Hardware Sonali

8/8/2019 Hardware Sonali

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DAY 1



KWAREHardware and Networking

Training Academy



Knowledge Ware House

The Complete Knowledge

of

Hardware

and

Networking



Kware is.

Devoted to the development of the careerof student through

Industry Oriented Training to make him skillready.

Interview Oriented Personality Development

to get selected in industry.

Ensuring First Job of a student to start hisCareer



Why Hardware?

It is a stable field.

No High qualification is required.

International certifications like Comptia+,

Microsoft, Cisco & Linux are available so great

opportunities in IT Field.Education is cheaper.

Time required is less to start your first salary.



Fields of Computer Application

Banking

Financial Services

Insurance

Telecom

Media

And Many More



Your Expectations?



Workshop Review

What is Computer?

What are the Parts of Computers?

Uses of Computer

Diff erence Between Computer, Calculator,Human Being



What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic device which takes

data from the user through Input devices,

processes it with its Central Processing Unit

(CPU), and gives output through Output Devices.



Block Diagram of Computer

Central

Processing

Unit

(CPU)

Input

Devices

Output

Devices



Functions of Computer

Accepting Data

Storing Data

Processing Data

Displaying Data



The entire process of accepting data,

processing it and displaying the data

is called as

Input-Process-Output Cycle.



Data

Computer stores data in binary language i.e. 0 &

1, which is called as bit.

8 bit = 1 Byte

1024 Byte = 1 KB

1000 KB = 1 MB

1000 MB = 1 GB

1000 GB = 1 TB



Components of Computer

The PC comprises of two main parts :

Hardware

Sof tware



Software

It is a set of instructions or commands which are

programmed to communicate with the User and

the Hardware or computer to perform diff erent

tasks inside a Computer.



Types of Software

System Sof tware (O.S.)

Application Sof tware

Language Sof tware



System Software

It is interface between the user and the

computer to convert a user language (i.e. a, b,c) to machine language (i.e. 0 & 1)

Single User O.S. DOS

Multi User O.S. Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP,

Novell, Linux etc.



Application Software

It is Sof tware Program which have a set of

instruction to perform a specific task with help

of O.S.

E.g. MS Office 97, Norton Antivirus, Winamp,

Tally etc.



Language Software

It is a language program which is used to

develop Application Sof tware.

E.g. C, C++, JAVA etc.



DAY 2



Hardware

To make a Computer, we require some

physical components for interconnecting to

each other, is called as Hardware.

E.g. Keyboard, Hard Disk, Monitor etc.



Hardware Devices

Input Devices

Storage Devices

Processing Devices

Output Devices



Input Devices



Output Devices



Standard Parts of P.C.

Input Devices

Keyboard Mouse

Scanner

Webcam

Storage Devices

RAM ROM

Hard Disk

Floppy Disk

CD

DVD

USB Devices

Processing Devices

Processor Motherboard

ExpansionCards

Chipsets

BIOS

CMOS

SMPS

Output Devices

Monitor Printer

Speakers



Keyboard

It is an Input Device

83 Keys / 84 Keys / 101 Keys DOS OS.

104 Keys / 110 Keys / 120 Keys / 126 Keys Windows OS

Multimedia Keyboard (128) and Wireless Keyboard requires

Driver Sof tware.

Connectors 5-pin DIN, 6-pin PS/2 & 4-pin USB

Manufacturer Maple, Wipro, Intex etc.



Basic key Types on a Keyboard



KeyboardMechanical

It consists of Mechanical

switch for each key.

It is Noisy.

Replacement of key is

possible.

Heavy

Membrane

It consists of a common

rubber lay out for Keyboard.

It is Noise less.

Need to change whole

rubber pad.

Light



Keyboard Connectors

The keyboard can be connected to the PS/2 port or USB port

of the computer.

The connection between the keyboard and motherboard carry power to the keyboard.

Data is also carried to computer by same cable

The keyboard controller is an integrated circuit that processesdata from the keyboard and forwards it to the computer.



Keyboard Connectors

6-pin PS/2 Connector

Also known as 6-pin mini

DIN connector.

4-pin USB Connector

Connected to USB Port and

tends to be fast.



Mouse

Mouse is device that enables computer to move the

cursor/pointer to a specific point on the screen.

The mouse is particularly usef ul for Graphical User

Interface (GUI) applications, wherein you point to an

option or object on screen and click the appropriate

mouse button.

Can also be used for drawing objects on the screen.



Types of Mouse

1. Mechanical Mouse

2. Opto-mechanical Mouse

3. Optical Mouse

4. Cordless Mouse





Optomechanical Mouse

Uses optical sensors instead of mechanical sensors.

More accurate than mechanical mouse.



y Uses laser technology to detect movement of mouse

y Has no moving parts and moved along a special mouse

pad with grids on its surface.



Cordless / Wireless Mouse

Establishes a radio or an infrared link with a

transceiver (transmitter / receiver) that is

connected through a cable to the computer.

Operated on batteries



Mouse Connectors

Serial Connectors

PS/2 Connectors

USB Connectors



DAY 3



In the terms of computers, memory ref ers to

the chip that stores data.

The processor retrieves information stored inthe memory for processing data.

The storage capacity of a memory depends on

the type of memory package used.

Memory



Memory

Types of Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)



RAM Random Access Memory

Features :-

Primary Storage Media,

Semi-conductor based memory,

Volatile,

Limited Capacity.



RAM

Minimum Memory required to the Processor is 640 KB, which is

called as Base Memory or Conventional Memory.

Memory Slots are called as Memory Bank.

Memory Modules

SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module),

DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module.

Types of RAM

Static RAM / Cache Memory,

Dynamic RAM



Types of RAM

Static RAM

Flip / Flop, Transistor.

Stores data till power is on.

Refreshing is not required. Static Ram is faster than

Dynamic Ram

Consumes more power

Expensive

E.g. L1, L2.

Dynamic RAM

Capacitors

Stores data only for f ew

miliseconds. Refreshing is required

Dynamic Ram is slowerthan Static Ram

Consumes less power

Less Expensive E.g. DRAM, EDO RAM, SD

RAM, RD RAM, DDR RAMetc.



Dynamic RAM

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

30 Pin,

Capacity is 1 M

B,

SIMM.

EDO RAM (Enhanced Data Output RAM)

72 Pin,

Capacity is 4 MB 8 MB,

SIMM.



Dynamic RAM

SDRAM (Synchronize Dynamic RAM)

168 Pin

Capacity is 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128MB, 256 MB,

512 MB.

DIMM.

RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)

168 Pin,

Capacity is 64 MB 512 MB,

DIMM



Dynamic RAM

DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM)

184 Pin

Capacity is 128MB 1 GB.

DIMM

Manufacturer of RAM

Kingston, Hyundai, Samsung etc.



ROM Read Only Memory

Types of ROM

± PROM Programmable ROM

± EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM

± EEPROM Electrically Erasable PROM



Hard Disk

It is a Electronic Device of storing the data in

large amount.

Features :-

Secondary Storage Device,

Permanently,

Non Volatile,

Large Capacity.



Data Cable

Flows the data from controller to HD/CDD/

FDD.

Controller Card

Controls the data required by HD / CDD / FDD &

Processor.





Types of Hard Disk

Winchester Hard Disk

Size 5.25

Controller

34 Pin

Capacity 5 MB 40 MB.

Single User

Heavy

Bulky



Types of Hard Disk

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) :-

Size 3.5

Controller 40 Pin

Capacity 40 MB 200 GB

Multi User

RPM = 3600 Latest 7200One IDE Controller can connect two devices, one as

Master and other as Slave.



Types of Hard Disk

SCSI (Small Computer System interface)

Size 3.5

Controller 50 Pin

Capacity 40 MB 200GB

Multi User

RPM 7200 Latest 11200

One Controller can connect 7 devices



Manufacturer of Hard Disk

Seagate

Samsung

Quantum Fireball

IBM

Western



Floppy Disk Drive

Features :-

Secondary Storage Media,

RPM 360,

Controller 34 Pin.

One Floppy Disk Controller can connect two FDD, one as A:

and other as B:

Drive Connected af ter the twist is A:

Drive Connected before the twist is B:

Manufacturer of FDD:-

Sony, Panasonic.



Types of FDD

Size

5.25

3.5

5.25

3.5

3.5

Capacity

360 KB

720 KB

1.22 MB

1.44 MB

2.88 MB





Monitor

It is a Output Device, which is used in

computer to show or display the information

or data which is inside the computer.



Monitor

Resolution

It is a number of pixels which are combine to each other

to form a character or an image on the screen in the form

of columns and rows in per square inch.

Display Card

Display card has a memory, so that it can constantly shows

the data or images on the screen of Monitor, which is

called as Video RAM (VRAM)



XGA Extended Graphics Adapter

It is used for TUI

Resolution = 20 Pixels in Rows * 20 Pixels in

Columns

9 pin Display Card

VRAM = 64 KB



MGA / MDA (Monochrome Graphic Adapter /

Monochrome Display Adapter)

It had a very good resolution than XGA i.e. 20*40

9 pin Display Card

VRAM = 128 KB



CGA (Color Graphic Adapter)

It shows text in color

Resolution = 80*80

9 pin Display Card

VRAM = 256 KB



VGA (Video Graphic Adapter) :-

It is used for graphics

Resolution = 400*600

15 Pin Display Card

VRAM = 512 KB



SVGA (Super Video Graphic Adapter) :-

In this type of Monitor we can see Moving images.

Resolution = 1024*768

15 Pin Display Card

VRAM = 256 KB 2 MB



Monitors

Types of Display Card :-9 Pin Display Card

15 Pin Display Card

AGP (AcceleratedGraphic Port)

It is used for 3D eff ect

VRAM = 4 MB 32 MB

It is 15 Pin Display Card It support

Manufacturer of Monitor :- Sonic, LG, Samsung.





Power Supply

SMPS (Contd)

Diff erent Volts has diff erent colors of wires, are as follows

Yellow = +12V

Blue = -12V

Red = +5V

White = -5V

Black = 0 (GND)

Orange = +5V, Power Good Signal, which is a indication of proper

operation of Power Supply, also it refresh or reset the processor.



Power Supply

SMPS (Contd)

Disk Drive = +12V, +5V, GND.

On Motherboard, -12V, -5V requires for Serial

Port.

ATX Power Supply :-

It is a 20 Pin Power Supply



Multimeter

AC Voltmeter volts (v)

DC Voltmeter volts (v)

DC Current Ammeter Ampire amp

Resistance ohmmeter ohm

How to use Multimeter :-

Select the right meter

Always start from higher range

Use Black probe as common or ground

Use red probe as Positive.



Power Supply

Earthing :-

Earthing is grounding of third terminal of main

voltage, to bypass of extra leakage current

from the device to the ground to protect &

prevent from damage or shock.



Port

Port is a communication interface connectorwhere the data communication are taken place

between the PC and the external devices, e.g.

Parallel Port, Serial Port. Parallel Port (LPT) :-

It communicate between Processor and the

external devices like Printer, Scanner in bi-

directional i.e. it send or receive the data

parallely, where communication is faster.



Port

Serial Port :-

It communicate between Processor and

external devices like Scanner, Modem, Mouse

in serial i.e. in sequence i.e. one by one, so

communication is very slow.

e.g. Com1, Com2.

f



Types of Port

Parallel Port (LPT) :-

D-type 25 Pin Female connector

Serial Port :-

Com 1

Com 2

9/25 Pin D-type Male connector



Types of Port

Game Port :-

15 Pin D-type Female Connector

It is require to connect Joystick

USB (Universal Serial Port) :-

4 Pin Female Connector

We can connect 127 Devices to one USB Port.



Motherboard

It is a Main Board in which all the component of the

computer are connected to the Micro Processor.

Mother Board is nothing but a Printed Circuit Board,

which is also known as System Board.

Manufacturer of Mother Board

Intel, Asus, VIA, Mercury, HIS.



Processor

It is called as Processor, because it process the

data and the instruction required by the

Computer.

P



Processor

Manuf acturer

Processor ClockSpeed

(MHz)

DataBus

Speed

IBM

Intel

Intel

8085

8086

8088

- for normal data

processing i.e. fordocumentation &

calculations.

4.3 MHz

PC/XT 8 bit

P



Processor

Intel AT 80286 12-25MHz

ISA 16 bit

Intel AT 80386

80387- Math Co-

Processor, for

scientific & difficult

mathematics

calculations.

16-40

MHz

ISA 16 bit

P



Processor

Intel AT 80486It has in-built co-

processor

Cache Memory on

Mother Board

16-100MHz

EISA /VESA

32 bit

Intel 80586 / P I 60-233

MHz

PCI 32/

64 bit

P



Processor

Intel PI MMX

(Multi Media

Extension)

166-

266

MHz

PCI +

AGP

32/64

bit





Processor

Intel Celeron

L1 is removed.

M/B 810,810E,

815,815E,845.

300

MHz

2.4 GHz

PCI +

AGP

32 /

64 bit

Intel P III

L1 & L2 (512 KB

each)

M/B- 810,810E,

815,815E.

450

MHz

1.1 GHz.

PCI 32/

64 bit



Processor

Intel P 4

L1 & L2 512 KB

each.M/B 845, 850,

860, 865.

HT 800 MHz.

1.5

2.8 GHz

PCI +

AGP

32/

64 bit



DAY 5

CD ROM DRIVE



CD ROM DRIVE

CD-ROM is a shortcut of Compact Disk Read

Only Memory, with the capacity of 74 MB 700

MB. Its lif e is several years.

There are three types of CDs :-

Audio CD It supports only Audio signals or

information.

CD-ROM It supports only the Text, data.

VCD It supports audio as well as video signals or

information.



CD ROM DRIVE

Data on CD-ROM is arrange in the form of spiral manner i.e.

tracks are arrange in the form of spiral manner.

Similar to FDD, CDD also has a stepper motor and spindle

motor. The heart of CDD is the lense assembly. If the lense

is spoil CDD has no value.

The data on CD is arrange in the form of CDFS (Compact

Disk File System). This CDFS is similar to FAT.

CD ROM DRIVE



CD ROM DRIVE

The data on CD-ROM is written in the form of Pits and Land.

The main core material used for writing the data on CD-ROM is

poly-carbonate, it is elastic in nature.

Speed of CDD always gives in X & 1X = 150 kbps, best CDD is

52X

Max. capacity of CD is 700 MB.

Manufacturer of CDD:-

Creative, LG, ASUS, ACER, Samsung, Mitsubishi.



Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

It is a mark beginning of new audio, video, and

storage format.

DVD has better quality and resolution.

Presently the storage capacity of DVD is 4.7 GB.

It jointly develop by Sony, Mitsubishi, Toshiba,

Philips.

Documents

Hardware Sonali