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Project in Music 10
A research
On
The Period of Romantic Period
SY: 2011-2012
Submitted by:
Kim John Bernas
Grade 10-BJHS
Submitted to:
Mrs. Maria Rhona E. Sanchez
Music Teacher
I. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF ROMANTIC PERIOD
Romanticism (or the Romantic Era or the "'Romantic Period"') was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and natural history.[5]
The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aestheticexperience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and terror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu), and argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language and customary usage.
Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape.
The modern sense of a romantic character may be expressed in Byronic ideals of a gifted, perhaps misunderstood loner, creatively following the dictates of his inspiration rather than the standard ways of contemporary society.
Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background from which both Romanticism and the Counter-Enlightenment emerged. The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities; indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism" was offered as a polarized
opposite to Romanticism.[6] Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, azeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.
II. DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF ROMANTIC MUSIC
Although the term "Romanticism" when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from the 1820s until around 1900, the contemporary application of "romantic" to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation. In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann called Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven the three "Romantic Composers", and Ludwig Spohr used the term "good Romantic style" to apply to parts of Beethoven'sFifth Symphony. Technically, Mozart and Haydn are considered Classical composers, and by most standards, Beethoven represents the start of the musical
Romantic period. By the early 20th century, the sense that there had been a decisive break with the musical past led to the establishment of the 19th century as "The Romantic Era", and it is referred to as such in the standard encyclopedias of music.
The traditional modern discussion of the music of Romanticism includes elements, such as the growing use of folk music, which are also directly related to the broader current of Romantic nationalism in the arts[23] as well as aspects already present in 18th-century music, such as the cantabile accompanied melody[24] to which Romantic composers beginning with Franz Schubert applied restless key modulations.
The heightened contrasts and emotions of Sturm und Drang (German for "turbulence and urge(ncy)") seem a precursor of the Gothic novel in literature, or the sanguinary elements of some of the operas of the period of the French Revolution. The libretti of Lorenzo da Ponte forMozart's eloquent music convey a new sense of individuality and freedom. The romantic generation viewed Beethoven as their ideal of a heroic artist—a man who first dedicated a symphony to Consul Bonaparte as a champion of
freedom and then challenged Emperor Napoleon by striking him out from the dedication of the Eroica Symphony. In Beethoven's Fidelio he creates the apotheosis of the 'rescue operas' which were another feature of French musical culture during the revolutionary period, in order to hymn the freedom which underlay the thinking of all radical artists in the years of hope after the Congress of Vienna.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky's wide ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental and chamber music and songs. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and opera Eugene Onegin.
In the contemporary music culture, the romantic musician followed a public career depending on sensitive middle-class audiences rather than on a courtly patron, as had been the case with earlier musicians and composers. Public persona characterized a new generation of virtuosi who made their way as soloists, epitomized in the concert tours of Paganini and Liszt.
Beethoven's use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe. E.T.A. Hoffmann was able to write of the supremacy of instrumental music over vocal music in expressiveness, a concept which would previously have been regarded as absurd. Hoffmann himself, as a practitioner both of music and literature, encouraged the notion of music as "programmatic" or narrative, an idea which new audiences found attractive. Early 19th century developments in instrumental technology—iron frames for pianos, wound metal strings for string instruments—enabled louder dynamics, more varied tone colours, and the potential for sensational virtuosity. Such developments swelled the length of pieces, introduced programmatic titles, and created new genres such as the free-standing concert overture or tone poem, the piano fantasia, nocturne and rhapsody, and the virtuosic concerto, which became central to musical romanticism.
In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by Weber's Der Freischütz (1817, revised 1821). Enriched timbre and color marked the early orchestration of Hector Berlioz in France, and the grand operas of Meyerbeer. Amongst the radical fringe of what became mockingly characterised (adopting Wagner's own words) as "artists of the future", Liszt and Wagner each embodied the Romantic cult of the free, inspired, charismatic, perhaps ruthlessly unconventional individual artistic personality.
The Romantic-era ballet freed itself both from opera, in which a ballet interlude retained an essential role only in Paris, and from court fêtes, and independently paralleled the developments of opera with explicit narrative libretti, expressed in lengthy passages of mime, the universal presence of impetuous or ill-fated young love, the supremacy of the ballerina and the choice often of supernatural subjects: Giselle (1841) remains the supreme example.
It is the period of 1815 to 1848 which must be regarded as the true age of Romanticism in music – the age of the last compositions of Beethoven (d.
1827) and Schubert (d. 1828), of the works of Schumann (d. 1856) and Chopin (d.1849), of the early struggles of Berlioz andRichard Wagner, of the great virtuosi such as Paganini (d. 1840), and the young Liszt and Thalberg. Now that we are able to listen to the work of Mendelssohn (d. 1847) stripped of the Biedermeier reputation unfairly attached to it, he can also be placed in this more appropriate context. After this period, with Chopin and Paganini dead, Liszt retired from the concert platform at a minor German court, Wagner effectively in exile until he obtained royal patronage in Bavaria, and Berlioz still struggling with the bourgeois liberalism which all but smothered radical artistic endeavour in Europe, Romanticism in music was surely past its prime—giving way, rather, to the period ofmusical romantics.
III. PROMINENT COMPOSERS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
Name
Date born
Date died
Nationality
Notable works
Ludwig van Beethoven
1770
1827
German
Ludwig van Beethoven
regarded by many as the first Romantic era composer, famous for his nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, ten violin sonatas and piano trios
Ferdinando Carulli
1770
1841 Italian
composer for the guitar, wrote concertos and chamber music
Anton Reicha
1770
1836
Czech
composer who experimented with irregular time signatures, has significant works for wind quintet
Johann Wilhelm Wilms
1772
1847
Dutch-German
Best known for writing Wien Neêrlands Bloed, which served as the Dutch national anthem from 1815 to 1932.
Bernhard Henrik Crusell
1775
1838 Finnish
composer and clarinet player
Johann Nepomuk Hummel
1778
1837
Austrian
composer and pianist, his music bridged the Classical era of music and Romantic era
Fernando Sor
1778
1839
Spanish
composer for the classical guitar who is credited with elevating the guitar to the level of concert instrument
Mauro Giuliani
1781
1828
Italiancomposer and virtuoso guitarist
Daniel Auber
1782
1871
Frenchopera composer noted for La muette de Portici
John Field
1782
1837 Irish
composer and pianist, notable for cultivating the nocturne
Niccolò Paganini
1782
1840 Italian
composer and virtuoso violinist, wrote the 24 Caprices for violin, five concerti for violin, string quartets and works for violin and guitar
Louis Spohr
1784
1859
German
composer, violinist and conductor, renowned for
chamber music and compositions for violin and harp
George Pinto
1785
1806
English
composer, violinist and virtuoso pianist, known for his contribution to the piano repretoire
Carl Maria von Weber
1786
1826
German
composer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant Romantic opera composers
Giacomo Meyerbeer
1791
1864
German
composer for grand opera (Il crociato in Egitto, Les Huguenots, L'Africaine)
Gioachino Rossini
1792
1868 Italian
prolific opera composer, best known for The Barber of Seville and overtures to various other operas
Ignaz 179 18 Bohemi composer and piano
Moscheles
4 70 an
virtuoso, head of the Leipzig Conservatory after Felix Mendelssohn
Franz Berwald
1796
1868
Swedish
composer, little known in his lifetime, but his works, including his four symphonies are better known today
Gaetano Donizetti
1797
1848
Italian
opera composer, known for Lucia di Lammermoor and L'elisir d'amore among others
Franz Schubert
1797
1828
Austrian
Franz Schubert
composer, regarded as the first significant lieder writer, also known for his chamber music, piano works and symphonies
Early Romantic era composers (born 1800-1819)
Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), Italian opera composer, known for I Puritani, Norma and La sonnambula among others
Jean-Baptiste Duvernoy (1802–1880), French composer and pianist
Eliza Flower (1803–1846), English composer Adolphe Adam (1803–1856), French composer
best known for his ballet score Giselle
Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), French composer famous for his programmatic symphony, the Symphonie Fantastique
Henri Herz (1803–1888), Austrian composer and pianist
Franz Lachner (1803–1890), German composer and conductor, brother of Ignaz Lachner
Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857), Russian nationalist composer, wrote operas such as A Life for the Tsar
Johann Strauss I (1804–1849), Austrian dance music composer famous for the Radetzky March
Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847), sister of Felix Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist, remarkable for her vocal compositions and chamber music
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller (1806–1874), German composer and pianist, brother of Norbert Burgmüller
Ignaz Lachner (1807–1895), German conductor, composer and organist, a prolific composer, notable for his chamber music
Michael William Balfe (1808–1870), Irish conductor and composer, remembered for his opera The Bohemian Girl
Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), brother of Fanny Mendelssohn, German conductor, music-director, composer and pianist, known for his Violin Concerto and the Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream, also wrote five
symphonies including the Symphony No. 4'Italian', and several short lyrical piano pieces or Songs without Words.
Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, his output includes nocturnes, ballades,scherzos, etudes, and a number of Polish dances such as mazurkas, polonaises, and waltzes (including theMinute Waltz)
Ferenc Erkel (1810–1893), Hungarian composer of grand opera
Norbert Burgmüller (1810–1836), German composer, praised by Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (1810–1856), German composer and pianist, husband of Clara Schumann, a significantlieder writer, a prolific composer, wrote many short piano pieces, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music
Wilhelm Taubert (1811-1891) German Pianist, Composer and Conductor whose early works received praise from Felix Mendelssohn
Franz Liszt (1811–1886), Hungarian composer and a virtuoso pianist, wrote a number of tone poems and extended piano technique, famous for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other solo piano works, one of the most influential and distinguished pianist composers of the Romantic era
Ferdinand Hiller (1811–1885), German composer, conductor, writer and music-director, close friend of Felix Mendelssohn
Ambroise Thomas (1811–1896), French composer, best known for the operas Mignon and Hamlet
Sigismond Thalberg (1812–1871), Swiss composer and one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era
Louis Antoine Jullien (1812–1860), French eccentric conductor and composer of light music, king of promenade concerts in England
Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883), German composer, chiefly remembered for his opera Martha
Stephen Heller (1813–1888), Hungarian composer, highly effected the late-Romantic composers
Alexandre Dubuque (1812–1898), Russian-resident French composer, known for teaching
Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–1888), French composer and virtuoso pianist
Ernst Haberbier (1813–1869), German composer of brilliant piano music
Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), major Italian opera composer, best known for Nabucco, Rigoletto, La Traviata and Aida
Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner (1813–1883), major German opera composer (Der Ring des Nibelungen, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, Parsifal among others), also famous for the widely used Bridal Chorus in marriages.
Giuseppe Lillo (1814-1863), Italian composer, best known for his operas amongst which is worth noting Odda di Bernaver and Caterina Howard
Adolf von Henselt (1814–1889), German composer and pianist
Robert Volkmann (1815–1883), German composer, companion of Johannes Brahms
William Sterndale Bennett (1816–1875), English composer, conductor, and editor
Émile Prudent (February 3, 1817 – May 14, 1863), French pianist and composer
Károly Thern (1817–1886), Hungarian composer, conductor and teacher
Niels Gade (1817–1890), Danish composer, violinist and organist
Charles Gounod (1818–1893), French composer, best known for his operas Faust and Roméo et Juliette
Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880), French opera and operetta composer, known for The Tales of Hoffmann and Orpheus in the Underworld
Franz von Suppé (1819–1895), Austrian composer and conductor notable for his operettas
Clara Schumann (1819–1896), German composer and pianist, wife of Robert Schumann, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era
Middle Romantic era composers (born 1820-1839)
Henri Vieuxtemps (1820–1881), Belgian composer and violinist
Giovanni Bottesini (1821–1889), Italian conductor, composer and double bass virtuoso
Emilie Hammarskjöld (1821–1854), Swedish composer, consert pianist and organist
Joachim Raff (1822–1882), Swiss-born German composer, best known for eleven symphonies, most of them program music
César Franck (1822–1890), Belgian-born French composer, noted for his Symphony, also a significant composer for the organ
Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), French composer remembered for his Symphonie Espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto
Theodor Kirchner (1823-1903), German composer and pianist, he wrote over 1000 piano pieces.
Anton Bruckner (1824–1896), Austrian composer of nine large-scale symphonies (one incomplete) and two more unacknowledged
Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884), Czech nationalist composer, perhaps best known for his cycle of symphonic poems, Má vlast and his opera The Bartered Bride
Carl Reinecke (1824-1910), German composer, conductor and pianist, best known for his attachment to classical forms and conductedGewandhausorchester for nearly 35 years
Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825–1889), French virtuoso cornetist, wrote the "Grande méthode complète pour cornet à pistons et de saxhorn" now referred to as the "Trumpeter's Bible"
Johann Strauss II (1825–1899), Austrian composer known as "The Waltz King",
composed The Blue Danube and opera Die Fledermaus, son of the composer Johann Strauss I and elder brother of Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss
Ivar Christian Hallström (1826–1901), Swedish opera composer
Josef Strauss (1827–1870), Austrian composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II
Adolphe Blanc (1828–1885), French composer of chamber music
Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894), Russian conductor, composer and pianist
Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), American composer famous for performing his own romantic piano works
Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), Hungarian composer Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (1830–1894),
German conductor, composer and virtuoso pianist
Jan Gerard Palm (1831–1906), Curaçao born composer, best known for his mazurkas, waltzes, danzas, tumbas, fantasies, and serenades.
August Söderman (1832–1876), Swedish composer, best known for his lieder and choral works
Alexander Borodin (1833–1887), Russian chemist and nationalist composer, wrote the opera Prince Igor
Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), German composer, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period, famous for his working under and of being compared to Beethoven, and his most influential works include the four symphonies, Violin Concerto (Brahms), two piano concertos, and Double Concerto in A minor for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (1887), aside from his other orchestral works, numerous chamber music and piano music pieces and lieder.
Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), Italian opera composer known for La Gioconda
Julius Reubke (1834–1858), German piano and organ composer, known for Sonata on the 94th Psalm
Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921), French music critic, composer, pianist and an exceptional organist, renowned for his Organ Symphony, numerous concert pieces, pieces of chamber music, mélodies, Danse Macabre and The Carnival of the Animals
Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), Polish composer and violinist, famous for two concertos and character pieces of exceptional difficulty
Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), Austrian composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss
César Antonovich Cui (1835–1918), Russian army officer, music critic, composer in Russian Five
Friedrich Baumfelder (1836–1916), German piano, choral, and orchestra composer, in his day known for his 'Tirocinium musicae' and today known for his 'Melody in F major'
Léo Delibes (1836–1891), one of the first significant ballet composers since the Baroque music, known for Coppélia, Sylvia, and Lakmé
Bertha Tammelin (1836–1915), Swedish composer, consert pianist and opera singer
Julius Weissenborn (1837–1888), German bassoonist, composer and music teacher, famous for his Practical Bassoon School
Émile Waldteufel (1837–1915), French composer of light music
Mily Balakirev (1837–1910), Russian nationalist composer and leader of the Russian Five
Georges Bizet (1838–1875), French composer of the opera Carmen
Max Bruch (1838–1920), German composer, known for his Violin Concerto No. 1, Scottish Fantasy, and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra
Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), Russian nationalist composer known for his intensely nationalist works including his opera Boris Godunov, and Pictures at an Exhibition, part of Russian Five
John Knowles Paine (1839–1906), first native-born American composer to acquire fame for his large-scale orchestral music
Late Romantic era composers (born 1840-1859)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893), Russian composer, known for his ballets (The Nutcracker, Swan Lake), his operas (Eugene Onegin), the 1812 Overture, his First Piano Concerto, his Violin Concerto and hissymphonies
Johan Svendsen (1840–1911), Norwegian composer, conductor and violinist
Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894), French composer who influenced Maurice Ravel, Les Six, Jean Françaixand many other French composers, known for the opera L'étoile
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904), Czech composer, known for the "New World" Symphony
Arrigo Boito (1842–1918), Italian composer and librettist, known as a composer for his opera Mefistofele
Jules Massenet (1842–1912), French composer best known for his operas Manon and Werther and theMéditation for violin from the opera Thaïs
Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900), English composer known for his operettas in collaboration with W. S. Gilbert
Émile Bernard (1843–1902), French composer and organist known for his Divertissement for Doubled Wind Quintet
Edvard Grieg (1843–1907), Norwegian composer known for his Piano Concerto, Lyric Pieces for the piano, and incidental music to Peer Gynt
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), Russian composer and member of The Five, best known for Flight of the Bumblebee from The Tale of Tsar Saltan, Scheherazade, and the Capriccio Espagnol
Pablo de Sarasate (1844–1908), Spanish virtuoso violinist and composer
Charles-Marie Widor (1844–1937), French composer, known for his works for the organ
Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924), French composer, known for his chamber music and a requiem among other pieces
Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907), Austrian composer and pianist
Robert Fuchs (1847–1927), Austrian composer and music teacher
Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (1847–1917), German-Polish composer and music teacher, brother of Xaver Scharwenka
Henri Duparc (1848–1933), French composer, noted for seventeen mélodies
Hubert Parry (1848–1918), English composer, wrote choral song Jerusalem
Ernesto Köhler (1849–1907), Italian flautist and composer, known by flautists for his instructional work Progress in Flute Playing
Franz Xaver Scharwenka (1850–1924), Polish-German composer, pianist and music teacher, brother of Philipp Scharwenka
Vincent d'Indy (1851–1931), French composer, teacher of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud among others
Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909) Spanish composer and virtuoso classical guitarist, known as the 'Father of modern classical guitar playing'
Hans Huber (1852–1921), Swiss composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), Romanian
composer Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921),
German opera composer influenced by Richard Wagner, famous for Hänsel und Gretel
Leoš Janáček (1854–1928), Czech composer, known for his operas Káťa Kabanová and Jenůfa and orchestral pieces Sinfonietta andTaras Bulba
Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), Italian composer, known for the operas Loreley and La Wally
Moritz Moszkowski (1854–1925), German Jewish composer-pianist who wrote prolifically for the piano, also composed a piano concerto and a violin concerto
John Philip Sousa (1854–1932), American composer, "The March King"
Ernest Chausson (1855–1899), French composer influenced by Franck and Wagner, seen as a bridge from them to Claude Debussy
Julius Röntgen (1855–1932), German-Dutch composer influenced by Brahms, close friend to Grieg
Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856–1915), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher
Edward Elgar (1857–1934), English composer, wrote oratorios, chamber music, concerti and symphonies, most famous for his Enigma Variations and Pomp and Circumstance Marches
Cécile Chaminade (1857–1944), French composer and pianist
Ruggero Leoncavallo (1858–1919), Italian opera composer known almost exclusively for Pagliacci
Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), Italian opera composer known forLa bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly
Sergei Lyapunov (1859–1924), Russian composer and pianist
Romantic era/20th century transition composers (born 1860-1880)
Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909), Spanish composer, known for nationalist piano works such as Iberia and a 'set of 12 piano pieces'
Gustave Charpentier (1860–1956), French composer best known for his opera Louise
Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Austrian composer, one of the most important late-Romantic/early-Modernist composers, his works include nine innovative large-scale and sometimes programmatic symphonies, and many lieder
Edward MacDowell (1860–1908), American composer best known for his piano concertos and piano suites, his works include his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose"
Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), Austrian composer of lieder, influenced by Richard Wagner
Anton Arensky (1861–1906), Russian composer, pianist and music teacher
Claude Debussy (1862–1918), French composer, one of the most prominent figures working within the field ofImpressionist music, known for his compositions Clair de Lune (from Suite bergamasque), Deux Arabesques, and many others
Frederick Delius (1862–1934), English composer, used chromaticism in many of his compositions
Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Italian opera composer, known for Cavalleria rusticana
Ricardo Castro (1864–1907), Mexican composer, works include piano music
Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss (1864–1949), German composer, known for Also sprach Zarathustra ("Thus Spoke Zarathustra"), wrote many tone poems, operas and lieder
Paul Dukas (1865–1935), French composer, known for his piece of program music The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), Russian composer, influenced by Wagner and Liszt
Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), Danish composer, renowned for his six symphonies and concerti
Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Finnish nationalist composer of seven symphonies, known for the symphonic poem Finlandia and Violin Concerto
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), Italian composer and pianist, known for his opera Turandot and his many transcriptions and arrangements of Johann Sebastian Bach
Samuel Maykapar (1867–1938), Russian composer
Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), Italian opera composer
Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Spanish composer and pianist, known for his piano works and chamber music
Wilhelm Peterson-Berger (1867–1942), Swedish composer, wrote symphonies, operas, vocal and piano music
Amy Beach (1867–1944), American composer and pianist
Vittorio Monti (1868–1922), Italian composer, violinist, and conductor
Zygmunt Stojowski (1869/70–1946), Polish composer and pianist
Julius Conus (1869–1942), Russian composer and violinist
Franz Lehár (1870–1948), Hungarian composer, mainly known for his operettas
Guillaume Lekeu (1870–1894), Belgian (Wallon) composer, known for his violin sonata
Henry Kimball Hadley (1871–1937), American composer and conductor, composed the opera Cleopatra's Night
Oreste Ravanello (1871–1938), Italian composer, known for works for choir, and for organ
Alexander Zemlinsky (1871–1942), Austrian composer and music teacher, his students include Schoenberg and Korngold
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), English composer, his works include nine symphonies, Fantasia on Greensleeves, and other orchestral poems
Hugo Alfvén (1872–1960), Swedish composer, known for Swedish Rhapsody, works include choral music, and five symphonies
Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915), Russian, known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrical, orchestral works
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943), Russian composer, conductor and virtuoso pianist, wrote threesymphonies, four piano concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and solo piano music
Max Reger (1873–1916), prolific German composer, known for his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart
Reynaldo Hahn (1874–1947), Venezuelan composer, known for his strikingly beautiful and unabashedly tonal melodies
Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), Austrian composer, whose early works (e.g. "Verklarte Nacht") are influenced by Mahler, but subsequently developed atonalism and serialism with such watershed works as "Moses und Aron"
Franz Schmidt (1874–1939), Austrian composer, influenced by Bruckner and Brahms
Maurice Ravel (1875–1937), French composer, despite a limited number of compositions, famous for his virtuosic piano music such as "Gaspard de la nuit", and orchestral showpieces most notably "Bolero", his musical style strongly influenced by the Russian Five
Reinhold Glière (1875–1956), Russian composer, his works reflect Romantic era
Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876–1909), Polish composer, his style is of late Romantic era and nationalist character
Manuel de Falla (1876–1946), Spanish composer, best known for The Three-Cornered Hat
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876–1948), Italian composer and music teacher, known for his comic operas
Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960), Hungarian conductor, composer and pianist
Franz Schreker (1878–1934), Austrian conductor, composer and music teacher, primarily a composer of operas
Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936), Italian composer, known for symphonic poems The Fountains of Rome and The Pines of Rome
Nikolai Medtner (1880–1951), Russian composer, known for his piano sonatas and concerti
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