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Infant Reflexes and Stereotypies
Chapter 10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Infant
reflexes and
stereotypies
are very
important in
the process of
development
10-2
10-3
Importance of Infant Reflexes
Reflexive movements occur during the last 4 months of prenatal life and the first 4 months after birth
Reflexes occur subcortically (below the level of the higher brain centers)
10-4
Infant vs. Lifespan Reflexes
Most “infant” reflexes do not last beyond the first yearReflexes that endure are called “lifespan” reflexes
Knee-jerk reflexFlexor-withdrawal reflex
10-5
Role of the Reflexes in Survival
Infant reflexes are called primitive reflexes
Asymmetric tonic neck reflexSymmetric tonic neck reflexMoro reflexes
Primitive reflexes are important for
ProtectionNutrition
Sucking reflexRooting reflex
Survival
10-6
Role of Reflexes in Developing Future
MovementPostural reflexes
Provide automatic movement that is “practice” for future voluntary movement
Walking reflex
These reflexes disappear when voluntary behavior surfaces
10-7
Role of Reflexes in Developing Future Movement
Infant Reflex Future Voluntary Movement
Crawling Crawling
Labyrinthine Upright posture
Palmar grasp Grasping
Stepping Walking
10-9
Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools
Can help determine the level of neurological maturationMoro reflex
May signify a cerebral birth injury if lacking or asymmetrical
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex May indicate cerebral palsy or other neurological problem
10-10
Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools
Milani Comparetti Neuromotor Development Examination
Measures several infant reflexes from birth to 24 months
Primitive Reflex ProfileQuantification of the level of presence or strength of primitive reflexes
10-11
Pinpointing the Number of Infant Reflexes
Different terminologies used for same reflex by experts
Rooting reflex = search reflex
Reflexes are often poorly definedPalmar grasp
10-12
Primitive Reflexes ~ Palmar Grasp
The palmar grasp reflex is one of the most noticeable reflexes to emergeEndures through the 4th monthLeads to voluntary reaching and grasping
10-13
Primitive Reflexes ~ Sucking
Occurs pre-and postnatallyStimulated by touching the lips
10-14
Primitive Reflexes ~ Search
Helps the baby locate nourishmentBaby turns head toward the food Contributes to head- and body-righting reflexes
Stimulus ~ touching the cheek
10-15
Primitive Reflexes ~ Moro Reflex
Elicited by the same stimuli that induces the startle reflexMoro reflex precedes the startle reflex and causes the arms and legs to extend immediately rather than flexDisappears at 4-6 months
10-16
Primitive Reflexes ~ Startle
Similar to the Moro reflex May not appear until 2-3 months after Moro disappearsElicited by a rapid change of head position or by striking the surface that supports the babyCauses the arms and legs to flex immediately
10-17
Primitive Reflexes ~ Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex
Causes flexion on one side and extension on the otherNot always seen in newbornFacilitates the development of body awareness
10-18
Primitive Reflexes ~ Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex
Limbs respond symmetricallyIts persistence may impede other motor milestones
10-19
Primitive Reflexes ~ Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex
Place baby in a sitting position ~ tip forward
Neck flexes
Arms flex
Legs extend
Place baby in a sitting position ~ tip backward
Neck extends
Arms extend
Legs flex
10-20
Primitive Reflexes ~ Plantar Grasp
The toes appear to be graspingStimulus is touching the ball of the footThis reflex must disappear before the baby can stand or walk
10-21
Primitive Reflexes ~ Babinski Reflex
Elicited by a stimulus similar to plantar grasp, but response is differentTest of the pyramidal tract activity for later motor movement
10-22
Primitive Reflexes ~ Palmar Mandibular Reflex
Makes the eyes close, the mouth open, and the head tilt forwardAlso called the Babkin reflexStimulus is pressure to both palms
10-23
Primitive Reflexes ~ PalmarMental Reflex
Elicits a facial response when the base of the palm is scratchedLower jaw opens and closes
10-24
Postural Reflexes ~ Stepping
10-25
Postural Reflexes ~ Crawling
Believed to be essential to the voluntary creeping movementObserved from birth to 3-4 months
10-26
Postural Reflexes ~ Swimming
Characterized by the baby’s swimming-like movements when held in a horizontal position
10-27
Postural Reflexes ~ Head-and-Body Righting
The head “rights” itself with the body when the body is turned to one sidePrecursor to rolling movementsBody righting may not be evident before month 5
10-28
Postural Reflexes ~ Parachuting Reflexes
ProppingRelated to upright postureThis reflex is a conscious attempt to break a potential fall
10-29
Postural Reflexes ~ Labyrinthine
This reflex endures throughout most of the first yearRelated to upright postureHead tilts in the opposite direction of body tilt
Post
ura
l R
eflexes
~ P
ull-
up
R
eflex
When the baby is tipped backward, an arm flexes in an effort to maintain the upright position
10-30
10-31
Stereotypies
Another form of movement observable during infancyCharacterized by patterned, stereotyped, highly intrinsic, and involuntary movements of the bodyBelieved to precede more complex voluntary movements
10-32
Stereotypies
Ester Thalen (1979) studied stereotypies
Stereotypies are intrinsicThey serve no purpose
Thalen grouped stereotypies by body region
Legs and feetHands and armsFingersTorsoHead and face
10-33
Stereotypies
Common stereotypiesSingle leg kickTwo-leg kickAlternate leg kickArm waveArm wave with objectArm banging against a surfaceFinger flexion
10-34
Key Terms
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