IAS syllabe

8/6/2019 IAS syllabe

1/74

IAS Papers : Method of Making Notes

There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There aretwo types of making notes, one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.

(more content follows the advertisement below)A D V E R T I S E M E N T

Linear Notes

Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read usingheadings and sub headings and jotting down the most important points. This method works best whenmaking notes from a book where the material is already properly organized. But one disadvantage of this methodis that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose of condensing.

The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier tokeep adding information. It is a good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information.Another way to make your notes more interesting is to use colors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as

and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contents of our notes and make itmore clear and comprehensible.

Pattern Notes

We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiatingfrom it represents a branch of the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or aphrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is more flexible than making Linear notes. One can add extrainformation to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can see the whole pattern at onego without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than

we can do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful whenmaking notes from memory for revision as you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. Thismakes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only brief key words are used. Lastly, it is easier toremember as notes is made in a shape format.

Keywords:

Method of Making Notes for IAS Aspirants,Academic Eligibility,science questions, questions books, questionsnotes,paper questions, examination questions, exam questions, sample questions, tests questions, study questions

The interview calls are sent in March-April of the following year and they take place in the month of April-May. TheBoard of interviewers look for a well-adjusted personality with the social traits, integrity and qualities of leadership. PS. The number of candidates called for the interview is normally twice the number of vacancies.

Here is a list of subjects for IAS/UPSC exams. Under each subject is provided reources regarding the subject thatincludes prelims and mains IAS syllabus as well as question papers, strategy and suggested readings for thesubject. The IAS Syllabus and other services like the IPS and Income Tax is the same.

Part A - UPSC Preliminary Examination - OptionalSubjects


2/74

General Studies Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Botany Chemistry Civil Engineering Commerce

Economics Electrical Engineering Geography Geology Indian History Law

Mathematics

Mechanical Engineering Medical Science

Philosophy

Physics

Political Science

Psychology Public Administration Sociology

Statistics Zoology

Part B - UPSC Main Examination - Optional Subjects

General Studies

Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science

Botany

Chemistry

Civil Engineering

Commerce Economics

Electrical Engineering

Geography Geology

Indian History Law

Mathematics

Mechanical Engineering Medical Science

Philosophy Physics

Political Science Psychology

Public Administration

Sociology Statistics Zoology Anthropology Arabic Assamese

Bengali

Chinese English

German

Gujarati

Hindi

Kannada Kashmiri

Konkani

Malayalam Manipuri

Marathi

Nepali

Oriya Pali

Persian Punjabi

Russian Sanskrit

Sindhi Tamil

Telugu Urdu Management

Keywords:

IAS Exam Syllabus,objective exam, syllabus questions, physics syllabus, chemistrysyllabus, mathematics syllabus, physics exam, paper exam, exam books, engineering syllabus,

chemistry exam, exam preparation, exam papers, sample exam, science syllabus, study

exam, exam questions, science exam

Style of answering questions

For this it is very important to understand the question first. Depending on what the question is, whether one isasked to discuss, elucidate, explain"," critically Appreciate or give reasons for and against, the answershould be written Accordingly because it is only through the examinees style of answering questions that one canassess his or her originality of thought and analytical abilities.
http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/general-studies/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/agriculture/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/animal-husbandry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/botany/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chemistry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/civil-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/commerce/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/economics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/electrical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geography/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/history/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mathematics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mechanical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/medical-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/philosophy/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/physics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/political-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/psychology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/public-administration/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sociology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/statistics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/general-studies/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/agriculture/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/animal-husbandry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/botany/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chemistry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/civil-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/commerce/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/economics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/electrical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geography/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/history/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mathematics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mechanical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/medical-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/philosophy/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/physics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/political-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/psychology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/public-administration/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sociology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/statistics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/anthropology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/arabic.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/assamese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/assamese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/assamese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/bengali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chinese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/english.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/german.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/gujarati.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/hindi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/kannada.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/kashmiri.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/konkani.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/malayalam.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/manipuri.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/marathi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/nepali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/oriya.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/pali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/persian.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/punjabi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/russian.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sanskrit.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sindhi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/tamil.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/telugu.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/urdu.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/management.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/management.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/management.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/general-studies/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/agriculture/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/animal-husbandry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/botany/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chemistry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/civil-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/commerce/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/economics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/electrical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geography/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/history/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mathematics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mechanical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/medical-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/philosophy/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/physics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/political-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/psychology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/public-administration/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sociology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/statistics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/general-studies/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/agriculture/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/animal-husbandry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/botany/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chemistry/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/civil-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/commerce/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/economics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/electrical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geography/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/geology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/history/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/law/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mathematics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/mechanical-engineering/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/medical-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/philosophy/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/physics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/political-science/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/psychology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/public-administration/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sociology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/statistics/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/zoology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/anthropology/http://www.onestopias.com/subjects/arabic.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/assamese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/bengali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/chinese.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/english.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/german.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/gujarati.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/hindi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/kannada.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/kashmiri.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/konkani.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/malayalam.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/manipuri.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/marathi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/nepali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/oriya.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/pali.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/persian.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/punjabi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/russian.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sanskrit.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/sindhi.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/tamil.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/telugu.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/urdu.asphttp://www.onestopias.com/subjects/management.asp


3/74


The question should be read properly, in fact the question paper should be read thoroughly in thefirst five or ten minutes of the exam and then one should decide on the questions which are to be

answered first. Time should also be given to frame the answer so that there is no confusion later on.A good way to write effective and precise answers is to precise writing out answers. our answers

should present the facts and concepts in an interesting way and should never read like a passagefrom a book. It is best to use simple English and avoid flowy and decorative language which takesour attention away from the original facts and our opinions about a given topic. Making a practice ofwriting out answers is especially useful in managing the time limit set for the exam and to write the

best possible answer in the allotted time It not only improves ones style of expression, but also onegets used to the time and word limits.

Answering Technique

It is just not enough to know all the facts and information but the most important thing to be kept in mind is towrite an answer which has a clear and a logical frame, which presents information in a clear and concise manner,which does not contain any irrelevant or piling up of information, which is interesting and able to hold onesattention.So the next logical step is to know how to write a good answer. The first step is to prepare the framework whereone can list all ideas, thoughts and facts and write them down. It is important to adopt an answering style which isnatural, original and to the point. Emphasis should be given to the kind of language used, one which is simple andclear without unnecessary use of nouns and verbs. Use of archaic and fancy words or language should be avoidedat all costs. Care should be taken to avoid grammatical mistakes which will give a negative opinion however goodthe answer may be. Last but not the least, it is very important to have a good and a legible handwriting.

Keywords:

Style of answering questions for IAS Aspirants,Academic Eligibility,science questions, questions books, questionsnotes, paper questions, examination questions, exam questions, sample questions, tests questions, studyquestions

Time Management

We see many people around us who spend their time in a frenzy of activity but achieve very little because they arenot concentrating on the right things. They are perpetually busy but it does not necessarily mean that they makeoptimum utilization of their time. So there is a great need for effective Time Management in our lives today.


We keep hearing the word "Busy" a lot. There are two kinds of busy, chaotic, disorganized busy and calm effectivebusy. It goes without saying that being the latter helps to pack in more productivity in your work. Improving our"effectiveness Quotient" calls for mastery of basic time management skills.

We constantly hear the refrain that we do not know where the time goes. Whether you are an executive, a studentor a homemaker, you need to achieve more in every minute of the day and to enjoy each task that you take up.We will be well on our way to the top if we know how to squeeze the most out of even a minute.

The first thing to bear in mind is to question whether you have a personal sense of time or a time log. This helpsyou to keep track of how you spend each hour. There is a way to do this. Divide each day for a period of two


4/74

weeks into one hour intervals and jot down what you do in them. You can sub divide the activities under suchheadings as business meetings, writing, making phone calls, reading, time spent with the family etc. At the endof the week, examine your time log.

What you may find is that very little time goes into top priority activities and more into activities such as phonecalls, coffee breaks, chatting with friends etc. Now is the time to analyze what activities are a waste of time and

what need more time. Try to cut down time spent on useless activities or stop doing them altogether. Once youhave prioritized your time, you will find your efficiency level rising and the end result is that you will be anachiever!

Keywords:

Time Management, historical background,recruitment to various services and posts,recruitment bycompetitiveexamination,recruitment & conditions of service etc,annual reports,ias accounting, ias exam,ias plus,edelbrock ias shocks,ias plus accounting standards

1. Be very particular about the subject you choose for prelims, as you will be appearing for an objective type ofpaper. History, maths, geography may prove to be very scoring. Choose subjects which have availability of books,reading material and guidance. In recent years engineering subjects like civil and electrical can be chosen, givingBEs and IITians an edge (yes! even here they are giving the BAs and BScs a tough fight!)


2. G.K. will definitely pay in your prelims. Reading newspapers, watching TV news and of course quiz shows likeKBC is a must.

3. If you have been lucky enough to reach the interview stage book knowledge may not be the only thing youneed. Your mental alertness will count as they ask you questions like How many steps did you walk up to reach

here? or What is the colour of the wall behind you ? - So be prepared.

4. Enhance your personality because it will definitely be one of the criteria for selection. For IPS physical wellbeing

is of great importance, you should be medically fit.

5. Improve your communication skills. IFS aspirants must be proficient in at least one foreign language. So goahead, have your say in this political mess of our country and try to make it a better place.

TIPS on IASFrom Mr. Vaid of Vaid's ICS CoachingCenter

It was in 1981 when I had my first encounters with UPSC through the aspirants (for IAS etc.) who sought my helpto prepare for certain specific topics in GS and my parent discipline, i.e. Anthropology. Today, 13 years later,through regular interaction with the UPSC experts and students all over India, particularly at Delhi, Lucknow,Patna, Chandigarh and Hyderabad, I find myself in a favourable position to pen down my experiences andsuggestions to the young aspirants. In the early eighties, there were three (Delhi, Allahabad and Patna) majorcentre of UPSC related activities, while Hyderabad was coming up fast. There used to be 40 to 60 thousandcontenders for the coveted posts. Today, while the number of aspirants has risen by over 200 percent, many newcentres have come up in almost every state capital and many other major cities. In those days professionals didnot see any merit in contention for these jobs, but recent years have witnessed a flood of such aspirants, at timessweeping the top positions in the merit list. In those days History, Sociology, Political Science etc. used to be the

most popular optionals while today, many hitherto less known subjects have taken over. Besides, many states


5/74

have changed their pattern of PCS examination in line with UPSC examination. This change in the scenario,resultant of a number of factors, demands that the serious contenders to the job must adopt a more rational,more systematic strategy and approach, right from the moment they think of preparing for the civil servicesexamination.

On the first thought of appearing in the Civil Services Examination (C.S.E.), the first issue is the selection of

optionals. In a way, selection of right optionals is the most crucial step. Post-graduates in any discipline, generallyprefer taking up their parent subject for Prelims. Though such selection is quite logical, aspirants with any sciencediscipline as their base subject must ponder over the issue more seriously. Maths, Physics, Geology etc., optionalsfor Prelims must be opted for, only if one is out and out thorough with the subject. As UPSC ensures that 'some'candidates from every discipline must qualify for the Mains, aspirants with a science subject must judgethemselves correctly regarding their own capability to be included in these 'some'. Some of the social sciences(e.g. History, Sociology and Public Administration) opted by quite a significant majority can, however, be a muchsafer bet, particularly for those (ordinary science graduates) who do not have any specific parent subject or forthose who are not able to develop confidence in their parental subject. In either case, the formal preparation muststart from the basic fundamentals, even if a person is already a post-graduate in that subject.

General Studies (GS) has to be prepared on quite a different plane because the content of this paper is too spreadout and because any issue, major or minor, can be asked objectively. Traditionally, 10 + 2 level books of NCERTor any state education board had been covering a major part of the content but, these days, the items in newsduring the last one year or so, are being asked quite frequently. Problems are generally faced in everyday science(by the candidates with social sciences background) or in mental ability or in the fundamentals of economics. The

most important aspect for the preparation of GS Prelims, therefore, is to identify the loop-holes and plug themurgently.

Many of you prepare a subject in terms of "reading" (once, twice, thrice etc.) with or without underlining theimportant facts. It results not only in longer time of preparation, but also many important points may skip. Also,even if you underline the highlighting points, most of you have the tendency to read the text in full while going forthe subsequent readings. It is, therefore, advisable that texts must be read once and all important points (likely tobe forgotten) recorded separately so that you need not study volumious texts again. This would save on your timeand should result in greater efficiency. The Mains: For right approach, the preparation of Mains should start beforeor at least concurrent with Prelims. Just because you have to prepare for Essay, GS and the two optionals (English

and a regional language, the one/two other compulsory, do not require a separate preparation) you never getenough time (to prepare for all these) after the declaration of Prelims' results. Further, while Prelims is only ascreening test, it is on the basis of your performance in Mains, on which mainly depends the final outcome of yourefforts. Strategically, therefore, the preparation for the examination should start about one year in advance andyou should think about appearing in the Prelims only when you have had a strong grip over the Mains' subjectmatter.

Keywords:

Tips for IAS Exams, tips for ias exam, multiple choice exam, computer science exam, exam study guide,objective exam, exam notes, physics exam, paper exam, exam books, biology exam, math exam, chemistryexam, exam papers, sample exam, exam preparation, exam answers, exam quiz, test exam, study exam, examquestion

he Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of variousoxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in thebody. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water asthe end products of metabolism. Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins.Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6 B12 ) and C are water-soluble.


6/74

Vitamin - A

Year 1913

Retinol

Main MetabolicFunction

Essential for normal growth and development.

For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones.Prevents Night blindness.

Deficiency - Effects

Retarded growth.Reduced resistance to infection.Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelialmembranes.Interferes with production of "night purple".

AvailableMilk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Codliver oil and Fresh fruits.


Nature Fat-Soluble

Vitamin - B1

Year 1936

Thiamin


An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism.Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system.Beriberi.Loss of muscle.


Loss of appetite.Impaired digestion of starches and sugars.

Various nervous disorder coordination.

Available Peas, Beans and Cereals.

Nature Water-Soluble

Vitamin - B2

Year 1935

Riboflavin


Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation.Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.


Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness.Causes cheillosis or glossittis.May result in Photophobia and cataracts.



Vitamin - B6

Year 1934


7/74

Pyridoxine


Acts as do other B vitamins.To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat.Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan.

Deficiency - EffectsIncreased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis.Anorexia, nausea and vomiting.



Vitamin - B12

Year 1948

Cyanocobalamin


Essential for development of red blood cells.Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles.

Deficiency - EffectsResults in pernicious anaemia.Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips.



Vitamin - C

Year 1919

Ascorbic Acid


Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine,

cartilage and bone matrix).Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.


Lowered resistance to infections.Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums.Delayed wound healing.Specific treatment for Scurvy.

AvailableFresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce(Beetroot).


Vitamin - D

Year 1925

Cholecalciferol


Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract.Affords antiachitic activity.

Deficiency - EffectsInterferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation.Development of bone disease, rickets and caries.


8/74

Available Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil , Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays.

Nature Fat-Soluble

Vitamin - E

Year 1936

Tocopherols


Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation.Helps strengthen red blood cells.

Deficiency - Effects Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture.

Available Germinating Wheat.

Nature Fat-Soluble

Vitamin - K

Year1935

Phytomenadione


Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.

Deficiency - Effectsdiminished blood clotting time.Increased incidence of hemorrhages.

Available Fish, Wheat and Oats.

Nature Fat-Soluble

Life expectancy at birth (in years) for the year 1997, in selected countries.(Source : Human Development Report,1999).

Country Life Expectancy

Japan 80.0

Norway 79.0

Iceland 79.0

Switzerland 78.6


Sweden 78.5

Hong Kong 78.5

Australia 78.2

Italy 78.2

France 78.1


9/74

Greece 78.1

Spain 78.0

Cyprus 77.8

Barbodos 76.4

Hungary 70.9

Lithuania 69.9

China 69.8

Thailand 68.8

Kyrgyzstan 67.6

Uzbekistan 67.5

Brazil 66.8

Mangolia 65.8

India 62.6

Iraq 62.4

Myanmar 60.1

Comoros 58.8

Madagascar 57.5

Lesotho 56.0

Sudan 55.0

South Africa 54.7

Cambodia 53.4

Gabon 52.4

Senegal 52.3

Djibouti 50.4

Djibouti 50.4

Niger 48.5

Tanzania 47.9

Chad 47.2

Gambia 47.0

Cote d'lvoire 46.7

Mozambique 45.2

Central African Rebublic 44.9


10/74

Ethiopia 43.3

Burundi 42.4

Rwanda 40.5

All Developing Countries 64.4

Least Developing Country 51.7

Industrialised Countries 77.7

World 66.7

1 Breathing 10 db

2 Wind in the trees 20 db

3 Whisper 20-30 db

(more content follows the advertisement below)

A D V E R T I S E M E N T

4 Ticking Clock 30 db

5 House in a quiet street 35 db

6 Radio Music 50-60 db

7 Loud Conversation 60 db

8 Office Noise 60 db

9 Children Playing 60-80 db

10 Lawn mower 60-80 db

11 Vacuum cleaner 80 db

12 Traffic Noise 60-90 db

13 Sports Car 80-95 db

14 Heavy truck traffic 90-100 db

15 Loud Radio 100 db

16 Motor Cycle 105 db

17 Pneumatic drill 110 db

18 Thunder storm 110 db

19 Rock Music 120 db

20 Aircraft Noise 90-120 db

21 Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) 120 db

22 Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) 140 db

23 Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) 140-170 db

Solar SystemA D V E R T I S E M E N T


11/74

Pluto

Diameter

3,040 Kilometer

Moons 1

Avg.Distance to Sun 5,865.5 million KM

Time to Orbit the Sun 248 Years

Facts

1. This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, thecoldest and arguably the strangest.

2. It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solarsystem.

3. Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet.

4. NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Plutois shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought.Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.



Neptune

Diameter 49,000 Kilometer

Moons 8

Avg.Distance to Sun 4,497 million KM


Facts

1. It is denser & little smaller than Uranus.2. Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white

clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface.3. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds.

4. It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the

sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.

Uranus


Moons 17



Facts

1. Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side.

2. One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits.

3. Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planetand a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions

of kilometers.

Mars Diameter 6,755.2 Kilometer

Moons 2

Avg.Distance to Sun 225.6 million KM

Time to Orbit the Sun 687 Days


12/74

Facts

1. The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere.2. Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders.

3. Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormantvolcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed.

Venus


Moons None



Facts

1. Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus isperpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds.

2. Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains & signs ofvolcanic activity.

Mercury

Diameter 4,849.6 Kilometer

Moons None



Facts

1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon.2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour.3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity

field.

4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot

and nights, frigid.

Earth

Diameter 12,732.2 Kilometer

Moons 1



Facts1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen

and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solarsystem to support life.

Jupiter Diameter 1,41,968 Kilometer

Moons 16


Time to Orbit the Sun 11.9 Years

Facts 1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spotonthe Solar system's largest planet.

2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in theturbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar


13/74

systemto support life.

3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoeson the Moon.

Saturn

Diameter 1,19,296 Kilometer

Moons 20 or more


Time to Orbit the Sun 29.5 Years

Facts

1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giantSaturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands

just 100 feets thick.

2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons.

Sun

Diameter 13,84,000 Kilometer

Statellites 9 Planets

Age 4.5 billion years

Facts

1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reacha temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core.

2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, aperiod marked by frequent sunspots and flares.

3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazingsky streamers called Northern Lights will appear.

Capital Languages

Hyderabad Telugu and Urdu

Itanager Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, Bangini-Nishi.

Dispur Assamese


Bihar Patna Hindi

Chhattisgarh Raipur Hindi

Goa Panaji Marathi and Konkani

Gujarat Gandhinagar Gujarati

Haryana Chandigarh Hindi

Himachal Pradesh Shimla Hindi and Pahari

Mizoram Aizawl Mizo and English

Jammu & KashmirSrinagar (Summer)Jammu (Winter)

Kashmiri,Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi,Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri

Jharkhand Ranchi Hindi

Karnataka Bangalore Kannda


14/74


15/74

Nawegaon National Park Bhandara Maharashtra

Pench Nationa Park Nagpur Maharastra

Rohia Naional Park Kullu Himchal Pradesh

Shivpur Naional Park Shivpuri Madhyaradesh

Tadoba Naional Park Chandrapur Maharashtra

Valavadar Naional Park Bhavnagar Gujarat

Wildlife SanctuariesA D V E R T I S E M E N T

Name Place State


Chandraprabha Sanctuary Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Dachigam Sanctuary Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir

Ghana Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur Rajasthan

Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary Belgaum Karnataka

Jaldapara Sanctuary Jalpaiguri West Bengal

Kutree Game Sanctuary Bestar Madhya Pradesh

Manas Tigar Sanctuary Barpeta Assam

Melapattu Bird Sanctuary Nellor Andra Pradesh

Mudumalai Sanctuary Nilgiris Tamil Nadu

Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctury Ahmedabad Gujarat

Palamau Tiger Sanctuary Daltonganj Bihar

Periyar Sanctuary Idduki Kerala

Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan

Ranthambhor Tiger Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan

Similipal Tiger Sanctuary Mayurbhanj Orissa

Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Gurgaon Haryana

Sunderbans Tiger Sanctuary 24-Parganas West Bengal

Famous Places in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T


16/74


17/74

National Surveys and Other Institutions in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T

Institution Place

Atomic Energy Commission Bombay

Bhabha Atomic Research CenterTrombay

(Bombay)

Botanical Survey of India Calcutta

Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy Lucknow

Bose Research Institute Calcutta

Indian Association for the Cultivation ofscience

Calcutta


Indian National Science Academy New Delhi

Indian National Science CongressAssociation

Calcutta

National Atlas Organisation Calcutta

Raman Research Institute Bangalore

Survey of India Dehra Dun

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology Delhi

Zoological Survey of India Calcutta

Recognised Stock Exchanges in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T


18/74


19/74


20/74

Ajanta Caves,Maharashtra

Rock-cut caves set deep in the Sahyadri hills. It has a large relief depictingthe death of the Buddha lying on the bed.

Badrinath, UtterPradesh

Dedicated to Lord Vishnu. One of the four pilgrimage spots for Hindus.

Basilica of Bom Jesus,

Velha, Goa (17thCentury) The church houses the mortal remains of St.Francis Xavier.

Bahai House of Worship,Delhi

The lotus-shaped marvel in marble is referred to as the Taj Mahal of the 21stcentury. Completed in '86.

Buland Darwaza,Fatehpur Sikri

At 53.5 m., it is the highest gateway in India. Built by Akbar to commemoratehis conquest of Khandesh in Gujarat.


Chartminar, Hyderabad(1591)

A majestic monument of four minarets, to commemorate the cessation ofplague in the city, according to the chronicles.

Dakshineshwar Temple,Calcutta (1855)

Built by a Widow-devotee, Rani Rashmoni.

Diwara Temples, MountAbu

A Jain pilgrimage center. There are two shrine : Adinath Temple (1031) andNominate Temple (1230)

Elehanta Caves,Maharastra (634)

Situated on an island, Believed to be built by Pulakesini II of the Chalukyakingdom. Exquisite carvings depicting the myths of Shiva.

Gateway of India,Bombay

A triumphal arch built to commemorate visit of King George V and QueenMary in 1911. It is 26 feet tall.

Golden Temple,Amritsar (1577)

Holiest Sikh Shrine. Part of the exterior is gilded with gold leaf. The Harimandir is in the midst of a pool. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of theSikhs. is enshrined inside.

Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur

(17th Century)

Its dome is the second largest in the world. The whispering Gallery within is

so called because even the gentlest whisper echoes across its great length.

Hawa Mahal, (Palace ofWinds) Jaipur (18thCentury)

The five storied facade of 953 windows was built for the women of the haremto look out without being seen themselves.

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi(1565)

By the side of Mathura road, to the east of Hazarat Nizamu-ddin's shrine, thismemorial was build by Humayun's senior widow (Haji Hamida Begum).

Indian Gate, Delhi

A memorial to over 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in World War I. Thenames of 13,516 soldiers are inscribed on it. The arch rising to a height of 42m. is surmounted by a stone bowl where since 1971 an eternal flame hasbeen lit the Amar Jyothi - to honour the unknown soldier.

Jagannath Temple, Puri(12th Century)

65m tall. Its conical pinnacle overlooks the landscape for miles around.

Jama Masjid, DelhiThe largest mosque in Delhi, built during Shah Jahan's reign. It is situated

just opposite the Red Fort. Over 20,000 people can gather here at a time topray.

Jantar Mantar, DelhiThe oldest observatory of its type, constructed by Maharaja Jai Singh II ofJaipur in 1725. It is dominated by a huge sundia. A similar observatory existsin Jaipur (Rajasthan).

Jewish Synagogue,Cochin

Built in 1568. The earliest surviving synagogue in India. It has the GreatScrolls of the Old Testament.

Kailash Temple, ElloraLargest rock-cut shrine in India, 84m*47m. Carved our from the top of ahillock. Built during the reign of King Krishna I who ascended the throne in760 AD.


21/74

Khajuraho Temple (11thCentury)

22 temples known for their graceful contours and erotic sculptures.

Lingaraja Temple,Bhubaneswar (11thCentury)

36.5m tall. There is a triple tier of mouldings with numerous prestigious andsculpted niches.

Mahabodh Temple,Bodhgaya (7th Century) Erected to mark the spot of the Buddha's enlightenment. The temple is aprimodal tower 170ft. high, crowned by a bell-like stupa.

Meenakshi SundareswarTemple, Madurai

The gateway are among the most elaborately carved in South India. Hasabout 30 million sculptures.

Nalanda, Bihar (7thCentury)

Seat of learning in Cupta period, Hieun Tsang also studied here.

Qutab Minar, Delhi

Qutab Minar was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave king in the 13thcentury as a victory tower. The 72.5m, five-story Minar of red sandstone hasornamental figure of Koranic inscriptions. In the center of its courtyard is anIron Pillar erected by king Chandra Verman which has remained rest-free formore than 1500 years

Rashtrapathi Bhawan,

Delhi

The official residence of the President of India, set in 330 acres of land.Formerly Vceregal Palace. Over looks a beautiful Mughal garden. It has 340

rooms, 37 salons, 74 lobbies and loggias, 1km. of corridor, 18 staircases and37 fountains.

Red Fort, DelhiThe citadel of the seventh Delhi, Shahjahanabad, it is over 2km. incircumference and has within its precincts several beautiful offices. But byShah Jahan in 17th century. The seat of Mughal power in India until 1857.

Salim Chisti's Tomb,Fatehpur Sikri (1572)

Built after Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chisti's death. Tomb venerated by bothHindu and Muslims.

Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi,Madhya Pradesh

The great hemisphere is 120 ft. in diameter, and covers the relic of GautamaBuddha.

Se Cathedral, Velha,Goa (1652)

The largest church in Asia, it has a 80m long aisle and 14 altars. Of its fivebells, one is the famous Golden bell, one of the best in the world.

Shatrunjaya HillTemples, Palitana,Gujarat

The hill is crowned about a thousand magnificent Jain temples, which are

marble structures built over a period of 900 years.

Somnath Temple,Gujarat

Legendary temple believed built by 'Moon God'. It treasures ransacked byMahmud Ghazni seven times. It was also destroyed by Aladding Khilji andAurangzeb, and every time it was rebuilt.

Sun Temple, Modhera,Gujarat (1026)

Built by a King Bhimdev I of Solanki Dybasty.

Surya Temple, Konark(13th Century)

The sun temple of 'Black Pagoda' conceived as a chariot of the sun god, Builtby king Narasimha Dava I.

Taj Mahal, Agra (1630to 1648)

One of the seven wonders of the world. Built of white marble by EmperorShah Jahan to immortalize his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal.

The Bada Imambara,Lucknow

Asia's largest vaulted hall.

Vaishnodevi, JammuA cave shrine in Trikuta mountains, an important pilgrimage center forHindus.

VictoriaMemorial,Calcutta

A marble monument commemorating the empress Victoria.


22/74

Nuclear Research Centers in IndiaA D V E R T I S E M E N T

Research Center Place

Atomic Energy Commission Bombay

Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay (Bombay)

Electronics Corporation of India Hyderabad

High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg (Kashmir)


Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur (West Bengal)

Central Mining Research Institution Dhanbad (Bihar)

Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., Alwaye

Radio Astronomy Center Ootacamund

Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay

Tata Memorial Center Bombay

Uranium Corporation of India Jaduguda(Bihar)

Geographical TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T


23/74


24/74

KUNDANAnew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts andresponds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.

LAGOON A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.

LIGHT YEAR The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.

LOCAL TIME Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.

MERIDIAN Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.

MIST It is just like fog but contain more moisture.

OASIS A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.

ORBIT The path of the heavenly bodies.

PYGMALLIONPOINT

The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.

PRAIRIES Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.

REEF Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.

SAVANNA Land covered with natural grass.

SIDEREAL DAY Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.

SNOW LINE Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.

SPRING TIDESHigher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, theearth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.

NEAP TIDESTides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun whenboth are at right angles to each other.

TORNADO A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.

TUNDRAS Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.

TYCOON Violent hurricane in China Sea.

WEATHERSATELLITE

Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.

WESTERLIESConstant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west insouth hemisphere.

Political And Social TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T


25/74

APARTHEIDPolicy of racial segregation practiced by the South AfricanGovernment.

ADJOURNMENTA motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjournconsideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgentpublic importance.

AMNESTY Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecutionto politicalimportance.

ARMISTICETemporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations forpeace.


APPEASEMENTThe policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and specialgrants by sacrificing even principles.

AUTONOMY Power to control internal affairs.

BILATERALAGREEMENT

An agreement between two countries.

BLOCKADESImposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships fromreaching or leaving it.

BOLSHEVISM The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.

BOURGEOISE Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.

BUFFER STATE A small neutral state between two big states.

BY-ELECTION A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.

CASTING VOTE A vote casting of which decides the tie.

CAUCUS A powerful group of party.

CHARGED AFFAIRSThe senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in

his absence.

COALITION Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming acomposite government.

CONFEDERATIONAlliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the

respective individual nation sovereignty.

COLD WARThe state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries orblocks.

ENVOYA diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position

below that of an ambassador.

FIFTH COLUMN An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.

FLOOR CROSSING The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.

FRANCHISE Right to cast vote in the public elections.

GALLUP POLL An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.

GENOCIDEIntention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnicor politicalgroup.

GHERAOEncircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything tillhe/she concedes demands.

GLOSNOSTMeans openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian societyby M.Gorbachov.


26/74

HABEAS CORPUSA type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court againstillegal detention of a person.

HOT LINEA direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlinestablished in 1963.

IMPEACHMENT Trial by the Parliament.

LOBBYINGExercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodiesin the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.

LOK PALAn official appointed by the President to investigate public complaintsagainst ministers and high officials.

MANIFESTOA declaration of political party about its policies and programmesgiven at the time of elections.

NATIONALISATIONThe act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the stateand controlling them.

NAXALITEA movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term wasfirst used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who roseagainst the landlords demanding land for the landless.

NEW DEAL The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive andboost American economy .

ORDINANCEAn Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergencyor when the legislative body is not in session.

PERESTROIKAUsed for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economicalstructure of the Russian society.

PLEBISCITE Voting on regional or national issue.

PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.

PRIVY PURSEYearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after themerger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses areabolished).

PRIVILEGE MOTIONA motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the Housetowards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any ofits members.

REFERENDUMPeople's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some otherlegislative issue of controversial nature.

SECULARISMAffirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to anyreligions or religions.

SANCTIONSPenalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached tothe law.

SOCIALISMControl of production and means of distribution in the hands of theState.

STATUTE

Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are

binding on al subjects, of a particular country.

SUFFRAGE Right of voting in political elections.

SELF-DETERMINATION

Right of a nation deciding its own form of government,its politicaldestiny or independence.

TERRITORIAL

WATERS

Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of

the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.

UNICAMERAL A legislature having only one House.


27/74

VETO Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.

Economic, Commercial and Trade TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T

ARBITRATIONReferring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which willbe binding.

ANNUITYPayment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment onwhich the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of hiscapital.

BALANCE OF TRADEThe difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable whenthe value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reversebalance is unfavourable.


BALANCE SHEETStatements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of ayear, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out theprofit and loss positions in the outgoing year.

BARTERExchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of anyform of currency.

BONDDocument by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sumof money in a certain time.

BUDGETAnnual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinateauthority like a corporation.

BILL OF EXCHANGE Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee.

BUYER'S MARKETAn economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market thandemanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods.

CLEARING HOUSE Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on therespective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only.

COOPERATIVE FARMINGJoint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and dividethe produce at the end of the harvest in proportion to their land put in the pool.The farmers retain their proprietary rights.

CEILING ON LAND ANDHOLDING

Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an individual should have. Itspurpose is rational distribution of land.

DEATH DUTY (ESTATEDUTY)

A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner.

DEVALUATIONGovernment's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to aforeign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports.

DEFLATIONA monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bankdeposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied byunemployment and falling prices.

DEMONETISATIONThe governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency odspecified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hiddenmoney which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment.

EXCISE DUTY Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE Transfer of money of one country to another.


28/74

INFLATIONIncrease in the quality of money in circulation without any correspondingincrease in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral.

LAISSEZ FAIREAn individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures.

LOCKOUTClosure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed

terms.

MALTHUSIAN THEORYOF POPULATION

It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical progression whilepopulation increase by geometrical progression resulting in over-population.

OCTROI Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city.

PUBLIC SECTOR Applies to State enterprises or undertaking.

RECESSIONAn economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand,tightmoney market.

SOFT CURRENCY Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.

STERLING AREAGroup of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves insterling and not gold or dollars.

TARIFFS Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against tradecompetition from outside.

Legal TermsA D V E R T I S E M E N T

AFFIDAVIT A statement on oath for use as evidence in legal proceedings.

CONTEMPT OFCOURT

Any disobedience of the court verdict.

COPYRIGHT Exclusive right of an author in his works,

COVENANT An agreement under seal between two or more persons.


DECREE Judgement or decision having the force of law.

DETENU Persons who dies without making any will.

INTESTATE A person who dies without making any will.

LIBEL A published statement damaging to a person's reputation or business.

MANDAMUSA writ issued by a higher court to a lower court directing it to perform a specified actpertaining to its office.

PLAINTIFF A person who, as complainant, brings a suit in a court of law.

SUMMONSA directive from a court of law ordering a person to appear before it at a specified date,time and place.

WRITA written order by a Supreme Court or High Court directing the State or a lowest court toact or abstain from acting in a particular case.


29/74


30/74

ARSENAL Place where arms and ammunition are manufactured and stored.

BATTALION An army unit consisting of 1,000 combatants led by a Lieutenant Colonel.

BATTERY A unit of a number of artillery guns, mobile or fixed.



BULL'S EYE The point of target that has t be aimed or hit while practicing shooting.

COCKPIT Pilot's seat in the fuselage of an aeroplane.

CAMOUFLAGEHiding of objects by various means to deceive or bamboozle the enemy abouttheir real location thereby protecting them from air and ground attacks.

COMMANDO A mobile body of guerilla fighters.

CONSCRIPTION Compulsory recruitment of personnel for service in the armed forces.

DIVISIONNormally, a division has 20,000 troops commanded by a Major Generalequipped with two or more brigades of infantry with befitting artillery andengineering equipment.

DOGFIGHT An aerial duel between two or more aircraft's at a close range.

FLOTILLA A fleet of boats or small ships.

GUIDED MISSILESPowered by rockets or jet propulsion, they are unmanned, self propelled air orspace vehicle fitted with explosive warheads. Guided missiles are either selfdirected with inlaid controls or under remote controls based on the firing range.

ICBMInter Continental Ballistic Missile is a rocket propelled surface to surface guidedmissile carrying a nuclear warhead which can reach a destined city orinstallation in the world and destroy it entirely.

INTERMEDIATE RANGEBALLISTIC MISSILE(IRBM)

It is of three types, viz, air to air, surface to air, and air to surface. Air to airguided missile, launched from an aircraft is employed to hit target in thebattlefield. Surface to surface and air to air guided missiles are employed

against enemy missiles or targets.

JUMBO JET A large passenger jet aircraft having the capacity to life nearly 447 passengers.

NUCLEAR UMBRELLAGiving air shield to a city or by nuclear weapons. It is also called parasol orSombrero.

STAR WARSDeployment of weapons on satellites in space with a view to destroy inter-continental ballistic missiles in space coming from the enemy.

SQUADRONAir Force formation consisting of 20 aircraft's commanded by a SquadronLeader.

SCIENCE TERMINOLOGYA D V E R T I S E M E N T

Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized knowledge derived fromobservation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine the nature or principles of what is beingstudied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a particular field of study. In each science measurementplays an important part. In each science, too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Hereare some sciences.

ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound).


31/74

ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).

AERODYNAMICS:(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases.

(ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air

AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.

AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in them.

AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.

AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.

AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.

AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.

AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.

AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.

ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.

ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.


ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development ofmankind.

ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.

ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.

ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications

deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.

ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.

ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.

ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.

BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.

BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.

BIOLOGY: The study of living things.

BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.

BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world andthe application of this knowledge to the world of machines.

BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.

BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.

BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).

BOTANY:The study of plants.


32/74

CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.

CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.

CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).

CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.

CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.

CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.

CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historicalorder of past events.

CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.

COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.

COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.

COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.

CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.

CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.

CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low

temperatures.

CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.

CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of

cytology and genetics.

CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.

DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.

DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It

is generally used by the deaf.

ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate andinanimate.

ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.

ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and

services.

EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.

ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.

EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.

EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.


33/74

ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.

ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual

cultures.

ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishingcharacteristics of the races of mankind.

ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.

ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.

EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.

GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.

GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.

GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.

GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.

GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.

GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the

earth's surface.

GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes whichtake place within it.

GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate,

population, etc.

GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.

GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental

conditions on health.

GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.

GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.

GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.

HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.

HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.

HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.

HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.

HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their usefor navigation.

HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere

and atmosphere.

HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching orewith liquids.


34/74

HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.

HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather thanin soil.

HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.

HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.

LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.

LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.

JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.

LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.

MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.

METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.

METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.

METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.

METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.

MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic

protozoa.

MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance inbiology.

MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.

MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.

NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.

NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.

NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to

determine the influence on one's future life.

NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.

ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.

ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.

OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.

ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.

ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.

ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities ofmusculoskeletal systems.

OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.


35/74

OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.

OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.

PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.

PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.

PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.

PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.

PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.

PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.

PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.

PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.

PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.

PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.

PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.

PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.

PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.

PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to livingmatters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.

PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.

PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.

PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.

PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.

POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.

PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.

RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio

frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.

RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on livingorganisms.

RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.

RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.

SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.


36/74

SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.

SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.

SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.

TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.

TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.

THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.

TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region

TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.

VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.

ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.

Importants Of Laws And PrincipalsA D V E R T I S E M E N T

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE:When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it isequal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

AVOGADRO's LAW:Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number ofmolecules.

BLACK BODY RADIATION:A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body.

BOILING POINT:It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY:A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of

support of the body.

COULOMB'S LAW:The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance betweenthem is doubled.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS:The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed. The masses of substancesliberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents.


LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all theproducts of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which theseproducts have been formed.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy ofthe system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting

machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at highertemperature.


37/74

LENZ'S LAW:When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in

such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction.

MASS - ENERGY EQUATION:E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c =

velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable.

NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess ofmean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is nottoo large.

NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION:Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the productof their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION:Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelledto change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia].

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takesplace in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

OHM'S LAW:The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on

dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional thepotential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance.

RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT:

Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to passfrom a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.

Nobel Prize Winners PhysicsA D V E R T I S E M E N T


38/74

Year Name Nations

1901 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Germany

1902 Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Dutch

1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France

1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Britain

1905 Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Germany

1906 Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Britain


1907 Albert A.Michelson U.S

1908 Gabriel Lippmann Franch

1909Carl F. Braun

Guglielmo Marconi

Germany

Italy

1910 Johannes D. Van der Waals Dutch

1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany

1912 Nils G. Dalen Sweden

1913 Heike kamerlingh Onnes Dutch

1914 Max von Laue Germany

1915 Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain

1917 Charles G. Barkla Britain

1918 Max K.E.L. Planck Germany

1919 Johnnes Stark Germany

1920 Charles E.Guillaume France

1921 Albert Einstein Germany - U.S.

1922 Niels Bohr Danish

1923 Robert A. Millikan U.S

1924 Karl M.G. Siegbahn Sweden

1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz Germany

1926 Jean B. Perrin France

1927Arthur H.ComptonCharles T.R Wilson

U.SBritain

1928 Owen W. Richardson Britain

1929 Prince Louis-victor de Broglie France

1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman India


39/74

Nobel Prize Winners ChemistryA D V E R T I S E M E N T


40/74

Year Name Country

1901 Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Dutch

1902 Emil fischer Germany

1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden

1904 Sir William Ramsay Britain

1905 Adolf von Beayer Germany


1906 Henri Moissan France

1907 Eduard Buchner Germany

1908 Ernest Rutherford Britain

1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany

1910 Otto Wallach Germany

1911 Marie CuriePolandFranch

1912 Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Franch

1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland

1914 Theodore W. Richards U.S

1915 Richard M. Willstatter Germany

1918 Fritz Haber Germany

1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany

1921 Frederick Soddy Britain

1922 Francis W. Aston Britain

1923 Fritz Pregl Australia

1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany

1926 theodor Svedberg sweden

1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany

1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus Germany

1929Sir Arthur HardenHan von Euler-Chelpin

BritainSweden

1930 Hans Fischer Germany

1931 Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Germany

1932 Irving Langmuir U.S

1934 Harold C. Urey U.S


41/74

Nobel Prize Winners Medicine & PhysiologyA D V E R T I S E M E N T


42/74

Year Name Country

1901 Emil A. Von Behring Germany

1902 Sir Ronald Ross Britain

1903 Niels R. Finsen Danish


1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia

1905 Robert Koch Germany

1906Camillo Golgi

Santiago Ramon Y Cajal

Italy

Spain

1907 Charles L.A. Laveran France

1908Paul EhrlichElie Metchnikoff

GermanyFrance

1909 Emil T. Kocher Switzerland

1910 Albrecht Kossel Grmany

1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden

1912 Alexis Carrel France

1913 Charles R. Richet France

1914 Robert Barany Australia

1919 Jules Border Belgium

1920 Schack A.S.Krogh Dan

1922Archibald V. HillOtto F. Meyerhof

BritainGermany

1923 Frederick G. BantingJohn J.R.Macleod

CanadaScotland

1924 willem Einthoven Dutch

1926 Johannes A.G Fibiger Dan

1927 JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Australia

1928 Charles J.H. Nicolle France

1929Christiaan EijkmanSir Frederick G.Hopkings

DutchBritain

1930 Karl Landsteiner U.S

1931 Otto H. Warburg Germany

1932 Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Britain

1933 Thomas H.organ U.S.

1934 George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple U.S.

1935 Hans Spemann Germany

1936Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Lowei

BritainU.S.

1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Honkong-U.S.


43/74

Nobel Prize Winners PeaceA D V E R T I S E M E N T


44/74

Year Name Country

1901Jean H. DunantFrederic Paassy

SwitzerlandFrance

1902 Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Switzerland

1903 Sir William R. Cremer Britain


1904 Institute of International law

1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Australia

1906 Theodore Roosevelt U.S.

1907Ernesto T. MonetaLouis Renault

ItalyFrance

1908Klas P.Arnoldson

Fredr5ik Bajer

Sweden

Danish

1909Auguste M.F. BeernaertPaul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant

BelgiumFrance

1910 Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau

1911Tobias M.C. AsserAlfred H.Fried

DutchAustralia

1912 Elihu Root U.S.

1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium

1917 International Red Cross

1919 Woodrow Wilson U.S.

1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois France

1921 Karl H. BrantingChristian L.Lange

SwedenNorway

1922 Fridtjof Nansen Norway

1925Sir J. Austen ChamberlainChstlrd G. Dawes U.S.

1926Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann

FranceGermany

1927Ferdinand E. BuissonLudwig Quidde

FranceGermany

1929 Frank B. Kellogg U.S.

1930 Nathan Soderblom Sweden

1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler U.S.

1933 Sir Norman Angell Britain

1934 Arthur Henderson Britain

1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany

1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Argentina

1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Britain


45/74

Nobel Prize Winners LiteratureA D V E R T I S E M E N T


46/74

Year Name Country

1901 Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Franch

1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany

1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson Norway

1904Frederic MistralJose Echegaray

FranchSpain


1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland

1906 Giosue Carducci Italy

1907 Rudyard Kipling Britain

1908 Rudolf C. Eucken Germany

1909 Selma Lagerlof Sweden

1910 Paul J.L.Heyse Germany

1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium

1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany

1913 Rabindranath Tagore India

1915 Romain Rolland France

1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden

1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Danish

1919 Carl F.G. Spitteler Switzerland

1920 Kunt Hamsun Norway

1921 Anatolle France France

1922 Jacinto Benavente Spanish

1923 William Butker Iran

1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont Poland

1925 George Bernard Shaw Iran-Britain

1926 Grazia Deledda Itally

1927 Henri Bergson France

1928 Sigrid Undset Norway

1929 Thomas Mann German

1930 Sinclair Lewis U.S.

1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt Sweden


47/74


48/74

1995 Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht U.S.

1996James A. MirrleesWilliam Vickrey

UkCanada

1997 Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes U.S.

1998 Amarty Sen India

1999 Robert Mundell Canada

2000James J. HeckmanDaniel L. McFadden

USAUSA

2001George A. Akerlof A. Michael SpenceJoseph E. Stiglitz

USAUSAUSA

2002Daniel KahnemanVernon L. Smith

USAUSA

Chief Industries of the CountriesA D V E R T I S E M E N T

Country Industries

Afghanistan Dry and fresh fruits, wool carpets

Australia Wool, dairy products, meat

Austria Textile, leather goods, electro-technical machines

Brazil Foot wear, coffee, iron ore

Belgium Glass, textiles, transport equipment

CanadaNewsprint, machinery

Chile Copper, iron ore


Congo Oil, tobacco, plywood

Cuba Sugar, tobacco, textiles, chemicals

Denmark Fur,farm products

France Textile, wine, silk, iron and steel products

Germany Machinery, chemicals, iron and steel products

Ghana Cocoa, gold, coffee

India Jute, textile, sugar, hides and skins, tobacco, tea, cement, mica

Indonesia Sugar, spices, rubber, rice, petroleum, carpets, leather

Iran Petroleum, carpets, dry fruits

Iraq Dates, Petroleum


49/74

Italy Mercury, textiles, foodstuffs, footwear

Japan Machinery, textiles, toys, silk, automobiles, electronic goods

Kenya Coffee, tea, meat, sisal, hides, skins, cement, soda ash

Kuwait Petroleum, Shrimp

Malaysia Rubber, tin, timber, petroleum

Netherlands Machinery, natural gas, chemicals

Saudi Arabia Oil, dates, petroleum and its products

Spain Lead, fresh fruits, textiles

Sweden Matches, timber, iron ore

Switzerland Watches, chemicals, electrical

Taiwan Camphor, rice

UK Textiles, medicines, machinery cars

USA Petroleum, wheat, machinery, coal, automobiles, iron, grains

Russia Petroleum, wheat, chemicals, heavy machinery, iron, gold

Vietnam Tin, rice, rubber, teak, mineral ores

Famous Towns In WorldA D V E R T I S E M E N T


50/74

Name Famous For

No 10, DowningStreet

Official residence of the British Prime Minister.

Abadan(Iran) Famous for oil refinery

Alaska (U.S.A.) In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada

AlexandriaCity and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80% ofthe country's exports.

Angkor Wat Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilization.

Aswam Dam A dam in Egypt across the River Nile.


Baku Oilfields of Azerbaijan.

Bastille It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution.

Beding (Australia) Famous for gold mines.

Bethlehem A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ.

Bikini Atoll In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A.

BikiniAn atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally in1948.

Bratislava A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border.

Buckingham Palace London residence of the British monarch.

Chushul In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962.

Corsica An island where Napoleon was born.

Detroit (U.S.A) The biggest car manufacturing town in the world.

Elephanta Caves(India)

Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva andParvati.

Fleet Street Press Center in London.

Gaza StripIn Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till 1957.Now under Israeli occupation.

GibraltarKey to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extremeSouth of Spain.

Golden Temple(India)

Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass.

Hiroshima An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945.

Hollywood(California. U.S.A.)

Famous for film industry

Hyde Park A huge park in London.

Jerusalem City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel)


51/74

KhajurahoIt is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand

Documents

IAS syllabe