ITE RP Presentation (Part 2 Of 3)

1Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)

Designing Walkable Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: Urban Thoroughfares:

A Context Sensitive A Context Sensitive ApproachApproach

An ITERecommended Practice

Part 2 of 3

2Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)

This presentation… Is a synopsis of the Recommended

Practice Intended as an introduction to

Context Sensitive Solutions for design professionals

Funded by the Federal Highway Administration

Offered as public domain for use by professionals in the transportation and urban planning/design fields, as well as elected officials and the public

Use as desired but please retain credits for ITE, the RP’s authors, and photos and refrain from significantly altering content

Brian Bochner, PETexas

Transportation Institute

PreamblePrincipal Authors

James Daisa, PEOve Arup &

Partners, Ltd.

San Francisco

Preamble This presentation is divided into three

separate Powerpoint files each containing multiple segments:1) ITE RP Presentation (Part 1 of 3).ppt

• Segment 1: Introduction

• Segment 2: CSS in Transportation Planning

2) ITE RP Presentation (Part 2 of 3).ppt

• Segment 3: CSS Design Framework

• Segment 4: Design Controls and Thoroughfare Design Process

3) ITE RP Presentation (Part 3 of 3).ppt

• Segment 5: Streetside Design

• Segment 6: Traveled Way Design

• Segment 7: Intersection Design

Additional Powerpoint presentations are available: A 15-20 minute

overview of the RP An appendix of CSS

background information and many annotated photographic examples of thoroughfare types in varying contexts

The above presentations are available at no cost from ITE at:

www.ite.org/CSS

CSS DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Segment 3

Placemaking

Community-based approach to the development and revitalization of cities and neighborhoods

Placemaking: Unique places with lasting

value Compact, mixed-use Pedestrian and transit oriented Strong civic character Contributes to economic

developmentPhoto: EPA

Context zones: Suburbs to urban cores

Street classification: Functional class

Arterial Collector

Thoroughfare type Boulevard Avenue Street

Compatibility and mutual support

CSS Design Framework

Photo: Community Design + Architecture

An organizing system for thoroughfare design

Context Zones

Source: Duany Plater-Zyberk and Company

Type and mix of land uses

Densities General character Building placement Type of frontage Building height Type of public open

Defining Context Zones

Context ZoneDistinguishing Characteristics

General Character

C-1 Natural Natural landscape Natural features

C-2 RuralAgricultural with scattered development

Agricultural activity and natural features

C-3 Suburban

Primarily single family residential with walkable development pattern and pedestrian facilities, dominant landscape character. Includes scattered commercial uses that support the residential uses, and connected in walkable fashion.

Detached buildings with landscaped yards, normally adjacent to C-4 zone. Commercial uses may consist of neighborhood or community shopping centers, service or office uses with side or rear parking.

C-4 General Urban

Mix of housing types including attached units, with a range of commercial and civic activity at the neighborhood and community scale

Predominantly detached buildings, balance between landscape and buildings, presence of pedestrians

C-5 Urban Center

Attached housing types such as townhouses and apartments mixed with retail, workplace, and civic activities at the community or sub-regional scale.

Predominantly attached buildings landscaping within the public right of way substantial pedestrian activity

Land use Defines urban activity Major factor in design criteria

Site design Arrangement of buildings,

circulation, parking, and landscape

Vehicle or pedestrian-orientation

Building design Height, massing, shape Create enclosure/pedestrian

interest

Features that Create Context

Photo: Community Design + Architecture

Major factor in thoroughfare design

Influences: Travel demand Number of lanes Activity in streetside Width of streetside On-street parking Target speed Freight and transit

Land Use

Photos: Arup and EPA

Site Design

Auto Oriented Pedestrian Oriented

Building Orientation and Setback

Set well back into private property

Oriented to parking or landscape

Oriented to, and adjacent to street

Direct pedestrian entrance on street

Integrated with street using stoops, arcades, cafes

Parking Type and Orientation

Surface lot between buildings and street

Under or behind building access by alleys

Structured On-street

Block Length Large blocks, often with no public throughway

Superblocks

Short blocks High connected network

Significant contributor to context defined by: Height and

thoroughfare enclosure Massing Scale and variety Entries and windows Placement on site Architectural style

Building Design

Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

Building height to thoroughfare width ratios:

1:4 suburban

1:2-1:3 urban

Pedestrians first perceive enclosure at a 1:4 ratio

Street Enclosure

The thoroughfare both responds to and contributes to shaping the context and defining the place

Thoroughfare Design Changes with Context

Conventional Principal Arterial Suburban context

TODAYSource: Steve Price, Urban Advantage

Boulevard General Urban (C-4) context

5-10 YEARSSource: Steve Price, Urban Advantage

Avenue Urban Center (C-5) context

Changing Thoroughfare and Context

Source: Steve Price, Urban Advantage10-20 YEARS +

Completion of dense network of surrounding thoroughfares

Three classifications: Boulevard Avenue Street

Basis for: Physical configuration Design criteria

Thoroughfare Types

Functional Class and Thoroughfare Type

Classification Roles in Design

Criteria Functional Classification

Thoroughfare Type

Continuity

Trip length

Movement type

Sight distance (speed)

Curvature

Physical configuration

Dimensions

Urban Thoroughfare Type

Number of Through

Desired Operating

Speed (mph)

Transit Service

MedianDriveway Access

CurbParking

Pedestrian Facilities

Bicycle Facilities

Freight Movement

FREEWAY 4 to 6+ 45-65 Express Required No No No

Optional Separated Pathway or Shoulder

Regional Truck Route

EXPRESSWAY / PARKWAY

4 to 6 45-55 Express Required No NoOptional

Separated Pathway

Optional Separated Pathway or Shoulder

BOULEVARD 4 to 6 30-35Express and

LocalRequired Limited Optional Sidewalk

Bike Lanes or Parallel Route

MULTIWAY BOULEVARD 4 to 6 25-35Express and

Required on access

Yes from access lane

Yes on access roadway

Sidewalk

Regional Route/Local

deliveries only on access roadway

AVENUE 2 to 4 25-30 Local Optional Yes Yes SidewalkBike Lanes or

SharedLocal Truck Route

STREET 2 25Local

or noneNo Yes Yes Sidewalk Shared

Local Deliveries Only

RURAL ROAD 2 25-35Local

or noneNo Yes No No

Shared or Shoulder

LOCAL STREET 2 25Local

or noneNo Yes Yes Sidewalk Shared

ALLEY/REAR LANE 1 5-10 None No Yes No Shared SharedLocal Deliveries

Thoroughfare Type Characteristics

Thoroughfare Design Criteria

Boulevard

Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning.

Boulevard

Divided arterial (4+ lanes)

Target speed (35 mph or less)

Through and local traffic

Serve longer trips

Access management

Major transit corridor

Primary freight route

Emergency response route

May or may not have curb parking

Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

25Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Urban Boulevard in a C-5 Residential context

Example: Urban Boulevard in an Urban Center (C-5) context Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

27Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Urban Boulevard transit street in an Urban Center (C-5) context

Urban Core BoulevardPhoto: Congress for the New Urbanism

Multiway Boulevard

Walkable High Capacity StreetCentral roadway for through traffic

Parallel access lanes

Access lanes for parking, and pedestrian and bicycle facilities

Requires significant right of way

Special treatment of intersections

Octavia Boulevard, San Francisco. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Add images(s) of Octavia

Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach30Octavia Boulevard, San Francisco. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Multiway Boulevard in an Urban Center (C-6) residential context

Add images of MW blvd

Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach31Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn. Photo: Rick Hall

Example: Multiway Boulevard / Parkway

32Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachK Street, Washington. Photo: Texas Transportation Institute

Example: Multiway Boulevard in an Urban Core (C-6) context

Avenue

Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning

Avenue

Arterial or collector (4 lanes maximum)

Target speed (30 to 35 mph) Land access Primary ped and bike route Local transit route Freight - local deliveries Optional raised landscaped

median Curb parking

Photo: Fred Dock

Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachCastro Street, Mountain View, CA. Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Avenue in an Urban Center (C-5) commercial context

Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Danville Boulevard, Danville, CA. Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup

Example: Avenue in a suburban (C-3) commercial context

Add image of avenue

Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach37Congress Avenue , Austin, Texas. Photo: Texas Transportation Institute

Example: Avenue in an Urban Core (C-6) context

Street

Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning

Street

Collector or local

2 lanes maximum

Target speed (25 mph)

Land access

Designed to connect

May be commercial main street

Emphasizes curb parking

Freight restricted to local deliveries

Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup

40Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Street in an General Urban (C-4) context

Example: Street in an Urban Core (C-6) context

Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup

Example: Street in a Suburban (C-3) residential context Photo: James M Daisa, P.E., Arup

Photos: Michael King

Examples: Main street in Suburban (C-3) commercial context

DESIGN CONTROLS AND THOROUGHFARE DESIGN PROCESS

Segment 4

Design control – guides selection of design criteria Speed Design vehicle Thoroughfare type, context, land use type Location Sight distance Horizontal / vertical alignment Access management Pedestrians and bicyclists

Design Controls in CSS

“Balancing street improvements with need to safely integrate the design into the surrounding natural and built environments”Flexibility in Highway Design, FHWA

Consider ALL usersUse existing flexibilityPrepare to reevaluate decisionsUnderstand the exception processDon’t fear unique solutions Document rationales

Flexibility in Design

Speed Definitions

Conventional Design Speed Guidance is to establish as high as

practicable (AASHTO) Typically 10 mph over anticipated speed limit

“Target Speed” Desirable operating speed in specific context Range: 25 to 35 mph Balances

Vehicle mobility Safe pedestrian environment

Usually posted speed limit

Speed/Accident Severity RelationshipPerception

Speed Reaction148'

40 mphFatal

110'30 mph

Serious74' Injury

20 mph

Injury

107' 196' 313'Total Stopping Distance

Low/Moderate

Source: Anderson, McLean, Farmer, Lee and Brooks, Accident Analysis & Prevention (1997)

Lane width Reduced “shy distance” offset from median No superelevation No shoulders On-street parking Small curb return radii Design of right turn lanes Spacing of traffic signals Synchronization to desired speed Paving materials

Factors that Influence Speed in Urban Areas

Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Design Vehicle No encroachment Turns with considerable

frequency High volumes in opposing

lanes Example: bus

Control Vehicle Encroachment allowed Turns infrequently Example: emergency

vehicle

Design vs. Control Vehicle

1: Plan

2: Vision

3: Compatibility

4: Initial concept/testing

5: Design

CSS Design Process

CSS vs. Conventional Design Approach

Thoroughfare Components

Local objectives Stakeholder

priorities Adjacent activities Functional class Context zone and

thoroughfare type Modal requirements Other conditions

Right of way Traffic volumes Vehicle mix

Considerations in Cross-Section Design

1. Establish initial general parameters based on: Context zone (current or envisioned) Thoroughfare type Thoroughfare design parameter tables in RP

2. Determine number of lanes based on: Community objectives Thoroughfare type Long-range transportation plan Corridor/network capacity analysis Maximum 6 lanes in walkable urban areas

Stages in Cross-Section Design

3. Determine design and control vehicle4. Identify transit, freight, and bicycle

requirements Establish dimensions

5. Develop ideal cross-section - compare to RW

Acquire RW or narrow design elements, or Widen high priority elements to match RW Avoid combining minimal widths

Stages in Cross-Section Design

Prioritize design elements Develop range of constrained sections

Optimal – unconstrained Predominant – all priority elements Functional minimum – many priority elements Absolute minimum – highest priority only

RW width less than absolute minimum? Acquire RW incrementally Change thoroughfare type

Design in Constrained Right-of-Way

Geometric transitions (use AASHTO) Change in thoroughfare width Lateral shifts Lane drops

Context, visual, operational, environmental transition Speed zone transition Visual cues

Urban design, land uses, building design, gateways Change width of thoroughfare

Addition of curb parking or reduction in number of lanes Change in context

Changes in land use and scale of development, setbacks Change in landscaping style

Transitions

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