H YDRAULIC F RACTURING IN THE USA Angela Bianconi Megan Fleming Geetika Srivastava Anastasia Stolz...

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN THEUSA

Angela BianconiMegan FlemingGeetika SrivastavaAnastasia StolzSarah Tenison

FRACKING INTRODUCTION:WHAT IS IT?Angela Bianconi

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A drill site is prepared, a rig is moved in and drilling begins

-Sometimes offered $100,000 to drill on lands of homeowners

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Multiple barriers of steel casing and cement are installed to protect a freshwater aquifer located 10-1,500 feet below the surface, throughout the life of the well

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Drilling continues vertically thousands of feet below the surface to the kickoff point. From there, the curved and horizontal sections are drilled laterally thousands of feet into the target formation

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In a controlled operation, a specialized mixture of water, sand and chemical additives are injected into the wellbore at sufficient pressure to create small cracks or fractures in the shale

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Typically, the multistage hydraulic fracturing process is completed over a 2 to 5 day period. After the well is completed and the surface facilities are installed, the well is placed on production for 20-30 years. Portions of the well site not needed for production are restored.

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SO, WHAT IS SHALE?Anastasia Stolz

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WHAT IS SHALE?Shale- Black, low-density, organic-

rich rock formed millions of years ago, located thousands of feet below Earth’s surface

Natural gas formed during shale decomposition is trapped in tiny crevices in the shale

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FRACKING: THE GOOD AND THE BADAnastasia Stolz

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BENEFITS OF FRACKING>$1,000,000,000,000 of Natural

Gas in the ShaleCreating Jobs in construction and

drilling Independence from foreign oil

sourcesCleaner Burning FuelTax Revenues

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INFRASTRUCTURAL CONCERNSNoise PollutionProperty DevaluationEMS and Emergency ProceduresRoad Damage Increase in Taxes

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

EarthquakesAir PollutionLand UseWater UseChemicals

Environmental and Health Effects

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AIR POLLUTIONThe process of Hydraulic

fracturing causes various chemicals and pollutants to be released into the air

Comes from:The wellThe trucksOpen Air impoundments

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LAND USE4-6 Acres are necessary per well

3-5 years, possibly even longer

Land becomes restricted access even parks or public land

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WATER USE AND POLLUTION 1-5 million gallons of water is needed

per Frack Infused with chemicals 10-20% of water injected comes back up Waste water treatment plants are ill

equipped Produced Water Open Impoundments Spills

1,600 violations in Pennsylvania

Well water contamination

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CHEMICALS Originally proprietary Studies were done due to people developing various ailments

In 2011, EPA published a comprehensive list of chemicals in Frack Water1071 Chemicals counted

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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICALS (SPLIT ESTATE)Examples of Organic Compounds

Health Effects

Acetone Birth defects, headaches, confusion

Benzene Cancer, Leukemia

Ethylbenzene Reparatory problems, fatigue, headaches

Toluene Birth Defects, CNS Damage

Xylene Headaches, Balance problems, Memory Loss

Examples of Pollutants Health Effects

Arsenic Cancer

Hydrogen Sulfide Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of Memory and Motor Function

Mercury Brain Damage, Kidney Damage, Birth Defects

Polycyclic Aromatic Cancer

GOVERNMENTAL POLICYSara Tenison

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GOVERNMENTAL POLICY HISTORY Government policies have influenced the

natural gas industry from the get go Prices of natural gas were unregulated

until the 50s.Became regulated so that companies that

owned the wells and the pipelines could not charge unfair prices

The 1973 Congress passed the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 discouraged the use of natural gas in favor of

coal and renewable fuelsArab oil embargo heightened Congress’ fear of

low oil and gas supplies

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GOVERNMENTAL POLICY HISTORY Congress passed the Natural Gas Policy Act

of 1978 (NGPA) Relaxed federal price controls intended the NGPA to create a national natural

gas market and to allow market forces to determine wellhead prices (supply and demand, etc.)

Drilling, production and piping increased Prices of natural gas increased

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GOVERNMENTAL POLICY HISTORY Pipelines and drilling eventually became less

regulated Allowing for smaller businesses to crop up Increased competition Decreased prices No more “bundles”

Fewer monopolies of large companies

NATURAL GAS IN TEXASSara Tenison

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USE OF NATURAL GAS IN TEXASThe most common source of energy in the state

Used in fleet vehicles and busses Reduced 2005 fiscal consumption

of gasoline in Texas by 5 million gallons

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PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS IN TEXAS• Costs of drilling horizontal wells are around 50

percent higher than that for vertical wells. However, the daily production is three to five times higher• In 1993, the chairman of Oryx Energy Co.

• Gas in shale or coal beds were previously considered unrecoverable or uneconomic– The rise in gas prices has encouraged exploration– Only when natural gas prices are high is it worth

drilling through these sources to harvest the gas.– Drilling in these areas is expected to increase

• Texas is nation’s leading producer of natural gas– In 2006, produced 27.8 percent of total U.S.

production

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BARNETT SHALE It's a vast rock formation

underlies 5,000 square miles surrounding Fort Worth.

Barnett Shale field is the second-largest natural gas field in the continental U.S.

To date there are more than 12,000 gas wells in the Barnett Shale

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BARNETT SHALE CONTINUED

In the past decade the number of gas compressors in the Barnett has jumped from a few hundred to 1,300

-To get the gas to market requires an underground highway of pipelines and compression stations. These big internal combustion engines make noise and put pollutants into the air -They're getting closer and closer to populated areas

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TEXAS POLICY In Texas, the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) has delegated most of its authority over major federal environmental laws to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Such as its power over the Clean Air Act

The major exception is oil and gas exploration and production the Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) has the

EPA’s authority to deal with these matters

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TEXAS POLICY CONTINUEDThe companies have the right under

federal law to condemn privately owned land to build the project.

This law covers pipeline companies who receive FERC approval for a project but;Are unable to negotiate passage or price

with the private landownersLandowners must be fairly

compensated This practice is largely avoided where

possible because of the potential for dispute

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TEXAS FRACKING POLICY Outside of regular federal policy, Texas has

not added very much legislation to regulate fracking

Was one of the first two states to require companies to disclose a list of chemicals used Still does not require disclosure of proprietary

The state also has required groundwater data at thousands of wells

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LOCAL PROBLEMS In order to avoid drying up sources of water,

most of the water drawn from any water source is returned to where it was gotten bad because it is polluted by the time it gets

back Complaints of stomach issues, nausea and

vomiting DISH, Texas

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DISH, TEXAS

2sq miles, 150 thousand people 10 massive gas lines carry a billion cubic

feet per day through the town the pipelines shoot the gas to the air

settles in one of the subdivisions the people in that subdivision thought

they were going to die local complaints of headaches, diarrhea, nosebleeds,

dizziness, muscle spasms and other problems

As a result, DISH conducted its own air quality test at a cost of 15 percent of the town's annual

budget revealed a toxic mixture of air pollution

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DISH, TEXAS the air from that area had lots of benzene,

naphthalene, disulfides, was at 55 times benzene health standards and 105 times disulfide standards (Gasland)

the town petitioned and won the right to install permanent air monitorsone of seven in the entire state of Texas.

cancer and neurotoxins will show effect over a long time of exposure (FracAction)

The mayor just recently moved out of the town, wishing to remove his sons from the poisonous air.Media calls him “overdramatic”

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TEXAS OUTLOOK US demand for natural gas is expected to

keep increasing Very few epidemiological studies have been

done to link complaints and fracking. Individuals “smell things that don’t make them

feel well, but we know nothing about cause-and-effect relationships in these cases”

Some local governments are researching means by which they can drill on existing public land (e.g., parks and cities)

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MANUFACTURING UNCERTAINTY

Tobacco Companies used to deny smoking was bad with these same techniques

ExxonMobil waged the most successful global warming denial campaign since the Big Tobacco Companies (sunnysuffolk) Admitted in 2007: Used  information laundering 

used seemingly independent front groups to wagepublic relations for the company.

Funneled about $16 million to these front groups to manufacture this uncertainty.

Paid scientists to cherry-pick data and misrepresent peer-reviewed scientific evidence

Raised doubt and shifted the focus away from global warming action by questioning if the data was "sound science".

Used its extraordinary access to the Bush Administration to block regulation and shape governmental communications about global warming.

The question must be raised: Is this happening again?

POLICY IN OHIOGeetika Srivastava

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UNCLEAR Relatively new Ohio Not as many well sites compared to

other states Policies ambiguous and unclear as to

whose responsibility it is Major regulators: ODNR and EPA

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UTICA AND MARCELLUS SHALE

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UTICA SHALE AND MARCELLUS SHALE

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OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Drilling Production Reclamation Brine Disposal Salt Solution Mining Underground Injection Well-Monitoring Issuing permits Setting designs Wastewater Management

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RECENT ADDITIONSNotifications from companiesEnsuring casing is properly placed as permitted

Testing of blow-out prevention devices

Monitoring of handling of fluid

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Does not set guidelines for private property leasing

No mention how often these checks and regulations are required

No mention of reviews

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Requires companies to obtain

authorization for drilling near bodies of water

Permits needed to install units for activities that emit air pollutants

Proper containment devices and waste management

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NEW REVISIONS New permit – more general to deal with

inconsistencies in standards from well to well

Emissions limit Operating restrictions Monitoring, testing, and reporting News to be heard on Nov. 28th

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HOWEVER Emissions include:

Internal combustion engines Dehydration systems Truck-loading racks Storage tanks Flares Unpaved roadways

Does not include emissions from actual drilling and fracturing Considered temporary and exempt from air

pollution regulations

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ALSO Do not have policies or regulations on

leases between private owners and businesses

Do not state how often regulations and requirements must be met

NEW YORK FRACKING

Megan Fleming

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WHERE IS THE MARCELLUS SHALE?

Extends throughout 5 states: New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland

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MARCELLUS SHALE IN NEW YORK

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MARCELLUS SHALE IN NEW YORK First well drilled in 1821 Over 75,000 wells drilled from 1821-

present Approximately 14,000 wells are still

active In 2008 New York imported 95% of its

natural gas from the southwest, but this dependence is quickly decreasing

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FRACKING NOT WELCOME New York divided

into 17 watersheds Fracking only

requires 0.24% increase in water supply

Delaware River Watershed provides water to 15.6 million people from: Trenton, Philadelphia, Southern New Jersey, New York City

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DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION (DRBC)

Current debate on whether to allow fracking in Delaware River Basin

20,000 gas wells can be drilled in Basin Natural Gas Development Regulations

currently being formed with top priority to protect the water resources of the Basin during construction and operation of fracking projects

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IN CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is no denying that

natural gas is extremely useful and beneficial to our economy and to our lives.

However, there is a need for a new, safer, way to harvest the natural gas.

Hydraulic fracturing is not the answer to our energy needs. It is, instead, a nightmare to those citizens who are around it.

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