Hebrew Pronunciation

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 A  New Model of  Transliteration

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a silent breath (h in Fr. homme)

B B

b V (nearly; a soft B)

G, g GD, d D

h H

w V, O,  W 

z Z

j Ger. ich, Scot. loch; ~Eng. school

f T 

y Y K K

k soft K (Kh)

 l L

m M

n N

s S

u (glottal stop)

P P

p soft P ( ph =  f )

x Tz (sibilant between

 s and

 z)

q Q 

R, r R 

v Sh

c S

T T

t Th

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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The seven Double Letters (b, g, d, k, p, r, t) each have two 

sounds, one hard and one soft.  Shin

 (c or

 v) also

 has

 two

 sounds,

 but

 isn’t

 a Double.

 (? is

a Mother Letter, a “higher” classification that ‘trumps’ Double.)

General rule:  These

 letters

 at

 the

 beginning of 

 a  word

 (or

 following

 an

 internal pause such as  x +), are hard. Otherwise, they  are soft. Thus no Biblical names begin  with our letter F : No god “Fred.” But there are exceptions: this “rule” is only  a guideline.

The double

 sound

 hasn’t

 been

 preserved

 for

 all

 seven

Double Letters, and “double” usage can  vary  significantly  across dialects. 

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b All

Hebrew 

dialects 

use 

two 

sounds 

for 

Beth. 

Hard Beth B = English b.

Soft Beth b has a sound resembling English v, but made  with lips instead of  teeth. (Labial, not dental.) “Softened” b.

g We make no distinction between the hard and soft Gimel. 

g = English  g.

Other than among  Yemenite  Jews, there is no used difference between the 

hard and soft Gimel.  To  Yemenites, the soft g = English  j.

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d We

make 

no 

distinction 

between 

the 

hard 

and 

soft 

Daleth. 

d = English d.

Other than among  Yemenite  Jews, there is no used difference between the 

hard and soft Daleth. 

To 

 Yemenites, 

the 

soft 

Daleth 

= 

the 

soft 

English 

th, as 

in 

“this.” 

k All Hebrew dialects use two sounds for Kaph. 

Hard K = English k.

Soft k is nearly  the ch or kh sound of  j. (k = English k with heavy  breath.) 

We’ll distinguish the k and j more carefully  later.

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p All

Hebrew 

dialects 

use 

two 

sounds 

for 

Peh. 

Hard P = English  p.

Soft Peh p = English  f.

rNo Hebrew dialect preserves two sounds for Resh. 

English r sound (currently  used in Sephardic Hebrew) is probably  the 

original soft r.

The  very  rare hard sound (14 occurrences in O.T.) has been lost, possibly  identical

 to

 Greek

 r& (usually 

 transliterated

 rh as

 in

 the

 letter

‐name

 Rho).

In practice, both r and R = English r.

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?Not a double letter, but included here because of  its two sounds.

Shin (c or v) has two sounds, but isn’t called a Double Letter. (Its categorization as a Mother Letter is a “higher” classification.)

v = English sh. c = English s,  just like s.

t All

 Hebrew

 dialects

 use

 two

 sounds

 for

 Tav,

 but

 differing

 across

 dialects.

Hard T = English t,  just like f. (That’s the easy  one.) Soft t varies more  widely  across dialects: 

Ashkenazi  Jews pronounce t like English s.

Some Sephardic

 dialects

 (including

 modern

 Hebrew),

 pronounce

 it like

 a t, just

 like hard T The more ancient usage, still common in some modern Sephardic dialects, is t = 

English hard th, as in “thanks.”  We adopt this.

Sephardic th vs.  Ashkenazi s is the same linguistic migration that occurred from 

Old English to Modern English: sayeth becomes says, or doeth becomes does.

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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All 22

 Hebrew

 letters

 are

 consonants (even

 a, y, w, u,

  which  we sometimes transliterate as English  vowels).

Hebrew  vowels are indicated by  diacritical marks 

called 

 pointings. These 

are 

placed 

usually  

beneath 

(but 

sometimes beside, between, or above) the consonants. 

In the examples following,  x = any  Hebrew letter. 

Pointings 

have 

been 

grouped 

together 

(e.g., all 

that 

approximate an English a) because their differences don’t matter for today’s immediate purposes.

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 A  little digression to ancient Rome(onna counta their  alphabet looks like ours)

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² Like a in ago

³

Like 

a in 

f atherμ Like e in pet

¶ Like a in late

¹Like

i in 

hitº Like ee in keen¼ Like o in often

½

Like 

o in 

hope¾ Like u in put

¿ Like u in rude

ae Like  y in b y

ai Like  y in

 b y

au Like ow in now

ei Like ey in grey

ui Like uey in

 gluey;

after q, like wee

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‘A’ = ah  x *

,  x ^

,  x  &‘E’ = eh  x @ ,  x # ,  x  $

‘I’ 

= 

ih x !‘O’ = oh o ,  x  )

‘U’ = oo W ,  x  %

y x @ ey they

y x ! iy knee, Ni

y x ^ ay m y, aye

yo oy toy, oil

Wa x ^

ow cow

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An unaccented vowel (any   vowel  will do!)

Kinda sorta like 

uh when 

 you 

run 

past 

it 

really  

fast In English: alone, sof a, sev en, lesson

In Hebrew:

 x +as

 in

 yn@B+b…ney, not Benny

Sometimes 

rushed 

past: 

Ha*yr!B+, 

Briah. 

 la@yr!B+G, 

Gabriel . Sometimes pron0unced: hl*WdG+, G…dulah. dosy+, Y …sod .

Formally: Sounded @ start of  syllable, silent @ end.

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The Hebrew

  words

 that

  we

 find

 in

 books

 often

 don’t

 look  very  much like their Hebrew pronunciations. 

aurt throa?  t’RA’a!

/tywl Leviathan? Liv’yaTHAN!

jk cock?  koakh!

And,  when these typical “book” spellings do help  you 

pronounce 

it 

right, 

they  

often 

don’t 

make 

it 

clear 

 what 

the Hebrew spelling is. (As Qabalists,  we  want to know 

the Hebrew letters!)

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I set out to find a  way  to transliterate Hebrew  words into 

English characters

  with

 the

 following

 goals.

1. Simple characters:  You could do it on a typewriter!

2. After transliteration, a native English speaker 

 would intuitively 

 know

 how

 to

 pronounce

 the

 Hebrew  word.

3. After transliteration, the Hebrew spelling  would 

still 

be 

obvious 

at 

a 

 glance.I succeeded in finding a method that met these goals about 99% of  the time.

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B B

gG

d D

h H

z Z

f T 

y Y K K k Kh

 l L

m M

n N

s S

P P p F (Ph)

x Tzq Q

r R 

v Sh

t Th

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b B Signals that non‐English sound  halfway between B &  V 

c S  v is sh but c is s just like s. Italics distinguish.

T T  t is th but T is t just like f. Italics distinguish.

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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a ‘Aleph

 is

 an

 unsounded 

 breath,

 a silent exhalation

 that

makes no sound. This ‘  covers it! 

u‐

A’ayin is

 a  glottal 

 stop,

 a brief 

 hiccough

 in

 the

 middle

 of 

 a word.

Using a hyphen makes this obvious and  easy! 

Both a and

 u get their

  vowel

‐like

sounds from their  pointings.

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w is 

confusing 

because 

of  

how 

the 

alphabet 

developed. 

That is, the problem is that English has more diverse and 

complicated  ways to make this sound‐set.

Most 

simply, 

w is 

U. 

But 

it’s 

a 

consonant, 

not 

a 

 vowel. 

Our U,  V,  W  all emerged from a single letter, the Latin  V  (which, er, is their letter U but  just looks like a  V).

U at the beginning of  a  word has a consonantal quality  

 just like

 our

  W.

 In

 fact,

 “double

‐U”

 is

 a U.

 (But

 in

 French

it’s still “double‐ V,”  which it looks like. But the Roman 

‘V’  was really  a ‘U,’ so…) [CONT.]

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Yeah, so, U at the beginning is a consonant,  W. If   we  write Waldo as Ualdo, you’ll probably  pronounce it more 

or less

 correctly 

 (at

 least

 be

 as

 close

 as

 Oo

‐aldo).

In German, the  V  has our  W  sound. (See how it’s all mixed up? Don’t blame the  Jews  just because the 

Germans did!)

So, the  way  to solve all of  this confusion about  whether it is our  W  or our U or our  V, the solution is to transliterate 

w as a  V  at the beginning, a  W   when  we have to, and the 

rest of 

 the

 time

 as…

O

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Yes: O. 

(Don’t hit me  when I tell  you it’s still not a  vowel. It’s a 

quasi‐ vowel rendering of  the consonant  we know as  W. Don’t sweat it,  just know that’s how  you pronounce it.)

But  what ab0ut that U sound?  Where did the U go?

It’s all

 in

 the

 dagesh.

 (That’s

 Hebrew

 for

 “a

 dot

 stuck

 in

the middle of  the letter.”) More on that later. Main point is, it doubles the O into OO. Instant U sound!

(O no! English ‘double‐U’ is French ‘double‐ V,’ and now 

it’s really 

 a ‘double

‐O’…

 and

 it’s

 not

 even

 a double

 letter!)

Hanging my  head in shame and moving on…

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j can 

be 

 written 

on 

a 

standard 

typewriter 

as 

CH. But that doesn’t meet one of  the other criteria I set: that 

a native English speaker  would intuitively  know how to 

pronounce the Hebrew  word. A 

 native

 English

 speaker

  would

 normally 

 pronounce

 CH

not as in SCH OOL, but as in CH ICKEN! If  I had $100 for every  time I’ve heard Chokmah

pronounced “choke‐ma,”  we could pay  our rent for months.

Something had to be done about that…

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Gotta get away  from “choke‐mah” and “chia” [like the 

plant] and “cheth” [like chess with a bad lisp].  And don’t get

 me

 started

 on

 the

 4th Sephirah,

 Cheese

‐head.

There is an international standard character for the 

desired sound.  You can’t make it on a typewriter, but it’s 

a 

unique 

and 

specific 

character:ḥ or Ḥ

Worst problem (besides “can’t make it  with a typewriter,” 

 which nobody 

 uses

 anymore

 anyway)

 is

 that

  you

 might

 mistake it for the letter H. Of  all the j sins, that’s the least offensive.

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Six Hebrew letters start deep in  your throat &  work 

their 

 way  

forward 

toward 

 your 

lips. 

(I 

gag 

 you 

not!)A h j k K q In one sense, these are all the same letter! The main 

difference is

 that

 they 

 fall

 a different

 place

 in

  your

 mouth. Deep in the throat,  without sound Deep in the throat, allowing sound

Top 

back 

corner 

of  

the 

throat Soft palate Front of  soft palate Slightly  forward

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a ‘B B

b B

G, g GD, d D

h H

w V, O

z Z

j Ḥ

f T 

y Y K K

k Kh

 l L

m M

n N

s S

u ‐P P

p F

xTz

q Q 

R, r R 

v Sh

c S 

T T 

t Th

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Hebrew has dozens of  rules for  what syllable to 

accent in

 a  word.

  You

 only 

 need

 to

 know

 a few.

ALL Hebrew  words have the accent either on 

the final (ultimate) syllable, or the next‐to‐last 

( penultimate) syllable.

 No

 exceptions.

These are called “below” and “above,” respectively.

Most of  the time, it’s on the final (“below”).

If  

the 

last 

two 

syllables 

both 

have 

the 

“e” 

 vowel 

 x #, accent the  penultimate syllable (“above”). Examples  follow…

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Familiar  words  where the last two syllables both 

have the “e”  vowel  x #. (I call these eh‐eh words.)

rt#K# Kether tr#a#p+T! TiferethJr#a# Eretz El#m# Melekvp#n# Nephesh qd#x# Tzedektv#q# Qesheth vm#v# Shemeshds#j# Chesed jxn# Netzach

Oops! Netzach? That’s not eh‐eh, it’s eh‐ah, right?Sorta…

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Next rule: If  in the ROOT of  a  word, the last two syllables both 

have the

 “e”

  vowel

  x #, accent

 the

  penultimate (“above”)

– the accent is kept as in the root.

jx^n#, netzach, comes fromthe root jx#n#, netzech.

Similarly, 

 when 

prefixing 

the 

article 

h (ha‐

 ) to 

Jr#a#, eretz, the  vowel changes – it becomes ha‐

aretz – but the accent stays “above.”

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Next rule (advanced ): If 

  you

 learn

 the

 Hebrew

  vowels,

 it  will

 be

 obvious

  when the ultimate has a shorter  vowel and the 

 penultimate has a longer  vowel. The  penultimate

then 

has 

the 

accent.

H^wl)a$ Eloah [l#a*  Aleph

dm# l* Lamed im#s* Samekh tl#d* Daleth

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 As in

 English…

 just learn the exceptions!

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1. ALL Hebrew  words have the accent either on the 

final (ultimate) syllable, or the next‐to‐last ( penultimate).

 No

 exceptions.

2. Most of  the time, it’s on the final.3. If  the last two syllables both have an “e”  vowel  x #

(eh‐eh words ), accent

 the

  penultimate.

 4. If  the ROOT of  a  word has the last two syllables both 

an “e”  vowel  x #, accent the  penultimate. 5. When the ultimate has a shorter  vowel than the 

 penultimate, the  penultimate has

 the

 accent.

6. Learn the exceptions.

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DAGESH: The “dot in the middle of  the letter”

B G D K P R T The primary  use is to distinguish hard  vs. soft sounds in double letters. (Dagesh = hard.) This is called a “weak dagesh.”

Additionally, 

the dagesh indicates

 that

 a letter

 is

doubled. For example, n = n but N = nn (as in 

Italian). This is called a “strong dagesh.”

a, 

h, 

j, 

u never 

take 

a 

dagesh. 

(You 

really  

can’t 

“double” their sounds.) No doubling at START of  a  word or after schwa.

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<yN!p^oaOfanniym

aM*a! ImmarwB)G! Gibbor

hL*K Kall ah Also, it turns a  Vav  (as an O sound) into a U sound 

by  making it OO: 

o = o,

but W = oo =

 u

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EXAMPLES

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 la@pr* RF‘L RaFa‘eL

 la@yr!B+G^ GBRY‘L GaB’RiY‘eL

 la@k*ym! MYKh‘L MiYKha‘eL

 la@yr!Wa ‘ORY‘L ‘OoRiY‘eL

Rafael ~ Gabriyel ~ Miykhael ~ Ooriyel

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rt#K#  KThR KeTheR  

hm*k+j* ḤKhMH ḤaKh’MaH

hn*yB! BYNH BiYNaHds#j# ḤSD  ḤeSeD

hr*WbG+ GBORH 

G’BOoRaH

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tr#a#p+T! T F‘RTh T iF’‘eReTh

jx^n# NTzḤ NeTzaḤ

doh HOD HODdosy+ YSOD   Y’SOD

tWkl+m^ MLKhOTh MaL’KhOoTh

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<d*a* ‘DM ‘aDaM

yn*d)a& ‘DNI ‘aDoNaI

<yN!p^oa ‘OFNYM ‘OFaNniYM

roa ‘OR ‘OR  

tm#a$ ‘MTh ‘eMeTh/m@a* ‘MN ‘aMeN

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aM*ya!‘YM‘ ‘iYMma‘ 

aM*a! ‘M‘ ‘iMma‘ 

 la@ ‘L ‘eLHwl)a$ ‘LOH ‘eLOaH

<yh! l)a$ ‘LHYM ‘eLoHiYM

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tWlyx!a&‘TzYLOTh ‘aTziYLOoTh

Jr#a# ‘RTz ‘eReTz

va@ ‘Sh ‘eSh<yv!a@ ‘ShYM ‘eShiYM

rv#a& ‘ShR ‘aSheR 

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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/Ya^ ‘YN ‘aYiN

[os SOF SOF

roa ‘OR ‘OR  

 Ayin Sof Or 

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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/B@ BN BeN

<yh!l)a$ yn@B+ BNY  ‘LHYM

B’NeY ‘eLoHiYMHa*yr!B+ BRY‘H B’RiY‘aH

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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rwB)G! GBOR GiBbOR 

hl*WdG+ GDOLH  G’DOoLaH

[WG GOF 

GOoF/wj)yG! GY ḤON  GiY ḤON

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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tuD^ D‐Th Da‐aTh

 la@yn!ah^ H‘NY‘L  Ha‘NiY‘eL

/yP!n+a^ ryu!z* Z‐ YR 

 ‘NPYN

Za‐iYR ‘aN’PiYN

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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hy*j^ Ḥ YH ḤaYaH

vd@q)h* tWYj^ Ḥ YOTh HQDSh

ḤaYyOoTh HaQoDeSh

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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hy* YH YaH

hd*yj!y+ Y Ḥ YDH   Y’ḤiYDaH

hr*yx!y+ YTzYRH Y’TziYRaH

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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bk*oK KOKB KOKhaB

hL*K^ KLH  KaLlaH

bWrK+ KROB K’ROoB<yb!WrK+ KROB YM K’ROoBiYM

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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hn*b* l+ LBNH L’BaNaH

/t*y*w+ l! LVYThN LiV’YaThaN

<l*oul+ L‐OLM L’

‐OLaM

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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<yd!a+m^ M‘DYM Ma‘’DiYM

<ym@ MYM 

MeYM<Ym^ MYM  MaYiM

El#m# MLK MeLeKhhK* l+m^ MLKH MaL’KaH

jyv!m* MShY Ḥ MaShiYaḤ

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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vj*n* NḤSh NaḤaSh

vp#n# NFSh NeFeSh

hm*v*n+ NShMH N’ShaMaH

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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 la@m*s^ SM‘L SaMa‘eL

hr*yp!s+ SFYRH S’FiYRaH

toryp!s+ SFYROTh S’FiYROTh

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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<l*ou ‐OLM ‐OLaM

hy*c!u& ‐SYH ‐aSiYaH

rc#u# ‐SR 

‐eSeR 

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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ab*x* TzB‘  TzaBa‘

twa)b*x+ TzB‘OTh TzaBa‘OThqd#x# TzDQ TzeDeQ

 la@yq!d+x^ TzDQY‘L TzaD’QiY‘eL

 la@yq!p+x^ TzFQY‘L TzaF’QiY‘eL

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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hl*B*q^ QBLH QaBbaLaH

hP*l!q+ QLPH Q’LiPpaHtoPl!q+ QLPOTh Q’LiPpOTh

u^ym@q* QMY ‐ QaMeY ‐a

tv#q# QShTh QeSheTh

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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<yl!G^ l+Gh* tyv!ar@R‘ShYTh HGLGLYMRe‘ShiYTh HaGaL’GaLiYM

j* *Wr ROḤ ROoaḤ

 la@yz!r* RZY‘L RaZiY‘eL

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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yatB+v^ ShBTh‘I ShaB’Tha‘I

hn*yk!v+ ShKhYNH Sh’KhiYNaHru^v^ Sh‐R Sha‐aR 

/wr)v* ShRON ShaRON

[r*c* SRF SaRaF<yp!r*c+ SRFYM S’RaFiYM

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au^rT+ TR ‐‘ T’Ra‐a‘

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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SOME NEW  SPELLINGS

TO GET

 USED

 TO?

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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Kether  Tif’ereth

Ḥakh’mah NetzaḥBiynah Hod

Ḥesed Y’sodG’boorah Mal’khooth

Rafael ~ Gabriyel ~

 Miykhael ~

 Ooriyel

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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‘Ofanniym ‘Elohiym

 Ayin Sof Or Da‐ath

‘Iymma‘ & ‘Imma‘ K’roob

‘Atziylooth B’riyah Y’tziyrah‐ Asiyah

‘Eshiym Goof  Ḥayah

G’doolah Y’ḥiydah L’‐olam

7/27/2019 Hebrew Pronunciation

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Meym Mayim Mal’kahNaḥash Nefesh N’shamah

Tzad’qiy‘el Tzaf’qiy‘el Raziy‘elQ’lippoth Rooaḥ T’ra‐a‘

Sh’khiynah S’rafiym Sha‐ar

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a^rBa*d+a*ha&rBa*

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znf+va#Wq yn!u@(‐eNiY QOo‘eShT’NZ?)