderunganuntukpajak• Jumlah kapasitas cadangan

• Semakin tinggi kecenderungan mengkonsumsi barang dan jasa yangdiproduksididalam negeri,semakin besar multiplier effect-nya.Pemerintah dapatmempengaruhi ukuran multipliermelalui perubahan pajak langsung.Misalnya,penurunan tingkat pajak penghasilan akan meningkatkan jumlah pendapatantambahan yangdapat digunakan untuk barang dan jasa lebih lanjut

• Faktor lainyangmempengaruhi ukuran efek multiplier adalah kecenderunganuntuk membeli barang impor.Jika,dari pendapatan tambahan,orangmenghabiskan uang mereka untuk impor,permintaan ini tidak diwujudkandalam bentuk pengeluaran segar untuk produksi dalam negeri. Ini bocor darialiran pendapatan dan pengeluaran melingkar,mengurangi ukuran pengganda.

• Prosesmultiplier juga mensyaratkan bahwa ada kapasitas cadangan yangcukupuntuk outputekstra yangakan diproduksi.Jika suplai agregat jangka pendektidak elastis, efek multiplier penuh tidak mungkin terjadi,karena kenaikan ADakan menghasilkan harga yanglebih tinggi daripada peningkatan outputnasionalyangnyata.Sebaliknya,ketika SRASbenar-benar elastis, kenaikan permintaanagregat menyebabkan peningkatan outputnasional yangbesar.

• Keseluruhan - ini adalah dimana (misalnya)peningkatan belanja pemerintahatau pajak yanglebih rendah dapat menyebabkan kenaikan pinjamanpemerintah dan /atau inflasi yangmenyebabkan tingkat suku bunga naik danberdampak memperlambat aktivitas ekonomi.

Whenwillthemultipliereffectbelarge?

Inshort– themultipliereffectwillbe largerwhen• Thepropensitytospendextraincomeondomesticgoodsandservicesishigh

• Themarginalrateoftaxonextraincomeislow• Thepropensitytospendextraincomeratherthansaveishigh• Consumerconfidenceishigh(thisaffectswillingnesstospendgainsinincome)

• Businessesintheeconomyhavethecapacitytoexpandproductiontomeetincreasesindemand

• Evaluation:Timelagsandthemultipliereffect• Itisimportanttorememberthatthemultipliereffectwilltaketimetocomeintofulleffect

• AgoodexampleisthefiscalstimulusintroducedintotheUSeconomybytheObamagovernment.Theyhavesetasidemanybillionsofdollarsofextraspendingoninfrastructurespendingbutthesecapitalprojectscantakeyearstobecompleted.Delaysinsourcingrawmaterials,componentsandfindingsufficientskilledlaborcanlimittheinitialimpactofthespendingprojects.

UsahaPembenihan

UsahaPendederan

UsahaPembesaran

Pemasaran ikanhidup/segar

UsahaPengolahan

Pemasaranproduk olahan

Pengadaan saranabudidaya

Penyediaan tenagakerja

Penyediaan modalusaha

Lembagapengembanganakuakultur

Lembaga pendidikan Lembaga permodalanPemerin-tah:

Kebijakan/Peraturan,Pengadaanprasarana

SDA

Pemasok Pembudidaya Distributor Penjual

ECONOMICIMPACT

• Economicimpactistraditionallymeasuredinvariousways• TotalImpacts:Thesumofdirect,indirectandinducedeffectsoreconomicimpacts

• Directeffects/impacts:Directimpactsrepresenttherevenues,value-added,income,orjobsthatresultdirectlyfromaneconomicactivitywithinthestudyareaoraregionaleconomy.

• Indirecteffects/impacts:Indirecteffectsoccurwhenbusinessesuserevenuesoriginatingfromoutsidetheregion,orstudyarea,topurchaseinputs(goodsandservices)fromlocalsuppliers.Thissecondary,orindirectbusiness,generatesadditionalrevenues,income,jobsandtaxesfortheareaeconomy

• Inducedeffects/impacts:Inducedeffectsorimpactsoccurwhennewdollars,originatingfromoutsidethestudyarea,areintroducedintothelocaleconomy.Inducedeconomicimpactsoccurasthehouseholdsofbusinessownersandemployeesspendtheirearningsfromtheseenterprisestopurchaseconsumergoodsandservicesfromotherbusinesseswithintheregion.Thisinducedeffectgeneratesadditionalrevenues,income,jobsandtaxesfortheareaeconomy.

• Input-OutputAnalysis:Theuseofinput-outputmodelstoestimatehowrevenuesoremploymentforoneormoreparticularindustries,businessesoractivitiesinaregionaleconomyimpactotherbusinessesandinstitutionsinthatregion,andtheregionalasawhole.

Lingkagepadaindustriakuakultur

INDUSTRIAKUAKULTUR

Balai benih

Pabrik pakan

Teknologi

Tenaga

Sumberdayaalam

Legalitas

Permodalan

Pasar

Pengembangan Industri Akuakultur

• Presentstatusofaquaculture• Theneedforanaquaculturedevelopment

• Potentialandopportunitiesforaquaculture

• Highlocaldemand.• Highdemandforfishexport• Limitlesssupplyofseawater:kualitas???

• Accesstotechnology.• Limitedanddecliningfishstocks.

• Strongpoliticalwilltodiversifytheeconomy

• Commoditypriorities• Dukunganfasilitasdaninfrastruktur

Wurts 2000

Severalfarmscouldbelocatedattheperimeters ofmarketswhicharewidelydispersed acrosslargegeographicregions

Averylargeindustrysituated atthecenterofasingle,massive distributionweb

1.NaturalResources

A.WaterRequirementsforAquacultureSystems1.OpenFreshwaterPonds2.CageAquaculture3.CoolWaterRaceways4.Mariculture5.Closed SystemsforWaterReuse6.WaterQuality inFreshwaterSystems

B.WaterAvailability1.FreshGroundWaterSupplies2.FreshSurfaceWater

C.Land1.Topography2.Soils

D.Climate1.Temperature2.Rainfall

2.Fishutilization

• Fishisconsumedasfoodinfresh,frozen,smokedandcanned• Post-harvestactivitiesrangefromtraditionaldrying,salting,andsmoking,tocanningandmoremodernformsofprocessing(e.g.productionoffishloins)

• About55%offishproductionisconsumedfresh• Thereareseverelimitstothesupplyoficeandavailabilityofrefrigeratedstorageandtransportfacilities,sothebalanceisprocessedandconsumedasdriedandsalted,smokedorfermentedfish.

• Thereareabout10000smallfishprocessingoperations,generallyusingtraditionalmethods.

• Lessthan2%ofthecatchiscanned.Thecanneriesutilizepelagicspecies,mostlyoilsardinesandskipjack.

• Somefish,mostlyshrimpandtuna,arefrozenandexported.Onlyasmallproportionisconvertedintofishoil,fishmealandsilage,thatisintoproductsforanimalfeedorotherusages.

• Productionoffishmealtakesplacemostlyinconjunctionwithcanningoffish

3.Fishmarkets

• FishmarketsareconcentratedinJavareflectingthefactthatmostoftheIndonesianpopulationresideonthisisland(morethan60%).

• Thelargestdomesticmarketsarefoundinbigcities,whererestaurantsandhotelsaresignificantbuyers.

4.Trade

• DemandDuringthefirstdecadeofthe21stcenturyIndonesia’seconomicgrowthwasrapidanditoutpacedpopulationgrowth.Thisledtoanincreaseinthedisposableincomeperpersonwhichinturnledtoagrowingpercaputdemandforfishandfishproducts.ThemarketiscenteredinJava,notonlyforfishasfoodbut,giventhattheislandisacenteralsoforaquaculture,demandforfishmealisalsohighinthisisland.AslightdeclineofcatchfrommarinecapturefisheriesinrecentyearshasresultedintheincreaseoffishimportfromunconventionalcountriesinAsia,especiallyfromIndiaandVietnam,inparticulartheimportofsmallpelagicspecies.Theimportisnotonlyforhumanconsumptionbutalsoforbaitrequiredinthetunalonglinefisheries.

5.Supply

Productionoffishhasincreasedduringthelastdecadewiththefastestrateofincreaseshownbytheaquaculturesector.ThishasledtoanincreaseintheoverallsupplyoffishandfishproductsandagrowingconsumptionInfaceofagrowingpopulationandstagnatingcapturefisheriesthegrowingdemandforfishandfishproductsmostlikelywillbemetthroughamixtureofimportsandagrowingaquacultureoutput.

6.Fisheriesexportsareimportant.

Theycontributetoforeignexchangeearnings.Exportsreachedallfivecontinentswiththemainmarketsbeing:Japan,EU,USA,China,Singapore,HongKong,Taiwan(ProvinceofChina),VietnamandtheRepublicofKorea.Tuna,especiallyfreshtuna,isexportedmostlytoJapanandtheUSAwhereitisconsumedassashimi.ArecentdevelopmentisthegrowingexportstocountriesintheMiddleEast.

7.Foodsecurity

AlthoughinIndonesiafishcanfetchaveryhighprice,likeinthecaseofsouthernbluefin tuna,ingeneralfishisacheapanimalprotein.Poorpeoplecanaffordtobuydriedsaltedtropicalfishsuchassaltedponyfishandanchovy.Inaddition,thefisherysectorprovidesemploymenttomany.Inremoteareasthefisherysectormaynotreceiveanygovernmentsupport,butitdoesprovidelivelihoodopportunitiestolocalpeople.Thatiswhy,duringthecrisisthatoccurredinthecountry’seconomyin1998,thefisherysectorwithstoodthecrisiswellandrecoveredfasterthan,forexample,themanufacturingsector.Inthissensethefisherysectorprovidesasignificantcontributiontothefoodsecurityofthecountry.

8.Ruraldevelopment

Aquaculturehasanimportantroleinruraldevelopment,particularlywheretheleveloftechnologyusedisrelativelylowandsomanycommunitiescanaffordtoengageinsuchaquaculture.WestJavaisfamousforcommunitiesthatculturecommoncarp,CentralJavaforgoramy(Osphronemusgoramy)andcatfish(Clariassp.)culture,thenorthcoastofEastJavaformilkfish(Chanos chanos)andSouthSulawesiforrabbitfishculture

9.Financing

A. ChangingFinancingEnvironmentB. AquacultureFinancingIssues

1. LackofAquacultureExperience2. EarlyStagesofDevelopment3. InventoryQuestions4. FactorsOutside theBusiness5. Competition6. MarketContracts

C.SourcesofFinancing1. Non-governmentFundingSources2. GovernmentFundingSources

10.ProcessingandMarketing

A. SeafoodDemandandSupply1.Demand2.Supply

B.Infrastructure1.Processing2.Distribution3.Operations4.Constraints5.QualityAssurance6.LinkagesBetween ProducersandMarkets7.CriticalMass8.Seasonality9.WasteDisposal10.Pricing

TRENDS

Trends-increasingproductivity•tracking livestockandagriculture•intensification•diversification–species, culturesystems•integrationandconsolidation•contractingsupplychains•pricedeclinesandexpandingmarkets•improvedquality

Trends –technology &environment•seeds,feeds and disease (oil,vaccines,plants)

•technology for the poor (GIFT),GMOs?•integrated production systems

–closed systems (Netherlands,Israel,USA)–opensystems (Calcutta/China)

•environmentally friendly (Norway)•healthy –traceable –organic -certifiedproducts

•convergence aquaculture and EAF–China•governance playing ‘catch-up’–environment,regulations,technologies,impacts

•offshore cages,carbon sequestration (USA,EU)

AnalisisakuakulturberkelanjutandiIndonesia

Komoditas Ageofindustrysurvival(years)

Economicdevelopment

Social responsibility Environmentalresponsibility

Ikan mas 100 √ √√√ √√

Ikan lele 30

Ikan gurame 30

Ikan patin 10

Udang windu 5pasttime √√√ √ √

Udang vaname 10

Bandeng 50

Kerapu 10

Kakap 10