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Cabrera ServicesCabrera ServicesRADIOLOGICAL RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATIONREMEDIATION
11 May 2005
Cabrera Services, Inc.Cabrera Services, Inc.PresentationPresentation
Joint Service Environmental Management ConferenceJoint Service Environmental Management ConferenceSession B Session B –– Munitions ResponseMunitions Response
22 May 200722 May 2007
Impact of Depleted Uranium Impact of Depleted Uranium and Other Radioactive Materials on and Other Radioactive Materials on
Military Range OperationsMilitary Range Operations
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroductionRadioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on RangesRelative and Perceived Risk Relative and Perceived Risk Operational ImpactsOperational ImpactsRegulatory ImpactsRegulatory ImpactsLogistical ImpactsLogistical ImpactsSummarySummary
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IntroductionIntroduction
Purpose: to generally define the nature and extent of radioactiPurpose: to generally define the nature and extent of radioactive ve material on ranges and to provide some insight into the relativematerial on ranges and to provide some insight into the relativerisks and impacts on sustainment and remediation operationsrisks and impacts on sustainment and remediation operations
–– Is radioactive material (RAM) on DoD munitions ranges a significIs radioactive material (RAM) on DoD munitions ranges a significant ant concern to range sustainment and remediation operations? concern to range sustainment and remediation operations?
• Identification– Define nature and extent
–– If RAM is of concern, to what degree and will it influence RangeIf RAM is of concern, to what degree and will it influence RangeSustainment and MMRPSustainment and MMRP--supported initiatives? supported initiatives?
• Significance – Relative risk or perceived risk as a driver – Operational impacts– Regulatory impacts– Logistical impacts
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Sources of Radioactive Material on Sources of Radioactive Material on RangesRanges
Direct SourcesDirect Sources–– AirAir--toto--Ground firingsGround firings–– GroundGround--toto--Ground firingsGround firings–– Test and EvaluationTest and Evaluation–– Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development
Indirect SourcesIndirect Sources–– Ground based range targets and componentsGround based range targets and components–– Aerial range targetsAerial range targets–– Launch vehicle accidentsLaunch vehicle accidents–– Aircraft accidentsAircraft accidents–– Range maintenance activitiesRange maintenance activities
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Radioactive Material on Ranges Radioactive Material on Ranges ––Direct Sources Direct Sources
Direct Operational Sources Direct Operational Sources for RAM on Rangesfor RAM on Ranges
–– DU Munitions TrainingDU Munitions Training• Air-to-surface• Surface-to-surface
–– Test and EvaluationTest and Evaluation• DU munitions• DU joint test assemblies
–– OtherOther• Nuclear effects testing• Foreign intelligence
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Radioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on Ranges-- Direct Sources (cont) Direct Sources (cont)
DUDU--Containing Direct Containing Direct Attack MunitionsAttack Munitions
–– Penetrator roundsPenetrator rounds• 20mm MK149 • 25mm PGU-20 • 30mm PGU-14/B API
–– Sabot RoundsSabot Rounds• 25mm M919 APFSDS-T • 120mm M829 APFSDS-T
Other DUOther DU--Containing Containing MunitionsMunitions
–– Spotter roundsSpotter rounds–– MinesMines–– Foreign systemsForeign systems
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Selected DU Ammunition in the U.S. Arsenal
Ammunition type Weapons system Branch
M829A1, M829A2 (APFSDS-T) 120 11.8 5,350 M1A1, M1A2 Abrams Tanks US Army US Marine Corps
M900 (APFSDS-T) 105 9.4 4,246 M1 Abrams Tank US Army
M833 (APFSDS-T)M774 (APFSDS-T) 105 8.1
7.43,6683,355 M60A3 Tank obsolete
PGU-14 (API) 30 0.66 298 A-10 Thunderbolt II Aircraft (same as A-10 Warthog Aircraft) US Air Force
M919 (APFSDS-T) 25 0.21 97 M2, M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle
US Army US Marine Corps
PGU-20 (API) 25 0.33 148 MK-38 Heavy Machine Gun AV-8B Harrier II Aircraft
US Navy US Marine Corps
MK149-2 (APDS) 20 0.15 70 Phalanx CIWS Missile Defense Gun US Navy
Cal.[mm]
Mass[lb.]
Mass[g]
APFSDS-T: Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot with TracerAPDS-T: Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot with TracerAPDS: Armor Piercing Discarding SabotAPI: Armor Piercing Incendiary
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Radioactive Material on Ranges Radioactive Material on Ranges ––Indirect Sources Indirect Sources
Indirect Sources for RAM on Indirect Sources for RAM on RangesRanges
–– Range Targets Containing RAMRange Targets Containing RAM• Radio-luminescent components• MgTh high-temperature alloys• DU Counter-weights
–– Aircraft/Missile/Drone/JTA Aircraft/Missile/Drone/JTA AccidentsAccidents• Sensors and electronics (electron
tubes, targeting pods, etc.)• Assorted types of RAM
–– Burial SitesBurial Sites–– Open Burn/Open Detonation Open Burn/Open Detonation
(OB/OD) Sites(OB/OD) Sites
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Radioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on Ranges-- Indirect Sources (cont)Indirect Sources (cont)
RadioRadio--Luminescent Parts and Luminescent Parts and SystemsSystems
– Radioactive materials: Ra-226, Pm-147, Tritium (H-3)
– Sources: dials and gauges, aim sights, breakers, etc.
OtherOther–– Burial of accident and test bed Burial of accident and test bed
debrisdebris–– Nuclear testing fallout debrisNuclear testing fallout debris–– Training for operations in a Training for operations in a
nuclear environmentnuclear environment
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Risk of Radioactive Material on Risk of Radioactive Material on RangesRanges
-- Real and PerceivedReal and Perceived
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Risk of RAM on RangesRisk of RAM on Ranges
Relative RiskRelative Risk–– Typical active DU ranges are in the 1ETypical active DU ranges are in the 1E--2 to 1E2 to 1E--4 cancer 4 cancer
morbidity risk range for unrestricted future usesmorbidity risk range for unrestricted future uses• Concentrations in the range of 10s-1000s of pCi/g• NRC Screening Level for U-238 (~1e-4 risk): 11 pCi/g
–– Indirect RAM sources range from 1EIndirect RAM sources range from 1E--2 to 1E2 to 1E--88• Radium
– EPA Residential PRG (1e-6 risk): 0.0124 pCi/g– Background range: 0.5-2.0 pCi/g– Single Radium Dial: ~500 pCi/g (B-29 had ~200/aircraft)
–– Risk of mortality on active ranges from munitions span Risk of mortality on active ranges from munitions span from near certain death to very low riskfrom near certain death to very low risk
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Perceived RiskPerceived Risk
Military Toxics Project Information SheetMilitary Toxics Project Information Sheet –– June 2003 (first version)June 2003 (first version)–– "Depleted" Uranium Munitions: Nuclear Waste as a Weapon"Depleted" Uranium Munitions: Nuclear Waste as a Weapon
A NEW LOOK AT U.S. RADIOACTIVE WEAPONS“ Poison DUst includes a powerful indictment of past U.S. use of
radioactive weapons.... “
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Risk of RAM on RangesRisk of RAM on Ranges
Perceived versus Actual RiskPerceived versus Actual Risk–– Actual/Relative risk may be Actual/Relative risk may be
significant and can significant and can independently drive remedial independently drive remedial actionaction
–– Perceived risk is often greater Perceived risk is often greater than actual risk, but not alwaysthan actual risk, but not always
–– Perceived risk may dominate Perceived risk may dominate regulatory and other regulatory and other stakeholder concernsstakeholder concerns
–– Perceived risk may Perceived risk may independently drive actionindependently drive action
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Impact of RAM on Range OperationsImpact of RAM on Range Operations
OperationalOperationalRegulatoryRegulatoryLogisticalLogistical
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Operational ImpactOperational Impact
Health and SafetyHealth and Safety–– Need to include radioactive Need to include radioactive
material exposure in health and material exposure in health and safety planssafety plans
Personnel Training and MonitoringPersonnel Training and Monitoring–– May need to provide radiation May need to provide radiation
safety training, personnel safety training, personnel protective equipment, and protective equipment, and personnel monitoringpersonnel monitoring
Environmental Compliance Environmental Compliance MonitoringMonitoring
–– May need to monitor airborne May need to monitor airborne releases and surface water releases and surface water dischargedischarge
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Internal Regulatory Drivers (DoD)Internal Regulatory Drivers (DoD)
Air Force & Navy possess Master Material Licenses issued by the Air Force & Navy possess Master Material Licenses issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for Source, SNM, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for Source, SNM, and ByproductByproduct
–– Air Force Radioisotope CommitteeAir Force Radioisotope Committee–– Navy RASONavy RASO
Army installations have separate commodity and use licenses Army installations have separate commodity and use licenses issued by the NRC/Agreement States and managed both locally issued by the NRC/Agreement States and managed both locally and centrallyand centrallyAll services may possess/use Section 91b of Atomic Energy Act All services may possess/use Section 91b of Atomic Energy Act exempt materialsexempt materials
–– Nuclear weapons related radioactive materialsNuclear weapons related radioactive materials–– DefenseDefense--related nuclear reactorsrelated nuclear reactors–– Navy propulsion reactorsNavy propulsion reactors
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External Regulatory DriversExternal Regulatory Drivers
Atomic Energy Act (AEA)Atomic Energy Act (AEA)Clean Air Act (CAA)Clean Air Act (CAA)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA)Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA)LowLow--Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA)Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA)Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS)(NESHAPS)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)Liability Act (CERCLA)
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Logistical ImpactsLogistical Impacts
Range SustainmentRange Sustainment–– Air and water monitoring Air and water monitoring
(EPA/States)(EPA/States)–– Source material licensing Source material licensing
(NRC/States)(NRC/States)–– Personnel exposure protection and Personnel exposure protection and
monitoring (NRC/OSHA/States)monitoring (NRC/OSHA/States)Range RemediationRange Remediation
–– D&D licensing (NRC/States)D&D licensing (NRC/States)–– Waste treatment and processing Waste treatment and processing
(EPA/NRC/States)(EPA/NRC/States)–– Waste transportation Waste transportation
(NRC/DOT/States)(NRC/DOT/States)–– Waste disposal (DODEA/Regional Waste disposal (DODEA/Regional
Compacts/NRC/EPA/States)Compacts/NRC/EPA/States)
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Case Study:Case Study:Kirtland AFB Test and Kirtland AFB Test and
Evaluation RangeEvaluation Range
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Kirtland AFB Test and Kirtland AFB Test and EvalutionEvalutionRangeRange
Static WWII era aircraft Static WWII era aircraft used weapons effects used weapons effects testingtestingMost aircraft contained Most aircraft contained radium and thorium parts radium and thorium parts and componentsand componentsRadioactive material was Radioactive material was deposited locally at the deposited locally at the impact points and in impact points and in burn/slag pitsburn/slag pitsRWRW--068 Remediation 068 Remediation Project ongoingProject ongoing
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Case Study:Case Study:Lake City AAP Firing RangeLake City AAP Firing Range
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Potential HEPotential HE DUDUGenerated 2001Generated 2001 482482 118118Generated 2002Generated 2002 137137 2222
TotalTotal 619619 140140
HydroHydro--CutCut 409 409 (66%)(66%) 8282 (59%)(59%)
ClearedCleared 210210 (34%)(34%) 58 58 (41%)(41%)
Lake City AAP HydroLake City AAP Hydro--cuttingcutting
Cut M101 Round
Cut 20mm Rounds
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SummarySummary
Radioactive Material (RAM) is prevalent on many rangesRadioactive Material (RAM) is prevalent on many ranges–– Should be considered a potential contaminant of concern for rangShould be considered a potential contaminant of concern for range e
remediation operationsremediation operationsRadioactive Material on ranges may present complex Radioactive Material on ranges may present complex operational, regulatory, and logistical impacts operational, regulatory, and logistical impacts
–– Health and safety plans, sampling and analysis plans, Health and safety plans, sampling and analysis plans, personnel/environmental monitoring, and compliance personnel/environmental monitoring, and compliance permitting/licensing may need to consider RAMpermitting/licensing may need to consider RAM
The Risk of RAM may or may not drive an operational or The Risk of RAM may or may not drive an operational or remedial action, but it should be evaluatedremedial action, but it should be evaluated
–– Whether perceived or actual, the risk of RAM often drives some Whether perceived or actual, the risk of RAM often drives some action during range sustainment and remediation operationsaction during range sustainment and remediation operations
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Contact InformationContact Information
Dan CaputoDan CaputoVice President, Cabrera ServicesVice President, Cabrera Servicesdcaputo@cabreraservices.comdcaputo@cabreraservices.com
860860--569569--00950095
Greg MillerGreg MillerMEC/UXO Program ManagerMEC/UXO Program Managergmiller@cabreraservices.comgmiller@cabreraservices.com
505505--250250--39783978
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