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8/8/2019 Hardware Sonali
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KWAREHardware and Networking
Training Academy
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Knowledge Ware House
The Complete Knowledge
of
Hardware
and
Networking
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Kware is.
Devoted to the development of the careerof student through
Industry Oriented Training to make him skillready.
Interview Oriented Personality Development
to get selected in industry.
Ensuring First Job of a student to start hisCareer
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Why Hardware?
It is a stable field.
No High qualification is required.
International certifications like Comptia+,
Microsoft, Cisco & Linux are available so great
opportunities in IT Field.Education is cheaper.
Time required is less to start your first salary.
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Fields of Computer Application
Banking
Financial Services
Insurance
Telecom
Media
And Many More
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Workshop Review
What is Computer?
What are the Parts of Computers?
Uses of Computer
Diff erence Between Computer, Calculator,Human Being
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What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device which takes
data from the user through Input devices,
processes it with its Central Processing Unit
(CPU), and gives output through Output Devices.
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Block Diagram of Computer
Central
Processing
Unit
(CPU)
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
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Functions of Computer
Accepting Data
Storing Data
Processing Data
Displaying Data
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The entire process of accepting data,
processing it and displaying the data
is called as
Input-Process-Output Cycle.
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Data
Computer stores data in binary language i.e. 0 &
1, which is called as bit.
8 bit = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 KB
1000 KB = 1 MB
1000 MB = 1 GB
1000 GB = 1 TB
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Components of Computer
The PC comprises of two main parts :
Hardware
Sof tware
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Software
It is a set of instructions or commands which are
programmed to communicate with the User and
the Hardware or computer to perform diff erent
tasks inside a Computer.
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Types of Software
System Sof tware (O.S.)
Application Sof tware
Language Sof tware
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System Software
It is interface between the user and the
computer to convert a user language (i.e. a, b,c) to machine language (i.e. 0 & 1)
Single User O.S. DOS
Multi User O.S. Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP,
Novell, Linux etc.
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Application Software
It is Sof tware Program which have a set of
instruction to perform a specific task with help
of O.S.
E.g. MS Office 97, Norton Antivirus, Winamp,
Tally etc.
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Language Software
It is a language program which is used to
develop Application Sof tware.
E.g. C, C++, JAVA etc.
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Hardware
To make a Computer, we require some
physical components for interconnecting to
each other, is called as Hardware.
E.g. Keyboard, Hard Disk, Monitor etc.
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Hardware Devices
Input Devices
Storage Devices
Processing Devices
Output Devices
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Standard Parts of P.C.
Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse
Scanner
Webcam
Storage Devices
RAM ROM
Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
CD
DVD
USB Devices
Processing Devices
Processor Motherboard
ExpansionCards
Chipsets
BIOS
CMOS
SMPS
Output Devices
Monitor Printer
Speakers
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Keyboard
It is an Input Device
83 Keys / 84 Keys / 101 Keys DOS OS.
104 Keys / 110 Keys / 120 Keys / 126 Keys Windows OS
Multimedia Keyboard (128) and Wireless Keyboard requires
Driver Sof tware.
Connectors 5-pin DIN, 6-pin PS/2 & 4-pin USB
Manufacturer Maple, Wipro, Intex etc.
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Basic key Types on a Keyboard
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KeyboardMechanical
It consists of Mechanical
switch for each key.
It is Noisy.
Replacement of key is
possible.
Heavy
Membrane
It consists of a common
rubber lay out for Keyboard.
It is Noise less.
Need to change whole
rubber pad.
Light
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Keyboard Connectors
The keyboard can be connected to the PS/2 port or USB port
of the computer.
The connection between the keyboard and motherboard carry power to the keyboard.
Data is also carried to computer by same cable
The keyboard controller is an integrated circuit that processesdata from the keyboard and forwards it to the computer.
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Keyboard Connectors
6-pin PS/2 Connector
Also known as 6-pin mini
DIN connector.
4-pin USB Connector
Connected to USB Port and
tends to be fast.
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Mouse
Mouse is device that enables computer to move the
cursor/pointer to a specific point on the screen.
The mouse is particularly usef ul for Graphical User
Interface (GUI) applications, wherein you point to an
option or object on screen and click the appropriate
mouse button.
Can also be used for drawing objects on the screen.
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Types of Mouse
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Opto-mechanical Mouse
3. Optical Mouse
4. Cordless Mouse
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Optomechanical Mouse
Uses optical sensors instead of mechanical sensors.
More accurate than mechanical mouse.
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y Uses laser technology to detect movement of mouse
y Has no moving parts and moved along a special mouse
pad with grids on its surface.
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Cordless / Wireless Mouse
Establishes a radio or an infrared link with a
transceiver (transmitter / receiver) that is
connected through a cable to the computer.
Operated on batteries
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Mouse Connectors
Serial Connectors
PS/2 Connectors
USB Connectors
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In the terms of computers, memory ref ers to
the chip that stores data.
The processor retrieves information stored inthe memory for processing data.
The storage capacity of a memory depends on
the type of memory package used.
Memory
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Memory
Types of Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
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RAM Random Access Memory
Features :-
Primary Storage Media,
Semi-conductor based memory,
Volatile,
Limited Capacity.
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RAM
Minimum Memory required to the Processor is 640 KB, which is
called as Base Memory or Conventional Memory.
Memory Slots are called as Memory Bank.
Memory Modules
SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module),
DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module.
Types of RAM
Static RAM / Cache Memory,
Dynamic RAM
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Types of RAM
Static RAM
Flip / Flop, Transistor.
Stores data till power is on.
Refreshing is not required. Static Ram is faster than
Dynamic Ram
Consumes more power
Expensive
E.g. L1, L2.
Dynamic RAM
Capacitors
Stores data only for f ew
miliseconds. Refreshing is required
Dynamic Ram is slowerthan Static Ram
Consumes less power
Less Expensive E.g. DRAM, EDO RAM, SD
RAM, RD RAM, DDR RAMetc.
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Dynamic RAM
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
30 Pin,
Capacity is 1 M
B,
SIMM.
EDO RAM (Enhanced Data Output RAM)
72 Pin,
Capacity is 4 MB 8 MB,
SIMM.
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Dynamic RAM
SDRAM (Synchronize Dynamic RAM)
168 Pin
Capacity is 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128MB, 256 MB,
512 MB.
DIMM.
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)
168 Pin,
Capacity is 64 MB 512 MB,
DIMM
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Dynamic RAM
DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM)
184 Pin
Capacity is 128MB 1 GB.
DIMM
Manufacturer of RAM
Kingston, Hyundai, Samsung etc.
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ROM Read Only Memory
Types of ROM
± PROM Programmable ROM
± EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM
± EEPROM Electrically Erasable PROM
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Hard Disk
It is a Electronic Device of storing the data in
large amount.
Features :-
Secondary Storage Device,
Permanently,
Non Volatile,
Large Capacity.
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Data Cable
Flows the data from controller to HD/CDD/
FDD.
Controller Card
Controls the data required by HD / CDD / FDD &
Processor.
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Types of Hard Disk
Winchester Hard Disk
Size 5.25
Controller
34 Pin
Capacity 5 MB 40 MB.
Single User
Heavy
Bulky
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Types of Hard Disk
IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) :-
Size 3.5
Controller 40 Pin
Capacity 40 MB 200 GB
Multi User
RPM = 3600 Latest 7200One IDE Controller can connect two devices, one as
Master and other as Slave.
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Types of Hard Disk
SCSI (Small Computer System interface)
Size 3.5
Controller 50 Pin
Capacity 40 MB 200GB
Multi User
RPM 7200 Latest 11200
One Controller can connect 7 devices
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Manufacturer of Hard Disk
Seagate
Samsung
Quantum Fireball
IBM
Western
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Floppy Disk Drive
Features :-
Secondary Storage Media,
RPM 360,
Controller 34 Pin.
One Floppy Disk Controller can connect two FDD, one as A:
and other as B:
Drive Connected af ter the twist is A:
Drive Connected before the twist is B:
Manufacturer of FDD:-
Sony, Panasonic.
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Types of FDD
Size
5.25
3.5
5.25
3.5
3.5
Capacity
360 KB
720 KB
1.22 MB
1.44 MB
2.88 MB
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Monitor
It is a Output Device, which is used in
computer to show or display the information
or data which is inside the computer.
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Monitor
Resolution
It is a number of pixels which are combine to each other
to form a character or an image on the screen in the form
of columns and rows in per square inch.
Display Card
Display card has a memory, so that it can constantly shows
the data or images on the screen of Monitor, which is
called as Video RAM (VRAM)
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XGA Extended Graphics Adapter
It is used for TUI
Resolution = 20 Pixels in Rows * 20 Pixels in
Columns
9 pin Display Card
VRAM = 64 KB
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MGA / MDA (Monochrome Graphic Adapter /
Monochrome Display Adapter)
It had a very good resolution than XGA i.e. 20*40
9 pin Display Card
VRAM = 128 KB
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CGA (Color Graphic Adapter)
It shows text in color
Resolution = 80*80
9 pin Display Card
VRAM = 256 KB
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VGA (Video Graphic Adapter) :-
It is used for graphics
Resolution = 400*600
15 Pin Display Card
VRAM = 512 KB
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SVGA (Super Video Graphic Adapter) :-
In this type of Monitor we can see Moving images.
Resolution = 1024*768
15 Pin Display Card
VRAM = 256 KB 2 MB
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Monitors
Types of Display Card :-9 Pin Display Card
15 Pin Display Card
AGP (AcceleratedGraphic Port)
It is used for 3D eff ect
VRAM = 4 MB 32 MB
It is 15 Pin Display Card It support
Manufacturer of Monitor :- Sonic, LG, Samsung.
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Power Supply
SMPS (Contd)
Diff erent Volts has diff erent colors of wires, are as follows
Yellow = +12V
Blue = -12V
Red = +5V
White = -5V
Black = 0 (GND)
Orange = +5V, Power Good Signal, which is a indication of proper
operation of Power Supply, also it refresh or reset the processor.
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Power Supply
SMPS (Contd)
Disk Drive = +12V, +5V, GND.
On Motherboard, -12V, -5V requires for Serial
Port.
ATX Power Supply :-
It is a 20 Pin Power Supply
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Multimeter
AC Voltmeter volts (v)
DC Voltmeter volts (v)
DC Current Ammeter Ampire amp
Resistance ohmmeter ohm
How to use Multimeter :-
Select the right meter
Always start from higher range
Use Black probe as common or ground
Use red probe as Positive.
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Power Supply
Earthing :-
Earthing is grounding of third terminal of main
voltage, to bypass of extra leakage current
from the device to the ground to protect &
prevent from damage or shock.
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Port
Port is a communication interface connectorwhere the data communication are taken place
between the PC and the external devices, e.g.
Parallel Port, Serial Port. Parallel Port (LPT) :-
It communicate between Processor and the
external devices like Printer, Scanner in bi-
directional i.e. it send or receive the data
parallely, where communication is faster.
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Port
Serial Port :-
It communicate between Processor and
external devices like Scanner, Modem, Mouse
in serial i.e. in sequence i.e. one by one, so
communication is very slow.
e.g. Com1, Com2.
f
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Types of Port
Parallel Port (LPT) :-
D-type 25 Pin Female connector
Serial Port :-
Com 1
Com 2
9/25 Pin D-type Male connector
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Types of Port
Game Port :-
15 Pin D-type Female Connector
It is require to connect Joystick
USB (Universal Serial Port) :-
4 Pin Female Connector
We can connect 127 Devices to one USB Port.
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Motherboard
It is a Main Board in which all the component of the
computer are connected to the Micro Processor.
Mother Board is nothing but a Printed Circuit Board,
which is also known as System Board.
Manufacturer of Mother Board
Intel, Asus, VIA, Mercury, HIS.
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Processor
It is called as Processor, because it process the
data and the instruction required by the
Computer.
P
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Processor
Manuf acturer
Processor ClockSpeed
(MHz)
DataBus
Speed
IBM
Intel
Intel
8085
8086
8088
- for normal data
processing i.e. fordocumentation &
calculations.
4.3 MHz
PC/XT 8 bit
P
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Processor
Intel AT 80286 12-25MHz
ISA 16 bit
Intel AT 80386
80387- Math Co-
Processor, for
scientific & difficult
mathematics
calculations.
16-40
MHz
ISA 16 bit
P
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Processor
Intel AT 80486It has in-built co-
processor
Cache Memory on
Mother Board
16-100MHz
EISA /VESA
32 bit
Intel 80586 / P I 60-233
MHz
PCI 32/
64 bit
P
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Processor
Intel PI MMX
(Multi Media
Extension)
166-
266
MHz
PCI +
AGP
32/64
bit
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Processor
Intel Celeron
L1 is removed.
M/B 810,810E,
815,815E,845.
300
MHz
2.4 GHz
PCI +
AGP
32 /
64 bit
Intel P III
L1 & L2 (512 KB
each)
M/B- 810,810E,
815,815E.
450
MHz
1.1 GHz.
PCI 32/
64 bit
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Processor
Intel P 4
L1 & L2 512 KB
each.M/B 845, 850,
860, 865.
HT 800 MHz.
1.5
2.8 GHz
PCI +
AGP
32/
64 bit
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CD ROM DRIVE
CD-ROM is a shortcut of Compact Disk Read
Only Memory, with the capacity of 74 MB 700
MB. Its lif e is several years.
There are three types of CDs :-
Audio CD It supports only Audio signals or
information.
CD-ROM It supports only the Text, data.
VCD It supports audio as well as video signals or
information.
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CD ROM DRIVE
Data on CD-ROM is arrange in the form of spiral manner i.e.
tracks are arrange in the form of spiral manner.
Similar to FDD, CDD also has a stepper motor and spindle
motor. The heart of CDD is the lense assembly. If the lense
is spoil CDD has no value.
The data on CD is arrange in the form of CDFS (Compact
Disk File System). This CDFS is similar to FAT.
CD ROM DRIVE
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CD ROM DRIVE
The data on CD-ROM is written in the form of Pits and Land.
The main core material used for writing the data on CD-ROM is
poly-carbonate, it is elastic in nature.
Speed of CDD always gives in X & 1X = 150 kbps, best CDD is
52X
Max. capacity of CD is 700 MB.
Manufacturer of CDD:-
Creative, LG, ASUS, ACER, Samsung, Mitsubishi.
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Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
It is a mark beginning of new audio, video, and
storage format.
DVD has better quality and resolution.
Presently the storage capacity of DVD is 4.7 GB.
It jointly develop by Sony, Mitsubishi, Toshiba,
Philips.
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