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IAS Papers : Method of Making Notes
There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There aretwo types of making notes, one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.
(more content follows the advertisement below)A D V E R T I S E M E N T
Linear Notes
Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read usingheadings and sub headings and jotting down the most important points. This method works best whenmaking notes from a book where the material is already properly organized. But one disadvantage of this methodis that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose of condensing.
The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier tokeep adding information. It is a good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information.Another way to make your notes more interesting is to use colors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as
and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contents of our notes and make itmore clear and comprehensible.
Pattern Notes
We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiatingfrom it represents a branch of the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or aphrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is more flexible than making Linear notes. One can add extrainformation to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can see the whole pattern at onego without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than
we can do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful whenmaking notes from memory for revision as you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. Thismakes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only brief key words are used. Lastly, it is easier toremember as notes is made in a shape format.
Keywords:
Method of Making Notes for IAS Aspirants,Academic Eligibility,science questions, questions books, questionsnotes,paper questions, examination questions, exam questions, sample questions, tests questions, study questions
The interview calls are sent in March-April of the following year and they take place in the month of April-May. TheBoard of interviewers look for a well-adjusted personality with the social traits, integrity and qualities of leadership. PS. The number of candidates called for the interview is normally twice the number of vacancies.
Here is a list of subjects for IAS/UPSC exams. Under each subject is provided reources regarding the subject thatincludes prelims and mains IAS syllabus as well as question papers, strategy and suggested readings for thesubject. The IAS Syllabus and other services like the IPS and Income Tax is the same.
Part A - UPSC Preliminary Examination - OptionalSubjects
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General Studies Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Botany Chemistry Civil Engineering Commerce
Economics Electrical Engineering Geography Geology Indian History Law
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering Medical Science
Philosophy
Physics
Political Science
Psychology Public Administration Sociology
Statistics Zoology
Part B - UPSC Main Examination - Optional Subjects
General Studies
Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
Botany
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Commerce Economics
Electrical Engineering
Geography Geology
Indian History Law
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering Medical Science
Philosophy Physics
Political Science Psychology
Public Administration
Sociology Statistics Zoology Anthropology Arabic Assamese
Bengali
Chinese English
German
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada Kashmiri
Konkani
Malayalam Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Oriya Pali
Persian Punjabi
Russian Sanskrit
Sindhi Tamil
Telugu Urdu Management
Keywords:
IAS Exam Syllabus,objective exam, syllabus questions, physics syllabus, chemistrysyllabus, mathematics syllabus, physics exam, paper exam, exam books, engineering syllabus,
chemistry exam, exam preparation, exam papers, sample exam, science syllabus, study
exam, exam questions, science exam
Style of answering questions
For this it is very important to understand the question first. Depending on what the question is, whether one isasked to discuss, elucidate, explain"," critically Appreciate or give reasons for and against, the answershould be written Accordingly because it is only through the examinees style of answering questions that one canassess his or her originality of thought and analytical abilities.
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(more content follows the advertisement below)A D V E R T I S E M E N T
The question should be read properly, in fact the question paper should be read thoroughly in thefirst five or ten minutes of the exam and then one should decide on the questions which are to be
answered first. Time should also be given to frame the answer so that there is no confusion later on.A good way to write effective and precise answers is to precise writing out answers. our answers
should present the facts and concepts in an interesting way and should never read like a passagefrom a book. It is best to use simple English and avoid flowy and decorative language which takesour attention away from the original facts and our opinions about a given topic. Making a practice ofwriting out answers is especially useful in managing the time limit set for the exam and to write the
best possible answer in the allotted time It not only improves ones style of expression, but also onegets used to the time and word limits.
Answering Technique
It is just not enough to know all the facts and information but the most important thing to be kept in mind is towrite an answer which has a clear and a logical frame, which presents information in a clear and concise manner,which does not contain any irrelevant or piling up of information, which is interesting and able to hold onesattention.So the next logical step is to know how to write a good answer. The first step is to prepare the framework whereone can list all ideas, thoughts and facts and write them down. It is important to adopt an answering style which isnatural, original and to the point. Emphasis should be given to the kind of language used, one which is simple andclear without unnecessary use of nouns and verbs. Use of archaic and fancy words or language should be avoidedat all costs. Care should be taken to avoid grammatical mistakes which will give a negative opinion however goodthe answer may be. Last but not the least, it is very important to have a good and a legible handwriting.
Keywords:
Style of answering questions for IAS Aspirants,Academic Eligibility,science questions, questions books, questionsnotes, paper questions, examination questions, exam questions, sample questions, tests questions, studyquestions
Time Management
We see many people around us who spend their time in a frenzy of activity but achieve very little because they arenot concentrating on the right things. They are perpetually busy but it does not necessarily mean that they makeoptimum utilization of their time. So there is a great need for effective Time Management in our lives today.
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We keep hearing the word "Busy" a lot. There are two kinds of busy, chaotic, disorganized busy and calm effectivebusy. It goes without saying that being the latter helps to pack in more productivity in your work. Improving our"effectiveness Quotient" calls for mastery of basic time management skills.
We constantly hear the refrain that we do not know where the time goes. Whether you are an executive, a studentor a homemaker, you need to achieve more in every minute of the day and to enjoy each task that you take up.We will be well on our way to the top if we know how to squeeze the most out of even a minute.
The first thing to bear in mind is to question whether you have a personal sense of time or a time log. This helpsyou to keep track of how you spend each hour. There is a way to do this. Divide each day for a period of two
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weeks into one hour intervals and jot down what you do in them. You can sub divide the activities under suchheadings as business meetings, writing, making phone calls, reading, time spent with the family etc. At the endof the week, examine your time log.
What you may find is that very little time goes into top priority activities and more into activities such as phonecalls, coffee breaks, chatting with friends etc. Now is the time to analyze what activities are a waste of time and
what need more time. Try to cut down time spent on useless activities or stop doing them altogether. Once youhave prioritized your time, you will find your efficiency level rising and the end result is that you will be anachiever!
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1. Be very particular about the subject you choose for prelims, as you will be appearing for an objective type ofpaper. History, maths, geography may prove to be very scoring. Choose subjects which have availability of books,reading material and guidance. In recent years engineering subjects like civil and electrical can be chosen, givingBEs and IITians an edge (yes! even here they are giving the BAs and BScs a tough fight!)
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2. G.K. will definitely pay in your prelims. Reading newspapers, watching TV news and of course quiz shows likeKBC is a must.
3. If you have been lucky enough to reach the interview stage book knowledge may not be the only thing youneed. Your mental alertness will count as they ask you questions like How many steps did you walk up to reach
here? or What is the colour of the wall behind you ? - So be prepared.
4. Enhance your personality because it will definitely be one of the criteria for selection. For IPS physical wellbeing
is of great importance, you should be medically fit.
5. Improve your communication skills. IFS aspirants must be proficient in at least one foreign language. So goahead, have your say in this political mess of our country and try to make it a better place.
TIPS on IASFrom Mr. Vaid of Vaid's ICS CoachingCenter
It was in 1981 when I had my first encounters with UPSC through the aspirants (for IAS etc.) who sought my helpto prepare for certain specific topics in GS and my parent discipline, i.e. Anthropology. Today, 13 years later,through regular interaction with the UPSC experts and students all over India, particularly at Delhi, Lucknow,Patna, Chandigarh and Hyderabad, I find myself in a favourable position to pen down my experiences andsuggestions to the young aspirants. In the early eighties, there were three (Delhi, Allahabad and Patna) majorcentre of UPSC related activities, while Hyderabad was coming up fast. There used to be 40 to 60 thousandcontenders for the coveted posts. Today, while the number of aspirants has risen by over 200 percent, many newcentres have come up in almost every state capital and many other major cities. In those days professionals didnot see any merit in contention for these jobs, but recent years have witnessed a flood of such aspirants, at timessweeping the top positions in the merit list. In those days History, Sociology, Political Science etc. used to be the
most popular optionals while today, many hitherto less known subjects have taken over. Besides, many states
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have changed their pattern of PCS examination in line with UPSC examination. This change in the scenario,resultant of a number of factors, demands that the serious contenders to the job must adopt a more rational,more systematic strategy and approach, right from the moment they think of preparing for the civil servicesexamination.
On the first thought of appearing in the Civil Services Examination (C.S.E.), the first issue is the selection of
optionals. In a way, selection of right optionals is the most crucial step. Post-graduates in any discipline, generallyprefer taking up their parent subject for Prelims. Though such selection is quite logical, aspirants with any sciencediscipline as their base subject must ponder over the issue more seriously. Maths, Physics, Geology etc., optionalsfor Prelims must be opted for, only if one is out and out thorough with the subject. As UPSC ensures that 'some'candidates from every discipline must qualify for the Mains, aspirants with a science subject must judgethemselves correctly regarding their own capability to be included in these 'some'. Some of the social sciences(e.g. History, Sociology and Public Administration) opted by quite a significant majority can, however, be a muchsafer bet, particularly for those (ordinary science graduates) who do not have any specific parent subject or forthose who are not able to develop confidence in their parental subject. In either case, the formal preparation muststart from the basic fundamentals, even if a person is already a post-graduate in that subject.
General Studies (GS) has to be prepared on quite a different plane because the content of this paper is too spreadout and because any issue, major or minor, can be asked objectively. Traditionally, 10 + 2 level books of NCERTor any state education board had been covering a major part of the content but, these days, the items in newsduring the last one year or so, are being asked quite frequently. Problems are generally faced in everyday science(by the candidates with social sciences background) or in mental ability or in the fundamentals of economics. The
most important aspect for the preparation of GS Prelims, therefore, is to identify the loop-holes and plug themurgently.
Many of you prepare a subject in terms of "reading" (once, twice, thrice etc.) with or without underlining theimportant facts. It results not only in longer time of preparation, but also many important points may skip. Also,even if you underline the highlighting points, most of you have the tendency to read the text in full while going forthe subsequent readings. It is, therefore, advisable that texts must be read once and all important points (likely tobe forgotten) recorded separately so that you need not study volumious texts again. This would save on your timeand should result in greater efficiency. The Mains: For right approach, the preparation of Mains should start beforeor at least concurrent with Prelims. Just because you have to prepare for Essay, GS and the two optionals (English
and a regional language, the one/two other compulsory, do not require a separate preparation) you never getenough time (to prepare for all these) after the declaration of Prelims' results. Further, while Prelims is only ascreening test, it is on the basis of your performance in Mains, on which mainly depends the final outcome of yourefforts. Strategically, therefore, the preparation for the examination should start about one year in advance andyou should think about appearing in the Prelims only when you have had a strong grip over the Mains' subjectmatter.
Keywords:
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he Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of variousoxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in thebody. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water asthe end products of metabolism. Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins.Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6 B12 ) and C are water-soluble.
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Vitamin - A
Year 1913
Retinol
Main MetabolicFunction
Essential for normal growth and development.
For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones.Prevents Night blindness.
Deficiency - Effects
Retarded growth.Reduced resistance to infection.Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelialmembranes.Interferes with production of "night purple".
AvailableMilk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Codliver oil and Fresh fruits.
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Nature Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - B1
Year 1936
Thiamin
Main MetabolicFunction
An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism.Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system.Beriberi.Loss of muscle.
Deficiency - Effects
Loss of appetite.Impaired digestion of starches and sugars.
Various nervous disorder coordination.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B2
Year 1935
Riboflavin
Main MetabolicFunction
Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation.Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.
Deficiency - Effects
Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness.Causes cheillosis or glossittis.May result in Photophobia and cataracts.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B6
Year 1934
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Pyridoxine
Main MetabolicFunction
Acts as do other B vitamins.To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat.Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.
Deficiency - EffectsIncreased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis.Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - B12
Year 1948
Cyanocobalamin
Main MetabolicFunction
Essential for development of red blood cells.Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.
Deficiency - EffectsResults in pernicious anaemia.Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.
Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - C
Year 1919
Ascorbic Acid
Main MetabolicFunction
Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine,
cartilage and bone matrix).Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.
Deficiency - Effects
Lowered resistance to infections.Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums.Delayed wound healing.Specific treatment for Scurvy.
AvailableFresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce(Beetroot).
Nature Water-Soluble
Vitamin - D
Year 1925
Cholecalciferol
Main MetabolicFunction
Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract.Affords antiachitic activity.
Deficiency - EffectsInterferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation.Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.
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Available Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil , Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - E
Year 1936
Tocopherols
Main MetabolicFunction
Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation.Helps strengthen red blood cells.
Deficiency - Effects Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.
Available Germinating Wheat.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Vitamin - K
Year1935
Phytomenadione
Main MetabolicFunction
Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.
Deficiency - Effectsdiminished blood clotting time.Increased incidence of hemorrhages.
Available Fish, Wheat and Oats.
Nature Fat-Soluble
Life expectancy at birth (in years) for the year 1997, in selected countries.(Source : Human Development Report,1999).
Country Life Expectancy
Japan 80.0
Norway 79.0
Iceland 79.0
Switzerland 78.6
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Sweden 78.5
Hong Kong 78.5
Australia 78.2
Italy 78.2
France 78.1
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Greece 78.1
Spain 78.0
Cyprus 77.8
Barbodos 76.4
Hungary 70.9
Lithuania 69.9
China 69.8
Thailand 68.8
Kyrgyzstan 67.6
Uzbekistan 67.5
Brazil 66.8
Mangolia 65.8
India 62.6
Iraq 62.4
Myanmar 60.1
Comoros 58.8
Madagascar 57.5
Lesotho 56.0
Sudan 55.0
South Africa 54.7
Cambodia 53.4
Gabon 52.4
Senegal 52.3
Djibouti 50.4
Djibouti 50.4
Niger 48.5
Tanzania 47.9
Chad 47.2
Gambia 47.0
Cote d'lvoire 46.7
Mozambique 45.2
Central African Rebublic 44.9
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Ethiopia 43.3
Burundi 42.4
Rwanda 40.5
All Developing Countries 64.4
Least Developing Country 51.7
Industrialised Countries 77.7
World 66.7
1 Breathing 10 db
2 Wind in the trees 20 db
3 Whisper 20-30 db
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4 Ticking Clock 30 db
5 House in a quiet street 35 db
6 Radio Music 50-60 db
7 Loud Conversation 60 db
8 Office Noise 60 db
9 Children Playing 60-80 db
10 Lawn mower 60-80 db
11 Vacuum cleaner 80 db
12 Traffic Noise 60-90 db
13 Sports Car 80-95 db
14 Heavy truck traffic 90-100 db
15 Loud Radio 100 db
16 Motor Cycle 105 db
17 Pneumatic drill 110 db
18 Thunder storm 110 db
19 Rock Music 120 db
20 Aircraft Noise 90-120 db
21 Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) 120 db
22 Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) 140 db
23 Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) 140-170 db
Solar SystemA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Pluto
Diameter
3,040 Kilometer
Moons 1
Avg.Distance to Sun 5,865.5 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 248 Years
Facts
1. This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, thecoldest and arguably the strangest.
2. It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solarsystem.
3. Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet.
4. NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Plutois shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought.Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.
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Neptune
Diameter 49,000 Kilometer
Moons 8
Avg.Distance to Sun 4,497 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 165 Years
Facts
1. It is denser & little smaller than Uranus.2. Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white
clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface.3. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds.
4. It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the
sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.
Uranus
Diameter 52,096 Kilometer
Moons 17
Avg.Distance to Sun 2,852.8 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 84 Years
Facts
1. Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side.
2. One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits.
3. Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planetand a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions
of kilometers.
Mars Diameter 6,755.2 Kilometer
Moons 2
Avg.Distance to Sun 225.6 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 687 Days
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Facts
1. The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere.2. Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders.
3. Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormantvolcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed.
Venus
Diameter 12,032 Kilometer
Moons None
Avg.Distance to Sun 107.52 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 225 Days
Facts
1. Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus isperpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds.
2. Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains & signs ofvolcanic activity.
Mercury
Diameter 4,849.6 Kilometer
Moons None
Avg.Distance to Sun 57.6 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 88 Days
Facts
1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon.2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour.3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity
field.
4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot
and nights, frigid.
Earth
Diameter 12,732.2 Kilometer
Moons 1
Avg.Distance to Sun 148.8 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 365 Days
Facts1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen
and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solarsystem to support life.
Jupiter Diameter 1,41,968 Kilometer
Moons 16
Avg.Distance to Sun 772.8 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 11.9 Years
Facts 1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spotonthe Solar system's largest planet.
2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in theturbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar
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systemto support life.
3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoeson the Moon.
Saturn
Diameter 1,19,296 Kilometer
Moons 20 or more
Avg.Distance to Sun 1,417.6 million KM
Time to Orbit the Sun 29.5 Years
Facts
1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giantSaturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands
just 100 feets thick.
2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons.
Sun
Diameter 13,84,000 Kilometer
Statellites 9 Planets
Age 4.5 billion years
Facts
1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reacha temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core.
2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, aperiod marked by frequent sunspots and flares.
3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazingsky streamers called Northern Lights will appear.
Capital Languages
Hyderabad Telugu and Urdu
Itanager Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, Bangini-Nishi.
Dispur Assamese
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Bihar Patna Hindi
Chhattisgarh Raipur Hindi
Goa Panaji Marathi and Konkani
Gujarat Gandhinagar Gujarati
Haryana Chandigarh Hindi
Himachal Pradesh Shimla Hindi and Pahari
Mizoram Aizawl Mizo and English
Jammu & KashmirSrinagar (Summer)Jammu (Winter)
Kashmiri,Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi,Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri
Jharkhand Ranchi Hindi
Karnataka Bangalore Kannda
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Nawegaon National Park Bhandara Maharashtra
Pench Nationa Park Nagpur Maharastra
Rohia Naional Park Kullu Himchal Pradesh
Shivpur Naional Park Shivpuri Madhyaradesh
Tadoba Naional Park Chandrapur Maharashtra
Valavadar Naional Park Bhavnagar Gujarat
Wildlife SanctuariesA D V E R T I S E M E N T
Name Place State
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Chandraprabha Sanctuary Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
Dachigam Sanctuary Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir
Ghana Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur Rajasthan
Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary Belgaum Karnataka
Jaldapara Sanctuary Jalpaiguri West Bengal
Kutree Game Sanctuary Bestar Madhya Pradesh
Manas Tigar Sanctuary Barpeta Assam
Melapattu Bird Sanctuary Nellor Andra Pradesh
Mudumalai Sanctuary Nilgiris Tamil Nadu
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctury Ahmedabad Gujarat
Palamau Tiger Sanctuary Daltonganj Bihar
Periyar Sanctuary Idduki Kerala
Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan
Ranthambhor Tiger Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan
Similipal Tiger Sanctuary Mayurbhanj Orissa
Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Gurgaon Haryana
Sunderbans Tiger Sanctuary 24-Parganas West Bengal
Famous Places in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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National Surveys and Other Institutions in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T
Institution Place
Atomic Energy Commission Bombay
Bhabha Atomic Research CenterTrombay
(Bombay)
Botanical Survey of India Calcutta
Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy Lucknow
Bose Research Institute Calcutta
Indian Association for the Cultivation ofscience
Calcutta
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Indian National Science Academy New Delhi
Indian National Science CongressAssociation
Calcutta
National Atlas Organisation Calcutta
Raman Research Institute Bangalore
Survey of India Dehra Dun
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology Delhi
Zoological Survey of India Calcutta
Recognised Stock Exchanges in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Ajanta Caves,Maharashtra
Rock-cut caves set deep in the Sahyadri hills. It has a large relief depictingthe death of the Buddha lying on the bed.
Badrinath, UtterPradesh
Dedicated to Lord Vishnu. One of the four pilgrimage spots for Hindus.
Basilica of Bom Jesus,
Velha, Goa (17thCentury) The church houses the mortal remains of St.Francis Xavier.
Bahai House of Worship,Delhi
The lotus-shaped marvel in marble is referred to as the Taj Mahal of the 21stcentury. Completed in '86.
Buland Darwaza,Fatehpur Sikri
At 53.5 m., it is the highest gateway in India. Built by Akbar to commemoratehis conquest of Khandesh in Gujarat.
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Chartminar, Hyderabad(1591)
A majestic monument of four minarets, to commemorate the cessation ofplague in the city, according to the chronicles.
Dakshineshwar Temple,Calcutta (1855)
Built by a Widow-devotee, Rani Rashmoni.
Diwara Temples, MountAbu
A Jain pilgrimage center. There are two shrine : Adinath Temple (1031) andNominate Temple (1230)
Elehanta Caves,Maharastra (634)
Situated on an island, Believed to be built by Pulakesini II of the Chalukyakingdom. Exquisite carvings depicting the myths of Shiva.
Gateway of India,Bombay
A triumphal arch built to commemorate visit of King George V and QueenMary in 1911. It is 26 feet tall.
Golden Temple,Amritsar (1577)
Holiest Sikh Shrine. Part of the exterior is gilded with gold leaf. The Harimandir is in the midst of a pool. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of theSikhs. is enshrined inside.
Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
(17th Century)
Its dome is the second largest in the world. The whispering Gallery within is
so called because even the gentlest whisper echoes across its great length.
Hawa Mahal, (Palace ofWinds) Jaipur (18thCentury)
The five storied facade of 953 windows was built for the women of the haremto look out without being seen themselves.
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi(1565)
By the side of Mathura road, to the east of Hazarat Nizamu-ddin's shrine, thismemorial was build by Humayun's senior widow (Haji Hamida Begum).
Indian Gate, Delhi
A memorial to over 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in World War I. Thenames of 13,516 soldiers are inscribed on it. The arch rising to a height of 42m. is surmounted by a stone bowl where since 1971 an eternal flame hasbeen lit the Amar Jyothi - to honour the unknown soldier.
Jagannath Temple, Puri(12th Century)
65m tall. Its conical pinnacle overlooks the landscape for miles around.
Jama Masjid, DelhiThe largest mosque in Delhi, built during Shah Jahan's reign. It is situated
just opposite the Red Fort. Over 20,000 people can gather here at a time topray.
Jantar Mantar, DelhiThe oldest observatory of its type, constructed by Maharaja Jai Singh II ofJaipur in 1725. It is dominated by a huge sundia. A similar observatory existsin Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Jewish Synagogue,Cochin
Built in 1568. The earliest surviving synagogue in India. It has the GreatScrolls of the Old Testament.
Kailash Temple, ElloraLargest rock-cut shrine in India, 84m*47m. Carved our from the top of ahillock. Built during the reign of King Krishna I who ascended the throne in760 AD.
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Khajuraho Temple (11thCentury)
22 temples known for their graceful contours and erotic sculptures.
Lingaraja Temple,Bhubaneswar (11thCentury)
36.5m tall. There is a triple tier of mouldings with numerous prestigious andsculpted niches.
Mahabodh Temple,Bodhgaya (7th Century) Erected to mark the spot of the Buddha's enlightenment. The temple is aprimodal tower 170ft. high, crowned by a bell-like stupa.
Meenakshi SundareswarTemple, Madurai
The gateway are among the most elaborately carved in South India. Hasabout 30 million sculptures.
Nalanda, Bihar (7thCentury)
Seat of learning in Cupta period, Hieun Tsang also studied here.
Qutab Minar, Delhi
Qutab Minar was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave king in the 13thcentury as a victory tower. The 72.5m, five-story Minar of red sandstone hasornamental figure of Koranic inscriptions. In the center of its courtyard is anIron Pillar erected by king Chandra Verman which has remained rest-free formore than 1500 years
Rashtrapathi Bhawan,
Delhi
The official residence of the President of India, set in 330 acres of land.Formerly Vceregal Palace. Over looks a beautiful Mughal garden. It has 340
rooms, 37 salons, 74 lobbies and loggias, 1km. of corridor, 18 staircases and37 fountains.
Red Fort, DelhiThe citadel of the seventh Delhi, Shahjahanabad, it is over 2km. incircumference and has within its precincts several beautiful offices. But byShah Jahan in 17th century. The seat of Mughal power in India until 1857.
Salim Chisti's Tomb,Fatehpur Sikri (1572)
Built after Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chisti's death. Tomb venerated by bothHindu and Muslims.
Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi,Madhya Pradesh
The great hemisphere is 120 ft. in diameter, and covers the relic of GautamaBuddha.
Se Cathedral, Velha,Goa (1652)
The largest church in Asia, it has a 80m long aisle and 14 altars. Of its fivebells, one is the famous Golden bell, one of the best in the world.
Shatrunjaya HillTemples, Palitana,Gujarat
The hill is crowned about a thousand magnificent Jain temples, which are
marble structures built over a period of 900 years.
Somnath Temple,Gujarat
Legendary temple believed built by 'Moon God'. It treasures ransacked byMahmud Ghazni seven times. It was also destroyed by Aladding Khilji andAurangzeb, and every time it was rebuilt.
Sun Temple, Modhera,Gujarat (1026)
Built by a King Bhimdev I of Solanki Dybasty.
Surya Temple, Konark(13th Century)
The sun temple of 'Black Pagoda' conceived as a chariot of the sun god, Builtby king Narasimha Dava I.
Taj Mahal, Agra (1630to 1648)
One of the seven wonders of the world. Built of white marble by EmperorShah Jahan to immortalize his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal.
The Bada Imambara,Lucknow
Asia's largest vaulted hall.
Vaishnodevi, JammuA cave shrine in Trikuta mountains, an important pilgrimage center forHindus.
VictoriaMemorial,Calcutta
A marble monument commemorating the empress Victoria.
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Nuclear Research Centers in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T
Research Center Place
Atomic Energy Commission Bombay
Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay (Bombay)
Electronics Corporation of India Hyderabad
High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg (Kashmir)
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Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur (West Bengal)
Central Mining Research Institution Dhanbad (Bihar)
Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., Alwaye
Radio Astronomy Center Ootacamund
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay
Tata Memorial Center Bombay
Uranium Corporation of India Jaduguda(Bihar)
Geographical TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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KUNDANAnew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts andresponds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.
LAGOON A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.
LIGHT YEAR The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.
LOCAL TIME Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
OASIS A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.
ORBIT The path of the heavenly bodies.
PYGMALLIONPOINT
The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
PRAIRIES Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.
REEF Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.
SAVANNA Land covered with natural grass.
SIDEREAL DAY Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SNOW LINE Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.
SPRING TIDESHigher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, theearth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDESTides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun whenboth are at right angles to each other.
TORNADO A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.
TUNDRAS Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WEATHERSATELLITE
Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.
WESTERLIESConstant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west insouth hemisphere.
Political And Social TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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APARTHEIDPolicy of racial segregation practiced by the South AfricanGovernment.
ADJOURNMENTA motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjournconsideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgentpublic importance.
AMNESTY Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecutionto politicalimportance.
ARMISTICETemporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations forpeace.
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APPEASEMENTThe policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and specialgrants by sacrificing even principles.
AUTONOMY Power to control internal affairs.
BILATERALAGREEMENT
An agreement between two countries.
BLOCKADESImposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships fromreaching or leaving it.
BOLSHEVISM The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.
BOURGEOISE Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.
BUFFER STATE A small neutral state between two big states.
BY-ELECTION A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.
CASTING VOTE A vote casting of which decides the tie.
CAUCUS A powerful group of party.
CHARGED AFFAIRSThe senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in
his absence.
COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming acomposite government.
CONFEDERATIONAlliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the
respective individual nation sovereignty.
COLD WARThe state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries orblocks.
ENVOYA diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position
below that of an ambassador.
FIFTH COLUMN An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.
FLOOR CROSSING The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.
FRANCHISE Right to cast vote in the public elections.
GALLUP POLL An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.
GENOCIDEIntention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnicor politicalgroup.
GHERAOEncircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything tillhe/she concedes demands.
GLOSNOSTMeans openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian societyby M.Gorbachov.
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HABEAS CORPUSA type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court againstillegal detention of a person.
HOT LINEA direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlinestablished in 1963.
IMPEACHMENT Trial by the Parliament.
LOBBYINGExercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodiesin the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.
LOK PALAn official appointed by the President to investigate public complaintsagainst ministers and high officials.
MANIFESTOA declaration of political party about its policies and programmesgiven at the time of elections.
NATIONALISATIONThe act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the stateand controlling them.
NAXALITEA movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term wasfirst used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who roseagainst the landlords demanding land for the landless.
NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive andboost American economy .
ORDINANCEAn Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergencyor when the legislative body is not in session.
PERESTROIKAUsed for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economicalstructure of the Russian society.
PLEBISCITE Voting on regional or national issue.
PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.
PRIVY PURSEYearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after themerger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses areabolished).
PRIVILEGE MOTIONA motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the Housetowards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any ofits members.
REFERENDUMPeople's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some otherlegislative issue of controversial nature.
SECULARISMAffirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to anyreligions or religions.
SANCTIONSPenalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached tothe law.
SOCIALISMControl of production and means of distribution in the hands of theState.
STATUTE
Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are
binding on al subjects, of a particular country.
SUFFRAGE Right of voting in political elections.
SELF-DETERMINATION
Right of a nation deciding its own form of government,its politicaldestiny or independence.
TERRITORIAL
WATERS
Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of
the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.
UNICAMERAL A legislature having only one House.
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VETO Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.
Economic, Commercial and Trade TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
ARBITRATIONReferring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which willbe binding.
ANNUITYPayment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment onwhich the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of hiscapital.
BALANCE OF TRADEThe difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable whenthe value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reversebalance is unfavourable.
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BALANCE SHEETStatements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of ayear, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out theprofit and loss positions in the outgoing year.
BARTERExchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of anyform of currency.
BONDDocument by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sumof money in a certain time.
BUDGETAnnual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinateauthority like a corporation.
BILL OF EXCHANGE Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee.
BUYER'S MARKETAn economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market thandemanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods.
CLEARING HOUSE Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on therespective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.
COOPERATIVE FARMINGJoint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and dividethe produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool.The farmers retain their proprietary rights.
CEILING ON LAND ANDHOLDING
Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Itspurpose is rational distribution of land.
DEATH DUTY (ESTATEDUTY)
A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner.
DEVALUATIONGovernment's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to aforeign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports.
DEFLATIONA monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bankdeposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied byunemployment and falling prices.
DEMONETISATIONThe governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency odspecified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hiddenmoney which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.
EXCISE DUTY Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE Transfer of money of one country to another.
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INFLATIONIncrease in the quality of money in circulation without any correspondingincrease in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral.
LAISSEZ FAIREAn individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures.
LOCKOUTClosure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed
terms.
MALTHUSIAN THEORYOF POPULATION
It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression whilepopulation increase by geometrical progression resulting in over-population.
OCTROI Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city.
PUBLIC SECTOR Applies to State enterprises or undertaking.
RECESSIONAn economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand,tightmoney market.
SOFT CURRENCY Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.
STERLING AREAGroup of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves insterling and not gold or dollars.
TARIFFS Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against tradecompetition from outside.
Legal TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
AFFIDAVIT A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.
CONTEMPT OFCOURT
Any disobedience of the court verdict.
COPYRIGHT Exclusive right of an author in his works,
COVENANT An agreement under seal between two or more persons.
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DECREE Judgement or decision having the force of law.
DETENU Persons who dies without making any will.
INTESTATE A person who dies without making any will.
LIBEL A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business.
MANDAMUSA writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified actpertaining to its office.
PLAINTIFF A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law.
SUMMONSA directive from a court of law ordering a person to appear before it at a specified date,time and place.
WRITA written order by a Supreme Court or High Court directing the State or a lowest court toact or abstain from acting in a particular case.
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ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.
BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.
BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.
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A D V E R T I S E M E N T
BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.
COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.
CAMOUFLAGEHiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy abouttheir real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.
COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.
CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.
DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major Generalequipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery andengineering equipment.
DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.
FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.
GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air orspace vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either selfdirected with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.
ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guidedmissile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city orinstallation in the world and destroy it entirely.
INTERMEDIATE RANGEBALLISTIC MISSILE(IRBM)
It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to airguided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in thebattlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed
against enemy missiles or targets.
JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.
NUCLEAR UMBRELLAGiving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol orSombrero.
STAR WARSDeployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.
SQUADRONAir Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a SquadronLeader.
SCIENCE TERMINOLOGYA D V E R T I S E M E N T
Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived fromobservation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is beingstudied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurementplays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Hereare some sciences.
ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).
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ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).
AERODYNAMICS:(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.
(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air
AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.
AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.
AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.
AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.
AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.
AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.
AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.
AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.
ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.
ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.
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ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development ofmankind.
ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.
ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications
deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.
ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.
ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.
ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.
BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.
BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.
BIOLOGY: The study of living things.
BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.
BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world andthe application of this knowledge to the world of machines.
BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.
BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.
BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).
BOTANY:The study of plants.
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CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.
CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.
CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).
CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.
CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.
CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historicalorder of past events.
CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.
COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.
COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.
COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.
CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.
CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.
CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low
temperatures.
CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.
CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of
cytology and genetics.
CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.
DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.
DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It
is generally used by the deaf.
ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate andinanimate.
ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.
ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services.
EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.
ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.
EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.
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ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.
ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual
cultures.
ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishingcharacteristics of the races of mankind.
ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.
ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.
EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.
GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.
GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.
GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.
GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.
GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.
GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the
earth's surface.
GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes whichtake place within it.
GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate,
population, etc.
GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.
GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental
conditions on health.
GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.
GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.
GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.
HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.
HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.
HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.
HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their usefor navigation.
HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere
and atmosphere.
HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching orewith liquids.
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HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.
HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather thanin soil.
HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.
HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.
LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.
LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.
JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.
LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.
MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.
METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.
METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.
METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.
METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.
MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic
protozoa.
MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance inbiology.
MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.
MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.
NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.
NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.
NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to
determine the influence on one's future life.
NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.
ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.
ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.
OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.
ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.
ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.
ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities ofmusculoskeletal systems.
OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.
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OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.
OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.
PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.
PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.
PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.
PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.
PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.
PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.
PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.
PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.
PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.
PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.
PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.
PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.
PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to livingmatters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.
PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.
PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.
PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.
PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.
POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.
PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.
RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio
frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.
RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on livingorganisms.
RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.
RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.
SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.
SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.
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SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.
SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.
SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.
TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.
TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.
THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.
TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region
TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.
VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.
ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.
Importants Of Laws And PrincipalsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it isequal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
AVOGADRO's LAW:Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number ofmolecules.
BLACK BODY RADIATION:A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.
BOILING POINT:It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY:A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of
support of the body.
COULOMB'S LAW:The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance betweenthem is doubled.
FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substancesliberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all theproducts of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which theseproducts have been formed.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy ofthe system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting
machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at highertemperature.
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LENZ'S LAW:When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in
such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.
MASS - ENERGY EQUATION:E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c =
velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.
NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess ofmean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is nottoo large.
NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the productof their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelledto change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].
The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takesplace in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
OHM'S LAW:The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on
dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional thepotential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.
RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:
Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to passfrom a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.
Nobel Prize Winners PhysicsA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Year Name Nations
1901 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Germany
1902 Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Dutch
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France
1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Britain
1905 Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Germany
1906 Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Britain
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1907 Albert A.Michelson U.S
1908 Gabriel Lippmann Franch
1909Carl F. Braun
Guglielmo Marconi
Germany
Italy
1910 Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany
1912 Nils G. Dalen Sweden
1913 Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch
1914 Max von Laue Germany
1915 Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain
1917 Charles G. Barkla Britain
1918 Max K.E.L. Planck Germany
1919 Johnnes Stark Germany
1920 Charles E.Guillaume France
1921 Albert Einstein Germany - U.S.
1922 Niels Bohr Danish
1923 Robert A. Millikan U.S
1924 Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden
1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean B. Perrin France
1927Arthur H.ComptonCharles T.R Wilson
U.SBritain
1928 Owen W. Richardson Britain
1929 Prince Louis-victor de Broglie France
1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman India
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Nobel Prize Winners ChemistryA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Year Name Country
1901 Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Dutch
1902 Emil fischer Germany
1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden
1904 Sir William Ramsay Britain
1905 Adolf von Beayer Germany
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1906 Henri Moissan France
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany
1908 Ernest Rutherford Britain
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany
1910 Otto Wallach Germany
1911 Marie CuriePolandFranch
1912 Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Franch
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland
1914 Theodore W. Richards U.S
1915 Richard M. Willstatter Germany
1918 Fritz Haber Germany
1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany
1921 Frederick Soddy Britain
1922 Francis W. Aston Britain
1923 Fritz Pregl Australia
1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany
1926 theodor Svedberg sweden
1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany
1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus Germany
1929Sir Arthur HardenHan von Euler-Chelpin
BritainSweden
1930 Hans Fischer Germany
1931 Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir U.S
1934 Harold C. Urey U.S
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Nobel Prize Winners Medicine & PhysiologyA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Year Name Country
1901 Emil A. Von Behring Germany
1902 Sir Ronald Ross Britain
1903 Niels R. Finsen Danish
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1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia
1905 Robert Koch Germany
1906Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
Italy
Spain
1907 Charles L.A. Laveran France
1908Paul EhrlichElie Metchnikoff
GermanyFrance
1909 Emil T. Kocher Switzerland
1910 Albrecht Kossel Grmany
1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden
1912 Alexis Carrel France
1913 Charles R. Richet France
1914 Robert Barany Australia
1919 Jules Border Belgium
1920 Schack A.S.Krogh Dan
1922Archibald V. HillOtto F. Meyerhof
BritainGermany
1923 Frederick G. BantingJohn J.R.Macleod
CanadaScotland
1924 willem Einthoven Dutch
1926 Johannes A.G Fibiger Dan
1927 JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Australia
1928 Charles J.H. Nicolle France
1929Christiaan EijkmanSir Frederick G.Hopkings
DutchBritain
1930 Karl Landsteiner U.S
1931 Otto H. Warburg Germany
1932 Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Britain
1933 Thomas H.organ U.S.
1934 George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple U.S.
1935 Hans Spemann Germany
1936Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Lowei
BritainU.S.
1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Honkong-U.S.
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Nobel Prize Winners PeaceA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Year Name Country
1901Jean H. DunantFrederic Paassy
SwitzerlandFrance
1902 Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Switzerland
1903 Sir William R. Cremer Britain
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1904 Institute of International law
1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Australia
1906 Theodore Roosevelt U.S.
1907Ernesto T. MonetaLouis Renault
ItalyFrance
1908Klas P.Arnoldson
Fredr5ik Bajer
Sweden
Danish
1909Auguste M.F. BeernaertPaul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant
BelgiumFrance
1910 Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau
1911Tobias M.C. AsserAlfred H.Fried
DutchAustralia
1912 Elihu Root U.S.
1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium
1917 International Red Cross
1919 Woodrow Wilson U.S.
1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois France
1921 Karl H. BrantingChristian L.Lange
SwedenNorway
1922 Fridtjof Nansen Norway
1925Sir J. Austen ChamberlainChstlrd G. Dawes U.S.
1926Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann
FranceGermany
1927Ferdinand E. BuissonLudwig Quidde
FranceGermany
1929 Frank B. Kellogg U.S.
1930 Nathan Soderblom Sweden
1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler U.S.
1933 Sir Norman Angell Britain
1934 Arthur Henderson Britain
1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany
1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Argentina
1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Britain
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Nobel Prize Winners LiteratureA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Year Name Country
1901 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Franch
1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany
1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson Norway
1904Frederic MistralJose Echegaray
FranchSpain
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1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland
1906 Giosue Carducci Italy
1907 Rudyard Kipling Britain
1908 Rudolf C. Eucken Germany
1909 Selma Lagerlof Sweden
1910 Paul J.L.Heyse Germany
1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium
1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany
1913 Rabindranath Tagore India
1915 Romain Rolland France
1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden
1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Danish
1919 Carl F.G. Spitteler Switzerland
1920 Kunt Hamsun Norway
1921 Anatolle France France
1922 Jacinto Benavente Spanish
1923 William Butker Iran
1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont Poland
1925 George Bernard Shaw Iran-Britain
1926 Grazia Deledda Itally
1927 Henri Bergson France
1928 Sigrid Undset Norway
1929 Thomas Mann German
1930 Sinclair Lewis U.S.
1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt Sweden
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1995 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht U.S.
1996James A. MirrleesWilliam Vickrey
UkCanada
1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes U.S.
1998 Amarty Sen India
1999 Robert Mundell Canada
2000James J. HeckmanDaniel L. McFadden
USAUSA
2001George A. Akerlof A. Michael SpenceJoseph E. Stiglitz
USAUSAUSA
2002Daniel KahnemanVernon L. Smith
USAUSA
Chief Industries of the CountriesA D V E R T I S E M E N T
Country Industries
Afghanistan Dry and fresh fruits, wool carpets
Australia Wool, dairy products, meat
Austria Textile, leather goods, electro-technical machines
Brazil Foot wear, coffee, iron ore
Belgium Glass, textiles, transport equipment
CanadaNewsprint, machinery
Chile Copper, iron ore
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Congo Oil, tobacco, plywood
Cuba Sugar, tobacco, textiles, chemicals
Denmark Fur,farm products
France Textile, wine, silk, iron and steel products
Germany Machinery, chemicals, iron and steel products
Ghana Cocoa, gold, coffee
India Jute, textile, sugar, hides and skins, tobacco, tea, cement, mica
Indonesia Sugar, spices, rubber, rice, petroleum, carpets, leather
Iran Petroleum, carpets, dry fruits
Iraq Dates, Petroleum
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Italy Mercury, textiles, foodstuffs, footwear
Japan Machinery, textiles, toys, silk, automobiles, electronic goods
Kenya Coffee, tea, meat, sisal, hides, skins, cement, soda ash
Kuwait Petroleum, Shrimp
Malaysia Rubber, tin, timber, petroleum
Netherlands Machinery, natural gas, chemicals
Saudi Arabia Oil, dates, petroleum and its products
Spain Lead, fresh fruits, textiles
Sweden Matches, timber, iron ore
Switzerland Watches, chemicals, electrical
Taiwan Camphor, rice
UK Textiles, medicines, machinery cars
USA Petroleum, wheat, machinery, coal, automobiles, iron, grains
Russia Petroleum, wheat, chemicals, heavy machinery, iron, gold
Vietnam Tin, rice, rubber, teak, mineral ores
Famous Towns In WorldA D V E R T I S E M E N T
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Name Famous For
No 10, DowningStreet
Official residence of the British Prime Minister.
Abadan(Iran) Famous for oil refinery
Alaska (U.S.A.) In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada
AlexandriaCity and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80% ofthe country's exports.
Angkor Wat Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilization.
Aswam Dam A dam in Egypt across the River Nile.
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Baku Oilfields of Azerbaijan.
Bastille It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution.
Beding (Australia) Famous for gold mines.
Bethlehem A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ.
Bikini Atoll In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A.
BikiniAn atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally in1948.
Bratislava A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border.
Buckingham Palace London residence of the British monarch.
Chushul In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962.
Corsica An island where Napoleon was born.
Detroit (U.S.A) The biggest car manufacturing town in the world.
Elephanta Caves(India)
Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva andParvati.
Fleet Street Press Center in London.
Gaza StripIn Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till 1957.Now under Israeli occupation.
GibraltarKey to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extremeSouth of Spain.
Golden Temple(India)
Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass.
Hiroshima An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945.
Hollywood(California. U.S.A.)
Famous for film industry
Hyde Park A huge park in London.
Jerusalem City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel)
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KhajurahoIt is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand
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