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8/19/2019 Introduction to Geothermal (PIKE) Sem Gasal 15-16
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Exploration commonly begins with analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI, FTKE, USAKTI
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI, FTKE, USAKTI
Dr. Ir. Fajar Hendrasto, Dip.Geoth.Tech., MT
email: f_hendrasto@trisakti.ac.idf_hendrasto@yahoo.com
Pengantar Kuliah PIKE
Geologi Geotermal
(18 September 2015)
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld018.htm
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Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us
from Earth's interior heat. The mantle is semi-molten, the outer
core is liquid and the inner core is solid
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld004.htm
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The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers)
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld006.htm
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Kerak Bumi
Kerak bumi terdiri darikerak benua dan kerak samudera yang selalu bergerak karenaadanya arus konveksi padalapisan astenosfer dan mantelbagian atas.
Bukti pergerakannya adalahadanya gempabumi dan aktivitas
gunungapi.
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Susunan Kerak BumiKerak bumi kita terdiri dari lempeng benua dan lempeng samudera, yang tersusun seperti sebuah permainan puzzle raksasa
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Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at
about the rate our fingernails grow. Convection of semi-molten rock in the
upper mantle helps drive plate tectonics
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld007.htm
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PENYEBARAN GUNUNGAPI DI DUNIADAERAH JUMLAH PERSEN (%)
Lingkar Pasifik 512 61.8
Indonesia 129 15.6Benua Erasia 30 3.6
Afrika, Laut Merah 79 9.5
Lautan Pasifik 14 1.7
Lautan Atlantik 60 7.2
Lautan Hindia 5 0.6
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Halmahera Arc
EURASIAN PLATE
North Sulawesi Arc
Maluku
PACIPIC
PLATE
PHILIPPINEPLATE
INDIAN OCEAN - AUSTRALIAN PLATE
Trench Sistem SesarArah
Pergerakan
Gunungapi
aktif
KETERANGAN :
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Proses Lempeng Tektonik
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Geothermal nergy
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http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld003.htm
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13
Geothermal FieldsOn the Ring of Fire
Prospect
Developed Fields
Geothermal FieldsOn the Ring of Fire
Prospect
Developed Fields
Elevated heat flow or heat source found in
volcanic regions along the “ring of fire”
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Installed geothermal generating capacity(December 2009) in MW
Gunung Salak 375
Kamojang 200
Darajat 260
Wayang Windu 227
Dieng 60
Lahendong 60
Sibayak 15.3
Total 1,197.30
Sumber: IGA
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2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
822MW
(produksi)
2000MW
3442MW
4600MW
6000MW
(target)
1142 MWExisting
WKP
1300 MW ?Existing
WKP+ NewWKP
1600 MW ?New WKP
1093 MWExisting
WKP
Geothermal Road-map by 2025Program Pemerintah
9000MW ?
(target)
2025
(Program Pemerintah , 2004)
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Installed Capacity
(MW)
Annual Energy
Produced (GWh)
% of National
Capacity
USA 2,544 17,840 0.3%
Philippines 1,931 9,419 12.7%
Indonesia 1058 7,877 2,96 %
Mexico 953 6,282 2.2%
Italy 790 5,340 1.0%
Top Five Geothermal Countries by InstalledCapacity (2005 & 2007)
Some Industry Statistics (2)
(Bertani, World Geothermal Congress, 2005 & PLN 2007 )
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Jumlah daerah panasbumi: 253
Total Potensi: 27.800 MWe Panasbumi non-vulkanik
Sumber : Badan Geologi (2004)
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ENERGI NASIONAL
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Geothermal xploration
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• Infiltrasi air hujan merupakan bahan dasar fluida panasbumi
• Sumber panas gunung vulkanik, permeabel reservoir dan
impermeabel lapisan penudung faktor sistim panasbumi
?
?
?
?
Impermeabel clay
alteration
Fumarole
Tutu
p
Air panas
Uap`
Uap
Sumber Panas
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htm
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Conceptual Model
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Sistem Panas Bumi
Temperatur (°C)• T Tinggi
• T Moderate
• T Rendah
• Direct Use
Fluida (Fraksi Air/ Uap)
• Air panas (uap 20-30%),
• 2-fasa (uap 70-80%),
• Uap (100% fraksi uap),
>220
150-220
130-150
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Kajian geologi menyelidiki sistem vulkanis, struktur geologi, umur
batuan, jenis dan tipe batuan ubahan dalam kaitannya dengan
sistem panas bumi
Pendataan kenampakan manifestasi geotermal (aktif ataupun non aktif)
Studi literatur, termasuk analisis foto udara, citra satelit, dll
Daerah yang menarik kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan kunjungan lapangan
Pemetaan : geologi regional, manifestasi termal dan membuat model awal
meliputi pemetaan geologi detil, termasuk pengecekan struktur hasil
interpretasi foto udara (penyebaran lithologi, struktur geologi,
pendataan manifestasi, pemetaan daerah alterasi)
Geothermal Explorat ion – Geological Mapp ing
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Surface Manifestation
(1) Features at ground surface where fluids discharge,
mainly
as single‐phase fluids
(e.g., hot springs, hot lakes and pools, fumaroles);
(2) Features resulting from fluid/rock interactions and
hydrothermal mineral deposition, also at ground
surface.
The term, in its widest sense, refers to both active and
inactive thermal features.
(Hochstein and Browne, 2000, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes)
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Model konseptual yang menunjukkan distribusi berbagai manifestasi
pada sistem panas bumi temperatur tinggi flat terrain
(Nicholson, 1993)
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Model konseptual yang menunjukkan distribusi berbagai manifestasi pada sistem
panas bumi temperatur tinggi high terrain
(Nicholson, 1993)
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Jenis-jenis Manifestasi Permukaan
• Danau Kawah Asam (Acid Crater Lake)
• Fumarol (Fumarols)
• Solfatara (Solfatar)
• Tanah Beruap (Steaming Ground)
• Tanah Hangat (Warm Ground)
• Boiling Springs (T >90oC), Hot Springs (T: 60‐90oC),
Warm Springs (T: 30‐60o
C), T
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Danau Kawah Asam (Acid Crater Lake)
Lokasi: Kawah Ijen, Jawa Timur
Fumarol
Lokasi: Kawah Wayang, Pangalengan, Jawa Barar
Solfatar
Solfatar dan tambang
Sulfur di Kawah Ijen,
Jawa Timur
Steam Vent, Soffioni, Moffete and Kaipohan
Lokasi: Kawah Papandayan, Jawa Barat
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Tanah Beruap (Steaming Ground)
Lokasi: Muara Labuh, Sumatera Barat
Tanah Hangat (Warm ground)
Lokasi: Gunung Ungaran, Jawa Tengah
Neutral Chloride Springs
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Kolam Panas (Hot Pool)
Lokasi: Batu Kuwung, Banten
Kolam Airpanas Asam
Lokasi: Waiotapu, Taupo, NZ
Silica Sinter
Lokasi: Ukumuri silica sinter, Orakeikorako, NZ
Geyser
Spouting Springs
Lokasi: Cisolok (mirip
geyser tetapi
keluarannya
bersifat kontinyu)
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Mata air panas asam berasosiasi dengan
mud pools dan ground collapse
Lokasi: Waiotapu, Taupo, NZ
Mata air bikarbonat dan endapan travertin
Erupsi Hidrotermal Alterasi Hidrotermal
Lokasi: Cliffs, Paeohori Beach, Milos
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Gas Sampling (Wayang Windu Geothermal Field)
Silica Sinter - Travertine (Wayang Windu) Geyser (Cisolok, Pelabuhan Ratu)
Gradient temp. survey (2 m depth)
Cisolok, Palabuhan Ratu
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Kegiatan survai lapangan,
Pengambilan data Geofisika dan Geokimia
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld024.htm
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Pemanfaatan Tidak Langsung
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Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine
generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the coolingtower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production
Pemanfaatan Tidak Langsung
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htm
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Ahli Geologi meneliti sampel
batuan dari inti pemboran (core
)
KEGIATAN PENGEBORAN
SUMUR EKSPLORASI
Peralatan survai wel l logg ing
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld033.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld030.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld032.htm
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Production-sized wells require large drill rigs like
these and can cost as much as a million dollars
or more to drill. Geothermal wells can be drilled
over two miles deep Drilling Rig for reinjection well
Loc: Wairakei, New Zealand
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld032.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld036.htm
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If the well is good enough, a
wellhead, with valves and
control equipment, is built
onto the top of the well
casing
This photograph shows a vertical
geothermal well test in the Nevada Desert
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld036.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld035.htm
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PROSES ESPLOITASI UAP MENJADI TENAGA LISTRIK
(Pertamina 2006)
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Turbine blades inside a
geothermal turbine generator Loc: Wairakei Power Station, New Zealand
Like all steam turbine generators, the
force of steam is used to spin the
trubine blades which spin the
generator, prducing electricity. But with
geothermal energy, no fuels are burned
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld050.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld039.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld040.htm
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Geothermal power plant operators in geothermal power plant
control room in the Philippines.
Substation with transformer
and insulators, at a
geothermal power plant.
P f t L
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld044.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld043.htm
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44
Sterilisasi Lahan
Pembibitan Kentang
Kolam renang air panas
Rumah Kaca (Green House)
Pemanfaatan Langsung
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Produk agroindustri menggunakan energi panas bumi
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld083.htm
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Geothermal water is also used to speed the growth of fish. These are growing ina geothermally heated hatchery at Mammoth Lakes, California.
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld083.htm
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47
Lokasi Sumur di PLTP Gn. Salak,
Jawa Barat
Lingkungan Bersih
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Lingkungan Bersih
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld048.htm
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Energi Alternatif
Ramah Lingkungan
Geothermal
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld038.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld048.htm
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Tugas:
Dikumpulkan pada kuliah minggu berikutnya
Kelas B diberikan pada tgl. 18 September 2015 dikumpulkan pada tgl 2 Oktober 2015
Soal:
Apa saja yang saudara ketahui dan berikan pendapat saudara tentang
energi terbarukan khususnya energi panas bumi (geothermal) danperkembanganya di Indonesia.
(Maksimum jawaban 2 halaman, ditulis tangan,
untuk gambar/grafik/tabel dapat ditempelkan,
jika berupa kutipan sebutkan sumber/pustaka/referensinya)
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