HYBRID AND FULLY ELECTRIC POWERING ......HYBRID AND FULLY ELECTRICPOWERING TECHNOLOGY FORCONTAINER...

HYBRID AND FULLY ELECTRIC POWERING TECHNOLOGYFOR CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS:

A LOOK INTO THE SHORTCOMING FUTURE

Davide BertozziDirector – Trade and Development

CVS FERRARI S.p.A.

CONTAINER HANDLING

LIFTRUCKS

(Container Handling)

REACHSTACKERS

MASTED(Container Handling)

LIFTRUCKS

2000 2010 20202015

MARKET LAUNCH OF ALTERNATIVE POWERED (FREELY) MOBILE CONTAINER HANDLERS

SC LFT

HybridStraddle Carriers

HybridLiftrucks

so far noFULL ELECTRIC

Straddle Carrieron the market

SupercapacitorsApplications

on RTGs

Fully ELECTRICRTGs have shore

energy cable feed(not freely mobile)

2005

CONTAINER HANDLING

LIFTRUCKS

(Container Handling)

REACHSTACKERS

MASTED(Container Handling)

LIFTRUCKS

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ATTITUDE

Roller

MASTEDLIFTRUCKS

REACHSTACKERS

very limitedfriction

High Efficiency

extensivefriction

Lower Efficiency

ENERGY RECOVERY ATTITUDEMASTEDLIFTRUCKS

REACHSTACKERS

The Energy Balance is much more favourable for the electric winched mast over the hydraulic cylinders boom

Energy spending

EfiicientEnergy Recovery

OpportunityEfiicient

Energy RecoveryOpportunity

Energy spending

Energy spending

Energy spending

LIFTING MECHANISM

The mast concept allows the effectiveelimination of power hydraulics

and their replacement with electric winches

MASTEDLIFTRUCKS

REACHSTACKERS

The boom concept does not allow the effectiveelimination of power hydraulics

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RECOVERY ATTITUDE OF LIFTING MECHANISM

REACHSTACKERS

MASTEDLIFTRUCKS

ElectricPowerSource

_

Storage

ElectricMotor

HydraulicPump

HydraulicLift

Cylinder

ElectricPowerSource

_

Storage

ElectricWinch

The Energy Balance is much more favourable for the electric winched mast over the hydraulic cylinders boom

S

S

P

P

Fact:IT IS VERY LIKELY THAT THE «ELECTRIFICATION» OF THE CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS

WILL REVIVE THE POPULARITY OF MASTED LIFTRUCKS

Question:IS THE «ELECTRIFICATION» OF THE CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS

IS REALLY GOING TO HAPPEN?

!

?

THE CONDITIONS FOR THE CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS «ELECTRIFICATION» TO HAPPENARE:

1) THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE «ELECTRIFIED» TRUCKS HAS TO BE THE SAME

OR BETTER THAN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE CONVENTIONAL POWER TRUCKS

2) THE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP OF THE «ELECTRIFIED» TRUCKS HAS TO BE

APPRECIABLY BETTER THAN THE ONE OF THE CONVENTIONAL TRUCKS

Based on CVS FERRARI equipment data, «electrified» Masted Liftrucks have:

✓ Same Drive Speed of Conventional✓ Better Acceleration✓ Better Maneuverability✓ Better Drive and Lift motion control✓ Much Better Lift and Lowering Speed

PRODUCTIVITY

OK

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

In essence is made of:

➢Purchase Cost➢ Fuel➢Tires➢Consumables➢Extraordinary Maintenance Costs (Parts and Labour)

CVS FERRARI MANUFACTURES AND HAS FULL TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP DATA FOR BOTH:

CONVENTIONAL POWER ECH MASTED LIFTRUCKS HYBRID POWER ECH MASTED LIFTRUCKS

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

based on the data of CVS FERRARI, the HYBRID ECH, as compared to CONVENTIONAL POWERmachines has:

➢ about 20% higher Purchase Cost➢ about 40% less Fuel Consumption➢ about 35% less Tires Expenditure➢ about 50% less investment in Consumables➢ about 70% less Extraordinary Maintenance Costs

Purchase CostCONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

100 120

- CVS FERRARIProduct Price

- CVS FERRARIProduct Price

(expressed in Relative Terms)

The Purchase price for the buyerof the CVS FERRARI

Conventional Power Truckis conventionally assumed

as being «100»All other values in this

oresentation are expressedIn relation to this one

The price of the equivalentCVS FERRARI Hybridd Power ECHis 20% higher than the price of the

conventional Power Truck

Fuel Consumption

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

192112

- Average cycle- Average (Europe) Fuel cost- 40,000 w/h life

- Average cycle- Average (Europe) Fuel cost- 40,000 w/h life

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK(expressed in Relative Terms)

Tires Expenditure

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

50 32

- Average cycle on good ground- No tires damages considered- 40,000 w/h life

- Average cycle on good ground- No tire damages considered- 40,000 w/h life

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK(expressed in Relative Terms)

Consumables

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

56 23

- Average Fluids Cost- Average (Europe) Labour Cost- 40,000 w/h life

- Average Fluids Cost- Average (Europe) Labour Cost- 40,000 w/h life

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK(expressed in Relative Terms)

Spare Parts

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

14560 - 40,000 w/h life- 40,000 w/h life

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK(expressed in Relative Terms)

Labour

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

40 16

- Average (Europe) Labour Cost- 40,000 w/h life

- Average (Europe) Labour Cost- 40,000 w/h life

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

100 120

192

5056

145

40

112

3223

16

60

363

S

- 40%=over 2 timesthe purchase costof the truck

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

CONVENTIONALPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK

(expressed in Relative Terms)

100

4800 40000

- 40%

CONV

HYBR

TCO

WORKHOURS

Pay-Back Time isbetween 1 or 2 years based on work intensity

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP(Pay-Back Time of Hybrid Price Premium)

(expressed in Relative Terms)

Fact:«ELECTRIFICATION» OF CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS WILL HAPPEN BECAUSE (AT LEAST)

HYBRID POWERING IS ECONOMICALLY MUCH MORE CONVENIENT

Question:WILL THE «ELECTRIFICATION» OF CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS PRIVILEDGE

THE HYBRID OR THE FULL ELECTRIC MODALITY?

!

?

FULL ELECTRIC CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENTAND MANUFACTURERS THAT ARE ENGAGED IN THIS QUEST SEEM TO PURSUEDIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY PATHS.

CVS FERRARI IS ONE OF THOSE MANUFACTURERS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT PATHTOWARDS A FULL ELECTRIC CONTAINER HANDLING MASTED LIFTRUCK IS CONSISTENTWITH THE HYBRID DESIGN & CONCEPT THAT IS BASED ON THE ELECTRIC POWEREDWINCHED LIFT MECHANISM.

THE PRELIMINARY STUDIES MADE BY CVS FERRARI OVER THE TOTAL COST OFOWNERSHIP OF A FULL ELECTRIC CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCK ARE BASEDON THE IN HOUSE TECHNOLOGY

IT IS VERY LIKELY THAT THE «ELECTRIFICATION» OF THE CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKSWILL REVIVE THE POPULARITY OF MASTED LIFTRUCKS

WHICH TYPE OF «ELECTRICFIED» POWER SOURCE WILL BE MORE POPULAR IN FUTURE?- HYBRID?

- FULLY ELECTRIC?

In terms of ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT the FULLY ELECTRIC trucks are «ZERO EMISSIONS»machineries and as such they could be preferrable; although they ultimately have an impacton the power grid and on the pollution it generates.

Yet the economical drive will still probably remain a main factor for the eventual successof the FULLY ELECTRIC Container Handling Trucks, as they will also have to face the issueof the BATTERY CHARGE DURATION and RECHARGE TIME

The belief is that, net of the [VERY IMPORTANT] environmental policies and incentives, theFULL ELECTRIC trucks future affirmation will depend from 3 main factors:

1. Cost of the Electric Power

2. Type (intensity) of application Work Cycle

3. Cost and Life duration of the Battery

MAIN DRIVERS OF SUCCESS OF THE FULLY ELECTRIC CONTAINER HANDLING LITRUCKS

POWER SOURCESHYBRIDFULL ELECTRIC

+

Engine (15,000 w/h life)

Supercapacitors(40,000 w/life)

Li-OnBattery(? w/h life)

The Li-On Battery has sensibly higher costthan the Gen Set + Supercaps

What will happen in the future?Its working life is also not clear yet

Purchase CostFULL ELECTRICPOWER TRUCK

HYBRIDPOWER TRUCK

100 100

200 200

300 300

400 400

500 500

160 120

- CVS FERRARIProduct Price

- CVS FERRARIProduct Price

(expressed in Relative Terms)

Power SourceFuel

Consumption(l/h)

Conv. Ratio (litres to kg)

FuelConsumption

(Kg/h)

Specific FuelConsumption

(g/kWh)

AbsorbedkWh

Energy Cost per Working Hour

(Euro)

CONVENTIONAL 12 0,85 10,2 210 48,57 12,00

HYBRID 7 0,85 5,95 200 29,75 7,00

FULL ELECTRIC ? ?

POWER ABSORBTION OF (AVERAGE) WORK CYCLE

European CountryElectric Energy Cost

(Euro / kWh)

Hourly energy cost per (equivalent) Work Cycle with 20 kWh estimated Power Absorbtion

(Euro)

DENMARK 0,308 6,160

GERMANY 0,298 5,960

BELGIUM 0,275 5,500

ITALY 0,234 4,680

SPAIN 0,288 5,760

SWEDEN 0,196 3,920

GREAT BRITAIN 0,183 3,660

FRANCE 0,171 3,420

NETHERLANDS 0,159 3,180

FINLAND 0,155 3,100

ELECTRIC ENERGY COST AND WORK CYCLE

100

> 20,000 40000

TCO

WORKHOURS

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP(Pa

HYBRID

FULL ELECTRIC

At the present state ofavailable technologies,the FULL ELECTRICmachine could be orcould never be moreeconomical than theHYBRID one.

As the different in price between the HYBRID and the FULL ELECTRIC is relevant whilst thedifference in running costs is variable and notso consistent, the eventual break-even pointis very delayed in time.

The Full Electric machine is s projected to be 60% More expensive than a conventional truck and 25% more expensive than an hybrid truck.

CONCLUSIONS

I. THE HYBRID CONTAINER HANDLING LIFTRUCKS ARE A REALITY. THAT THEY ALREADY SOLIDLY PROMISES MAJOR TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REDUCTIONS OVER THE CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY MACHINES.

II. NET OF THE INCENTIVES THAT SOME ADMINISTRATIONS PROMOTE FOR THEDIFFUSION Of «ZERO EMISSIONS» MACHINES, THE ECONOMIC CONVENIENCE OF THE FULLY ELECTRIC MACHINES DEPENDS FROM SEVERAL FACTORS ANDTHE FUTURE TECHNOLOGIC AND MACROECONOMICS DEVELOPMENTS

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Davide BertozziDirector – Trade and Development

CVS FERRARI S.p.A.