High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction...

HighPressureX-rayDiffractionExperimentsontheOmegaandNIFLaserFacilities+futureexperimentsattheESRF

Raymond F. Smith Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Jon Eggert, Ryan Rygg, Federica Coppari, Marius Millot, Amy Jenei, Rick Kraus, Dayne Fratanduono, and others (LLNL)

June Wicks, Thomas Duffy (Princeton Univ.)

rature

Pressure

Liquid

ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources

rature

Pressure

Liquid (1)

LaserPower

Multi-shock

rature

Pressure

Liquid

LaserPower

Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime

LaserPower

Multi-shock

rature

Pressure

Liquid

LaserPower

Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime

LaserPower

Multi-shock

Mg2SiO4(olivine(

B1(MgO((+((MgSiO3(Pv%

MgSiO3(pPv%

FeNi(alloy(liquid%

B1%(NaCl0type)(

B2%(CsCl0type)(

S8shovite(CaCl2%0type(

PbO2%0type(

Pyrite(

Cotunnite(

Fe2P0type(

Perovskite%(Pv)%

Post0Perovskite%(Pv)%

MgO(+(MgSi2O5(?(

Fe(alloy((

liquid?%hcp?%fcc?%

500(GPa(

1300(GPa(

MgO$MgSiO3$ SiO

135(GPa(

23(GPa(

Super(Earth((10(Earth(masses)(

Earth((1(Earth(mass)(

360(GPa( ~4000(GPa(

RecentexperimentsonOmegahavefocusedondeterminingthehighpressurecrystalstructureofMgO andFeSi alloys

JuneWicks

DemonstratedatOmega,PXRDIP(PowderX-RayDiffractionImagePlates)

NIFTARDIS(TARget DiffractionInSitu)

28.6mm

R62.6mm

1TPa =1000GPa =10MbarWehavedevelopednsx-raydiffractionplatformsontheOmegaandNIFLaserfacilities

Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic

x-ray source

*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)

ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns

1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar

sample

x-ray source

sample

x-ray source

sample

x-ray source

sample

OnOmegaandNIFX-rayprobeisquasi-monochromaticHe-αlineemission

1011 - 1012 photonsincidentonsample3.5%bandwidth

X-raySpectrumemittedin4π~nsLaser

~nsLaser

Cufoil

PXRDIPBOX

Mainsourcesofnoise

HardX-rayemissionfromHe-αsource

ThermalX-rayemissionfromdriveplasma(scaleswithLaserIntensity,plasmavolumeandduration)

CH MgO Quartz

250µm

Targetdesign

CH MgO Quartz

VISARvelocityinterferometer,providesinformationonMgOpressureversustime

LaserDrive

ShockFront

Experimentalsetup

StreakedOpticalPyrometer

ProvidesinformationonMgOtemperatureversustimeattheshockfront.

LaserP

Time(ns)0 10

CH MgO Quartz

Hydrocode simulationsmatchedtoQuartzshockvelocityto

determineMgOPressureduringx-rayprobetime.

VISARLaserDrive

ShockFront

PressureDeterminationusingreflectingshockinquartz

14121086Time (ns)

MgO Qtz

14Quar

15141312Time (ns)

Visar Hydrocode

LaserP

Time(ns)0 10

Leftpanel

MgOB2 110

MgOB2 100

JuneWicks

At515GPa MgO isintheB2phaseontheHugoniot

LaserDrive

DiamondFeSi

Targetdesignforramp-compressionofFeSi

Diamond

80 Time (ns)

UsingthistechniquewehaveobtaineddiffractiondatafromsolidstateFeSialloysupto1300GPa

ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.

X-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmega/NIFandESRF

- X-raysource- RequiredLaserSpotSize- Signal-to-Noise- Achievablesamplepressures- ShotRate

EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8

ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate

FutureESRF250µmphaseplate

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

ESRF250µmphaseplateNIF

Energy~ 144kJin30ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/8hoursMaxSamplePressure> 3,000GPa

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

ESRF250µmphaseplateOmega-EP

Energy~ 8kJin10ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/90minutesMaxSamplePressure> 1000GPa

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

FutureESRFEnergy~ 100-200Jin4-10ns@527or1054nmShotRate=1shot/1minuteMaxSamplePressure500+GPa

FutureESRF250µmphaseplate

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

ESRF250µmphaseplateToachieve800GPa indiamondover10ns:

NIF:20kJOMEGA:3kJESRF:200J

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate400µmx-raysspot,

nsduration300µmx-raysnsduration

20µmx-rays?100ps duration

Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate

LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern

1.51.00.50.0

-0.5-1.0-1.5

-1 0 1Distance (mm)

TARDIS tiled spot

NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate

400µmx-rays

300µmx-rays

20-80µmx-rays

Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate

LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern

Improvedsignal-to-noiseatESRF:

- ReduceddriveLaserplasmavolume- Nounwantedhighenergyx-rayemission

associatedwiththex-rayprobe- Highenergyx-raysfromESRFspectrally

decoupledfromlaserplasmax-rayspectrum

New100-Jclass,pulse-shapedlasersarebeingbuiltatX-raysourcesaroundtheworld.

Every20mins/Hr,100J@3ω,flashlamp:LOGOS/LLE

DiPOLE:10Hz,100J@1ωDPSSL:RAL

HEDscienceinstrument,HIBEF

Long pulse Laser(Ceramic)200J/10-20ns/0.1Hz/532nm

• Continuum laser, 2-20 ns, 2ω• 40 J in 10 ns, 10 min. rep rate.

PulseShapingisimportanttoaccessdifferentthermodynamiccompressionpaths

Omega-EP,Pulseshapetoproduceasteadyshock

NIFpulseshapetoproducearamp-compressionwave

1086420Time (ns)

Delivered: 1313 J Requested Pulse Shape

3020100Time (ns)

Delivered: 452 kJ Requested Pulse Shape

PulseshapingisavailableonLCLS/MECalbeitwithlessfidelity

12840Time (ns)

LD70, EF Beams, Run 89-143

MECLaser– April2014,25repeatlasershots

PulseshapingatAPS-DCS

100J,3𝜔,10ns

Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.

1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes

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Pressure

Liquid

(3) (3)

PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram

2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhases

rature

Pressure

Liquid

(3) (3)

PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars

Needtoaverage~100shots

1) 2a)

2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffraction

rature

Pressure

Liquid

(3) (3)

Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)

Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF

Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction

1) 2a)

2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS

15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega

Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots

rature

Pressure

Liquid

(3) (3)

1) 2a)

2b) 2c)

WithcompacthighpowerlasersystemsESRFandotherx-raysourcesofferexcitingpossibilitiesformuchimprovedsingle-to-noisemeasurementsofhigh-pressurecrystalstructure onmorecomplexmaterials.

Requirements- Needgoodphaseplates- LaserPulseshaping- HighRepratetargets- GoodVISARandPyrometry diagnostics- Equationofstateandhydrocode developmentto

understandtargetconditions

Backupslides

ExperimentsetupontheStanfordLCLS-MEChutch

10Jin10ns

(50fs)

RecentMECdiffractionpublications:Gleasonetal.,Nat.Comm.(2015)Gormanetal.,Phy.Rev.Letts.(2015)

2) low-signalphenomenaa) Narrow-bandwidth

diffractionb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS

3) Makemoviesoftransitionsusingvariabletimedelaysovermanyshots

15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega

Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots

rature

Pressure

Liquid

(3) (3)

1) 2a)

2b) 2c)

Equilibriumthermodynamicsisdescribedbyanequation-of-state(EOS)surface

Strongshocksprobehigh-temperatureEOSstates

RampedcompressionwavesprobeEOSatlowertemperaturesthanshocks

Pressure(G

TheentireregionofphasespacebetweentheHugoniotandtheIsentrope canbeprobedbyvariabletime-dependentdrives.

FutureexperimentsusingtheESRFlaserLaser100-200J,4-10ns,shaped,1shot/minute,1053nm&528nm

X-raysPhaseI,thelaserwillbecoupledtoaXASbeamline(5-27keV).PhaseII,,wehopetoaddasecondbeamlinewithXRD,XRIandXES(~ 20- 60keV),pinkbeam(1-2%bandwidth),~1x1011 photonsperX-raypulsein100ps.

High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction...

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