Impact of Depleted Uranium and Other Radioactive Materials ...proceedings.ndia.org/jsem2007/3837_Caputo.pdf · • 20mm MK149 • 25mm PGU-20 ... MK149-2 (APDS) 20 0.15 70 Phalanx

Cabrera ServicesCabrera ServicesRADIOLOGICAL RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATIONREMEDIATION

11 May 2005

Cabrera Services, Inc.Cabrera Services, Inc.PresentationPresentation

Joint Service Environmental Management ConferenceJoint Service Environmental Management ConferenceSession B Session B –– Munitions ResponseMunitions Response

22 May 200722 May 2007

Impact of Depleted Uranium Impact of Depleted Uranium and Other Radioactive Materials on and Other Radioactive Materials on

Military Range OperationsMilitary Range Operations


OverviewOverview

IntroductionIntroductionRadioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on RangesRelative and Perceived Risk Relative and Perceived Risk Operational ImpactsOperational ImpactsRegulatory ImpactsRegulatory ImpactsLogistical ImpactsLogistical ImpactsSummarySummary


IntroductionIntroduction

Purpose: to generally define the nature and extent of radioactiPurpose: to generally define the nature and extent of radioactive ve material on ranges and to provide some insight into the relativematerial on ranges and to provide some insight into the relativerisks and impacts on sustainment and remediation operationsrisks and impacts on sustainment and remediation operations

–– Is radioactive material (RAM) on DoD munitions ranges a significIs radioactive material (RAM) on DoD munitions ranges a significant ant concern to range sustainment and remediation operations? concern to range sustainment and remediation operations?

• Identification– Define nature and extent

–– If RAM is of concern, to what degree and will it influence RangeIf RAM is of concern, to what degree and will it influence RangeSustainment and MMRPSustainment and MMRP--supported initiatives? supported initiatives?

• Significance – Relative risk or perceived risk as a driver – Operational impacts– Regulatory impacts– Logistical impacts


Sources of Radioactive Material on Sources of Radioactive Material on RangesRanges

Direct SourcesDirect Sources–– AirAir--toto--Ground firingsGround firings–– GroundGround--toto--Ground firingsGround firings–– Test and EvaluationTest and Evaluation–– Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development

Indirect SourcesIndirect Sources–– Ground based range targets and componentsGround based range targets and components–– Aerial range targetsAerial range targets–– Launch vehicle accidentsLaunch vehicle accidents–– Aircraft accidentsAircraft accidents–– Range maintenance activitiesRange maintenance activities


Radioactive Material on Ranges Radioactive Material on Ranges ––Direct Sources Direct Sources

Direct Operational Sources Direct Operational Sources for RAM on Rangesfor RAM on Ranges

–– DU Munitions TrainingDU Munitions Training• Air-to-surface• Surface-to-surface

–– Test and EvaluationTest and Evaluation• DU munitions• DU joint test assemblies

–– OtherOther• Nuclear effects testing• Foreign intelligence


Radioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on Ranges-- Direct Sources (cont) Direct Sources (cont)

DUDU--Containing Direct Containing Direct Attack MunitionsAttack Munitions

–– Penetrator roundsPenetrator rounds• 20mm MK149 • 25mm PGU-20 • 30mm PGU-14/B API

–– Sabot RoundsSabot Rounds• 25mm M919 APFSDS-T • 120mm M829 APFSDS-T

Other DUOther DU--Containing Containing MunitionsMunitions

–– Spotter roundsSpotter rounds–– MinesMines–– Foreign systemsForeign systems


Selected DU Ammunition in the U.S. Arsenal

Ammunition type Weapons system Branch

M829A1, M829A2 (APFSDS-T) 120 11.8 5,350 M1A1, M1A2 Abrams Tanks US Army US Marine Corps

M900 (APFSDS-T) 105 9.4 4,246 M1 Abrams Tank US Army

M833 (APFSDS-T)M774 (APFSDS-T) 105 8.1

7.43,6683,355 M60A3 Tank obsolete

PGU-14 (API) 30 0.66 298 A-10 Thunderbolt II Aircraft (same as A-10 Warthog Aircraft) US Air Force

M919 (APFSDS-T) 25 0.21 97 M2, M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle

US Army US Marine Corps

PGU-20 (API) 25 0.33 148 MK-38 Heavy Machine Gun AV-8B Harrier II Aircraft

US Navy US Marine Corps

MK149-2 (APDS) 20 0.15 70 Phalanx CIWS Missile Defense Gun US Navy

Cal.[mm]

Mass[lb.]

Mass[g]

APFSDS-T: Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot with TracerAPDS-T: Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot with TracerAPDS: Armor Piercing Discarding SabotAPI: Armor Piercing Incendiary


Radioactive Material on Ranges Radioactive Material on Ranges ––Indirect Sources Indirect Sources

Indirect Sources for RAM on Indirect Sources for RAM on RangesRanges

–– Range Targets Containing RAMRange Targets Containing RAM• Radio-luminescent components• MgTh high-temperature alloys• DU Counter-weights

–– Aircraft/Missile/Drone/JTA Aircraft/Missile/Drone/JTA AccidentsAccidents• Sensors and electronics (electron

tubes, targeting pods, etc.)• Assorted types of RAM

–– Burial SitesBurial Sites–– Open Burn/Open Detonation Open Burn/Open Detonation

(OB/OD) Sites(OB/OD) Sites


Radioactive Material on RangesRadioactive Material on Ranges-- Indirect Sources (cont)Indirect Sources (cont)

RadioRadio--Luminescent Parts and Luminescent Parts and SystemsSystems

– Radioactive materials: Ra-226, Pm-147, Tritium (H-3)

– Sources: dials and gauges, aim sights, breakers, etc.

OtherOther–– Burial of accident and test bed Burial of accident and test bed

debrisdebris–– Nuclear testing fallout debrisNuclear testing fallout debris–– Training for operations in a Training for operations in a

nuclear environmentnuclear environment


Risk of Radioactive Material on Risk of Radioactive Material on RangesRanges

-- Real and PerceivedReal and Perceived


Risk of RAM on RangesRisk of RAM on Ranges

Relative RiskRelative Risk–– Typical active DU ranges are in the 1ETypical active DU ranges are in the 1E--2 to 1E2 to 1E--4 cancer 4 cancer

morbidity risk range for unrestricted future usesmorbidity risk range for unrestricted future uses• Concentrations in the range of 10s-1000s of pCi/g• NRC Screening Level for U-238 (~1e-4 risk): 11 pCi/g

–– Indirect RAM sources range from 1EIndirect RAM sources range from 1E--2 to 1E2 to 1E--88• Radium

– EPA Residential PRG (1e-6 risk): 0.0124 pCi/g– Background range: 0.5-2.0 pCi/g– Single Radium Dial: ~500 pCi/g (B-29 had ~200/aircraft)

–– Risk of mortality on active ranges from munitions span Risk of mortality on active ranges from munitions span from near certain death to very low riskfrom near certain death to very low risk


Perceived RiskPerceived Risk

Military Toxics Project Information SheetMilitary Toxics Project Information Sheet –– June 2003 (first version)June 2003 (first version)–– "Depleted" Uranium Munitions: Nuclear Waste as a Weapon"Depleted" Uranium Munitions: Nuclear Waste as a Weapon

A NEW LOOK AT U.S. RADIOACTIVE WEAPONS“ Poison DUst includes a powerful indictment of past U.S. use of

radioactive weapons.... “


Risk of RAM on RangesRisk of RAM on Ranges

Perceived versus Actual RiskPerceived versus Actual Risk–– Actual/Relative risk may be Actual/Relative risk may be

significant and can significant and can independently drive remedial independently drive remedial actionaction

–– Perceived risk is often greater Perceived risk is often greater than actual risk, but not alwaysthan actual risk, but not always

–– Perceived risk may dominate Perceived risk may dominate regulatory and other regulatory and other stakeholder concernsstakeholder concerns

–– Perceived risk may Perceived risk may independently drive actionindependently drive action


Impact of RAM on Range OperationsImpact of RAM on Range Operations

OperationalOperationalRegulatoryRegulatoryLogisticalLogistical


Operational ImpactOperational Impact

Health and SafetyHealth and Safety–– Need to include radioactive Need to include radioactive

material exposure in health and material exposure in health and safety planssafety plans

Personnel Training and MonitoringPersonnel Training and Monitoring–– May need to provide radiation May need to provide radiation

safety training, personnel safety training, personnel protective equipment, and protective equipment, and personnel monitoringpersonnel monitoring

Environmental Compliance Environmental Compliance MonitoringMonitoring

–– May need to monitor airborne May need to monitor airborne releases and surface water releases and surface water dischargedischarge


Internal Regulatory Drivers (DoD)Internal Regulatory Drivers (DoD)

Air Force & Navy possess Master Material Licenses issued by the Air Force & Navy possess Master Material Licenses issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for Source, SNM, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for Source, SNM, and ByproductByproduct

–– Air Force Radioisotope CommitteeAir Force Radioisotope Committee–– Navy RASONavy RASO

Army installations have separate commodity and use licenses Army installations have separate commodity and use licenses issued by the NRC/Agreement States and managed both locally issued by the NRC/Agreement States and managed both locally and centrallyand centrallyAll services may possess/use Section 91b of Atomic Energy Act All services may possess/use Section 91b of Atomic Energy Act exempt materialsexempt materials

–– Nuclear weapons related radioactive materialsNuclear weapons related radioactive materials–– DefenseDefense--related nuclear reactorsrelated nuclear reactors–– Navy propulsion reactorsNavy propulsion reactors


External Regulatory DriversExternal Regulatory Drivers

Atomic Energy Act (AEA)Atomic Energy Act (AEA)Clean Air Act (CAA)Clean Air Act (CAA)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA)Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA)LowLow--Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA)Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA)Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS)(NESHAPS)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)Liability Act (CERCLA)


Logistical ImpactsLogistical Impacts

Range SustainmentRange Sustainment–– Air and water monitoring Air and water monitoring

(EPA/States)(EPA/States)–– Source material licensing Source material licensing

(NRC/States)(NRC/States)–– Personnel exposure protection and Personnel exposure protection and

monitoring (NRC/OSHA/States)monitoring (NRC/OSHA/States)Range RemediationRange Remediation

–– D&D licensing (NRC/States)D&D licensing (NRC/States)–– Waste treatment and processing Waste treatment and processing

(EPA/NRC/States)(EPA/NRC/States)–– Waste transportation Waste transportation

(NRC/DOT/States)(NRC/DOT/States)–– Waste disposal (DODEA/Regional Waste disposal (DODEA/Regional

Compacts/NRC/EPA/States)Compacts/NRC/EPA/States)


Case Study:Case Study:Kirtland AFB Test and Kirtland AFB Test and

Evaluation RangeEvaluation Range


Kirtland AFB Test and Kirtland AFB Test and EvalutionEvalutionRangeRange

Static WWII era aircraft Static WWII era aircraft used weapons effects used weapons effects testingtestingMost aircraft contained Most aircraft contained radium and thorium parts radium and thorium parts and componentsand componentsRadioactive material was Radioactive material was deposited locally at the deposited locally at the impact points and in impact points and in burn/slag pitsburn/slag pitsRWRW--068 Remediation 068 Remediation Project ongoingProject ongoing


Case Study:Case Study:Lake City AAP Firing RangeLake City AAP Firing Range


Potential HEPotential HE DUDUGenerated 2001Generated 2001 482482 118118Generated 2002Generated 2002 137137 2222

TotalTotal 619619 140140

HydroHydro--CutCut 409 409 (66%)(66%) 8282 (59%)(59%)

ClearedCleared 210210 (34%)(34%) 58 58 (41%)(41%)

Lake City AAP HydroLake City AAP Hydro--cuttingcutting

Cut M101 Round

Cut 20mm Rounds


SummarySummary

Radioactive Material (RAM) is prevalent on many rangesRadioactive Material (RAM) is prevalent on many ranges–– Should be considered a potential contaminant of concern for rangShould be considered a potential contaminant of concern for range e

remediation operationsremediation operationsRadioactive Material on ranges may present complex Radioactive Material on ranges may present complex operational, regulatory, and logistical impacts operational, regulatory, and logistical impacts

–– Health and safety plans, sampling and analysis plans, Health and safety plans, sampling and analysis plans, personnel/environmental monitoring, and compliance personnel/environmental monitoring, and compliance permitting/licensing may need to consider RAMpermitting/licensing may need to consider RAM

The Risk of RAM may or may not drive an operational or The Risk of RAM may or may not drive an operational or remedial action, but it should be evaluatedremedial action, but it should be evaluated

–– Whether perceived or actual, the risk of RAM often drives some Whether perceived or actual, the risk of RAM often drives some action during range sustainment and remediation operationsaction during range sustainment and remediation operations


Contact InformationContact Information

Dan CaputoDan CaputoVice President, Cabrera ServicesVice President, Cabrera [email protected]@cabreraservices.com

860860--569569--00950095

Greg MillerGreg MillerMEC/UXO Program ManagerMEC/UXO Program [email protected]@cabreraservices.com

505505--250250--39783978

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Impact of Depleted Uranium and Other Radioactive Materials ...proceedings.ndia.org/jsem2007/3837_Caputo.pdf · • 20mm MK149 • 25mm PGU-20 ... MK149-2 (APDS) 20 0.15 70 Phalanx