HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW THE CELL?. Nucleus Contains DNA - chromosomes 2 membranes surrounding it, the...

HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW

THE CELL?

Nucleus Contains DNA - chromosomes 2 membranes surrounding it, the

envelope/membrane Controls all of the cell’s activities –

including information needed to make proteins

Microtubules Part of cytoskeleton Hollow tubes made of tubulin Hold organelles in place, maintain a

cell’s shape, & act as tracks that guide organelles and molecules as they move through the cell

Ex. cilia, flagella, centrioles

Cell Membrane Covers cell surface Determines what enters or exits the

cell – selectively permeable

Prokaryotic Cell that lacks a nucleus and

membrane bound organelles Bacteria and Archea

Hooke First person to identify and name cells

– coined the term “cell”

Microfilaments Part of cytoskeleton Long threads made of actin Changes cell shape, especially during

muscle contraction Allows movement of cytoplasm within

the cell (cytoplasmic streaming)

Rough ER Transports materials within or out of the

cell has ribosomes attached produces phospholipids and proteins

Golgi Bodies/Apparatus Stacks of flattened, membranous sacs Many proteins and lipids pass from ER to

here for final modifications; Like a POST OFFICE - modifies, packages

and secretes various molecules

Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes to break down

large molecules as well as non-functioning cell parts and cells

Small, membrane-bound organelles formed by Golgi complex

Leeuwenhoek Looked at living cells in pond water;

invented first mini-microscope

Centrioles Used in cell division Seen in animal cells

Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Can be free (in cytoplasm) or bound

(attached to ER) Produced in nucleolus Made of RNA and proteins

Smooth ER Transports materials within and out of the

cell Functions in lipid synthesis ex. cholesterol No ribosomes attached

Eukaryotic Type of cell with a true nucleus and

membrane bound organelles Plant, protists, animal and fungi

Mitochondria Transfer energy from organic

molecules (like glucose) to ATP (cellular energy)

Muscle cells have lots of these Nicknamed the POWERHOUSE Inner folds called cristae to increase

surface area

Plant Cell Type of cell with a cell wall,

chloroplasts and a large central vacuole

Virchow Stated cells come from the division of

preexisting cells

Cytoskeleton General term to describe the

structures that give cells internal organization, shape, and ability to move

Cell Wall Made of cellulose Protects, prevents excess H2O

uptake, maintains shape of plant cell

Animal Cell Type of cell with lysosomes and

centrioles Lack a cell wall

Chloroplasts Use light energy to make

carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O Contains chlorophyll Responsible for photosynthesis

Vacuole Stores water, enzymes, wastes, and

other materials Largest organelle in a plant cell

Schleiden Stated all plants are made of cells

Schwann Stated all animals are made of cells

Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure

and function in living things All cells come from preexisting cells

Chromosomes Structures that form when DNA

supercoils around proteins Organizes DNA for cell division

Chromatin Uncondensed/uncoiled DNA DNA present in this form when the

cell is not dividing

Vesicle Stores and moves materials between

cell organelles (ie. Rough ER to golgi) Moves materials to and from the cell

membrane

Cilia Short, hair-like projections found on

the outside of cells Used for movement

Flagella Long, tail-like projections found on the

outside of cells Used for movement

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material found between the

cell membrane and the nucleus Contains the organelles of the cell

Nucleolus Found inside of the nucleus Makes ribosomes