HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL, MARCH 2018 ......Z EQ I Z APP APPLICATIONS PMU PMU Slide 12 Voltage Stability...

HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL, MARCH 2018

SYNCHROPHASOR APPLICATIONS EXISTING AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS Galina S. Ant onova , Technica l Sa les Eng ineer

Int roduct ion Phas or-enhanced s t a t e ca lcula t o r

Power s ys t em s t ab ilit y ap p lica t ions

Fault loca t ion ap p lica t ion

Wid e-a rea cont ro l ap p lica t ions

IEEE Guid e on us e o f s ynchrop has ors fo r p ro t ect ion and cont ro l ap p lica t ions

Synchrop has or p ro ject s :

Nort h Am erican Synchrop has or Init ia t ive (NASPI)

Wes t ern Int erconnect ion Synchrop has or Prog ram (WISP)

Ways t o lea rn:

PG&E Synchrop has or p roof o f concep t facilit y

Slid e 2

Agenda

Synchrophasor-based applicat ions

Slide 3

Phasor-Enhanced St at e Est imat or

Slide 4

ED EE EF

EG

EH

EJ

EK

EL EM

EN

EO

EP

EQ ER

ES

ET

DE F

G

K

J

L

O P

M

S

H

N

R T

Q

Y

X

Z

ZPS

ISP

ISR

ISM

IST

PMU

PMU

PMU

Phasor-Enhanced St at e Calculat or

Slide 5

Benef it s are increased observabilit y, redundancy, accuracy, and bad data detect ion capabilit y The applicat ion of a suf f icient number of PMUs across t he system will improve t he State Est imat ion solut ions t o t he point t hey will be called state calculat ions.

% of

Base

Error

10 20 30 40 50 60 908070 100

% of System Busses with PMUs

Base error or standard deviation without PMUs

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MagnitideAngle

Loadabilit y of (AC) t ransmission lines are limit ed by • Therm al cons t ra int s • Volt ag e cont ra int s • Dynam ic ang le cons t ra int s - Os cilla t o ry s t ab ilit y - Trans ient s t ab ilit y • St ead y-s t a t e ang le cons t ra int s

WAMS Ap p lica t ions p rovid e a way o f m onit o ring t he p roxim it y t o t he s t ab ilit y lim it s and cons t ra int s

Power Syst em St abilit y Const rains

Slid e 6

Power Syst em St abilit y Applicat ions

Thermal

Frequency Stability

Ambient Transient

Oscillatory Transient Steady-state

Rotor Angle Angle Stability Voltage Stability

Stability

Detection Intentional

Islanding

WAMSTarget

Phenomena

POM PDM PAM

VSM

LTM

Slide 7

PSGuard: Wide-Area Monit oring Syst em

PSGuard Applicat ions

Phase Angle Monit oring

Volt age Stabilit y Monit oring

Line Thermal Monit oring

Event Driven Data Archiving

Power Oscillat ion Monit oring

Power Damping Monit oring

SCADA/ EMS integrat ion

Communicat ion gateway

Slide 8

Volt age Inst abilit y Predict or

Slide 9

I V V Z

I V

Z

EQ EQ

APP

− =

=

VEQ V

ZAPP

ZEQ

PMU

VIP

I

Impe

danc

e Ohm

sTime

ZAPP

ZEQ

Volt age Inst abilit y

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Rece

iving

Bus

Volta

ge, V

R (pu

)

Power Delivered, PD (pu)

Load

Lines 1 and 2 in service

Three Phase FaultPD = 0, VR = 0

Line 1 Out

Line 2 Out

No LoadPD = 0, VR = 1.0

PMAX

UNSTABLE

PD

VEQVR

ZEQI ZAPP

Slide 10

Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) Principle

3 transmissioncorridor

Volta

ge

Power Transfer

* PML

Power Margin

Assessment of dist ance t o Point of Maximum Loadabilit y, PML – Ident ify net work equivalent –St ay on t op sect ion of PV Curve ! –Trigger emergency act ions when Power Margin t oo small –Pat ent ed Met hod

Slide 11

Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) Applicat ion

PMU measurements f rom both ends of t he line are used

PD

VEQVR

ZEQI ZAPP

APPLICATIONS

PMU PMU

Slid e 12

Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) User Int erf ace

Slide 13

Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) Applicat ion

Transmission Line Thermal Monit oring Compute average conductor t emperature t o provide –Real-t ime assessment of loadabilit y –Early warnings in case of overload –Available line capacit y –Indirect est imat ion of line sagging

RVS

IRIS

VR

XC2

XC2

Slid e 14

Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) Example

Field result s correlat e increased power t ransfer f rom 950 MW t o 1150 MW leads t o an average t emperat ure increase f rom 46C t o 49C over 30 min

Slide 15

Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) User Int erf ace

Slide 16

Ambient and Transient Power Oscillat ion Monit oring

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 6049.85

49.9

49.95

50

50.05

50.1

Time (sec)

Freq

uenc

y (Hz

)

ambient

transient

ambient

POM detect ing t ransient oscillat ions

PDM det ermining modes and charact erist ics based on ambient variat ions

Slide 17

Power Oscillat ion Monit oring (POM) Applicat ion

Detection of power swings in a high voltage power system.

Algorithm is fed with the selected voltage and current phasors.

Detection of the various swing (power oscillation) modes.

Quickly identifies the amplitude and frequency

Negative damping identification

Slide 18

Power Oscillat ion Monit oring (POM) Use Int erf ace

Slide 19

Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Applicat ion

Determine in real-t ime f rom ambient oscillat ions –Modal f requencies and

damping –Phase in each measurement

signal –Modal act ivit y Challenge –Ambient noise small

5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600

T86T77T76T74T62T61T16T01G16G15G14G13G12G11G10

G9G8G7G6G5G4G3G2G1 1

23456789101112131415161718192021222324

time/sample interval

normalised trend MW1

Slid e 20

Power Damping Monit or (PDM) User Int erace

Slide 21

Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Example

East -west mode - ~0.13 Hz Nort h-sout h mode - ~0.25 Hz Former east -west mode - ~0.17 Hz

Slide 22

Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Out put

20 30 40 50 60 70 800.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.3

Damping (%)

Mod

e Fr

eque

ncy

(Hz)

Result s for Oct ober 25, 2011 event

14:30 -14:59 CET during fault

15:00 – 15:30 CET post fault

Trip reduced damping of t he former east -west mode by 10%

PDM report ed around 60% damping of t he east -west mode before and dist urbance (nearly unaf fect ed)

-10 %

Slide 23

Phase Angle Monit oring (PAM) Principle

jX1 1V δ∠ 2 0V ∠

maxP

180°90°

90− °180− °δ

* 1 21 1 siRe nP

XVv Vi δ= { } =

21 0V VijX

δ∠ − ∠=

Phase Angle Monit oring Phase angle dif ference (δ) is indicat ive of : –Relat ion between grid st rength and

power t ransfer Abnormal values of t he phase angle dif ference is indicat ive of –Unusual power t ransfer –Line t rips –Abnormal volt age levels

∞

Slide 24

Phase Angle Monit oring (PAM) User Int erace

Slide 25

Angular Dif f erent ial Prot ect ion Example

Source: E.Martinez Angular Difference Protection Scheme, Conference on Actual Trends in Development of Power System development and Automation, Sept 2009, Moscow, Russia Slide 26

Angular Dif f erent ial Prot ect ion Example

Source: E.Martinez Angular Difference Protection Scheme, Conference on Actual Trends in Development of Power System development and Automation, Sept 2009, Moscow, Russia Slide 27

Int egrat ing SSO and PMU Funct ionalit y

AND

OR

Filter 1

Filter 2

OV (59)

OV (59)

Measurements V, F, etc PMU report

DFR report

...

SSO Mode 1 detectionSupersynchronous

Subsynchronous

SSO Mode 1 reporting

SSO_TripSSO_Mode 1

SSO_Mode X

3-phase Voltage

PMU data

f2 V2

f1 V1

To SSO Mode X detection

...

V1_59_Trip

V2_59_Trip

Slide 28

SSO = Subsynchronous Oscillat ions

29

Typical SSO Paramet ers (V, I, F) St reaming

Act ion (Alarm mit igat ion or prot ect ion)

SSO Oscillography Point s (t ypical)

Measurem ent s and SSO Filt e rs

Simulat ion model and syst em

St eady St at e Operat ion

Slid e 30

Conf igurat ion and SSO Filt er Out put

PG&E Proof of Concept Facilit y

St eady st at e operat ion

Slide 31

SSO Oscillography (f i lt er out put )

Measurement s and SSO f ilt ers Simulat ion: Overvolt age

Slid e 32

• One of possible fault locat ion t echnologies described by IEEE C37.114 Fault Locat ion Guide.

• Relies on negat ive sequence current and volt age measurement s f rom 2 ends (a t wo-t erminal met hod) • Dif ferent algorit hms and impedance mat rixes used for dif ferent fault s

• Dependent on t ime synchronizat ion and communicat ion

• Down t o 2% accuracy in fault locat ion were demonst rat ed

• Test ing performed at PG&E synchrophasor proof of concept facilit y

Det ermining f ault locat ion using synchrophasor measurement s

Slid e 33

Wide-Area Cont rol Applicat ions

Wide Area Power oscillat ion Damping cont rol WA-POD Choose feedback signals f rom any PMU equipped subst at ion Coordinat ed POD act ion f rom several act uat ors (SVC, FACTS, Generat ors) Prot ot ype WACS implement ed and t est ed – PMU-PCU400 PDC-MACH2 cont rol

syst em – Wide Area Power Oscillat ion

Damper (POD) wit h local signal based POD as backup

Deployed in 2010

Slide 34

region with loads

~ region with generation surplus

2004: Increasing capacit y wit h SVC

A A A increasing maximum transmission capacity

for active power

voltage

SVC

SVC: static var compensation

Slide 35

2004: FACTs f or Power Flow Cont rol ~

region with loads

region with generation surplus

A A A

FACTS

switched series compensation (SC) new 2004

thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC)*

dynamic flow control (DFC)* vision

* fast control

Slide 36

2004 vision: combining int elligent solut ions ~

region with load

region with generation surplus

A A A

FACTS

Step 2: increase reactance of

overloaded line

stable situation phasor unit

GPS satellite

central unit

Step 1: system analysis

free capacity available

temporary overload acceptable

Slide 37

Nordic Power Syst em Int erconnected power systems

–Finland –Sweden, –Norway, –East Denmark –West Denmark –Iceland (isolat ed)

Recent ly installed in Norway –PMUs (locat ions R, F, K, H) –SVCs (locat ions H, T, V)

R: Røssåga F: Fardal K: Kristiansand H: Hasle T: Tunsjdal V: Viklandet

R

F

H K

T

V

Slid e 38

Wide-area Power Oscillat ion Damper Cont rol

PMUs st reaming synchrophasors – Nedre Røssåga – Krist iansand

SVC is locat ed at Hasle – PDC

• receives volt age phasors • ext ract s volt age phasor angle

– ABB Mach2 Cont roller • Local cont rol • WAPOD Cont rol • Swit ch-over logic

Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.

Slide 39

Wide-area Monit oring and Cont rol Syst em

Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.

Slide 40

SVC Cont rol Implement at ion

Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.

Slide 41

Field Test Result s: Swit ching 420kV Hasle-Tegneby

Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.

Slide 42

SVC at Hasle (4 x 90 Mvar TCR)

Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.

WAPOD Field Tests:

Completed on 2011-11-15

Slide 43

Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive

Slide 44

Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive6

Source: NASPI Oct ober 2013

Slid e 45

Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive

Source: NASPI March 2015

Slid e 46

West ern Int erconnect ion Synchrophasor Program

Slide 47

West ern Int erconnect ion Synchrophasor Program

Source: WECC WISP Western Interconnection Synchrophasor, Vickie VanZandt NASPI Work Group Meeting October 2011

Slide 48

WISP Communicat ions

Slide 49

50

PG&E Synchrophasor Proof-of -Concept Facilit y (POC) is a smaller scale synchrophasor syst em used t o t est , validat e, and demonst rat e va rious funct ions and int e rop erab ilit y b efore fie ld d ep loym ent

PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept f acilit y

Slid e 50

51

PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept archit ect ure

Source: Grid monit oring and sit uat ional awareness: PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept project present at ion at ABB APW 2013 Slid e 51

IEEE PSRC Report on us e o f Synchrop has ors fo r Pro t ect ion Ap p lica t ions Synchrophasor applicat ions f or prot ect ion

Slid e 52

Present ap p lica t ions – Wid e-a rea freq uency m onit o ring – Power swing d e t ect ion – Load shed d ing – Aut om at ic g enera t or shed d ing – Dis t rib ut ed g enera t ion ant i-is land ing – Line reclos ing s e lect ivit y – Dis t ance t o fault Fut ure ap p lica t ions – Bus d iffe rent ia l re laying – Line d iffe rent ia l re laying – Dis t ance funct ion – Line b ackup p ro t ect ion

Conclusions

Slide 53

Synchrophasor measurement s have been used for various power syst em applicat ions Power syst em st abilit y applicat ions Wide area cont rol and prot ect ion applicat ions Synchrophasors dependency on t ime synchronizat ion and communicat ion present challenges Research and development lead t o growing use of synchrophasor for enhancing power syst ems