Goal #1: Cell Theory. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Dutch fabric merchant. Amateur Scientist. Made the first...

Goal #1:

Cell Theor

y

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch fabric merchant.

• Amateur Scientist.

• Made the first microscope.

1600’s

Leeuwenhoek looked at:

BloodPond Water

Plaque

Results:He discovered microorganismsHe was the first person to see a living cell

Before the microscope people believed diseases were caused by curses or supernatural spirits.

1665

Robert Hooke• English

Scientist• Museum

Caretaker

He looked at:

• Thin slices of cork.

• Results:• Observed nonliving cells.• Came up with the name “cells”.

Matthias Schleiden

German Botanist

SchleidenLooked at

Plant Cells & Parts

Results:He made the

statement… “All plants are made

up of cells”.

Memory Trick: ”Matt Shleiden

to a tree!”

Theodor Schwann

German Zoologist

Schwann looked at

animal cells & parts

Results:He made the

statement… “All animals are made up of cells”.

Memory Trick: ”The Schwann

is an animal!”

Rudolph Virchow

German Doctor

What he Looked at:Used the microscope to look at all kinds of cells.

Results: Stated that all cells come from other cells

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the basic (smallest) units of structure of living things.

3. All cells come from other cells.

Goal #2: Prokaryotes

pro = beforekary = nut/kernel (nucleus)

ote = type

Two Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic Cells– Do not contain a nucleus or any membrane

bound organelles

• Eukaryotic Cells– Contain a nucleus and other membrane

bound organelles

The first cells…• Prokaryotic cells are believed to be the

first cells that existed.• It is believed that this occurred when

genetic material (DNA) became lumped together and sealed into tiny packages – called cells.

• Later on, prokaryotes would be “swallowed” by larger cells and would form the nucleus of the larger cells, known as eukaryotic cells.

Don’t Write This!

Eukaryotic cells are 1 to 100 times bigger

than prokaryotic

cells.

The genetic material (DNA or RNA) floats around loose in the jelly-like cytoplasm

The cell is held together by the cell membrane (like a water balloon)

Genetic material

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

ROUND ROD SPIRAL

• Prokaryotes are very small organisms made of 1 prokaryotic cell.–Ex) Bacteria

• They are microscopic! (cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope)

Escheria coliFood poisoning

Streptoccus aureus

Strep Throat

Staphylococcus aureus

Staph Infection

Neisseriameningitidis

Meningitis

Goal #3: Eukaryotes

eu = truekary = nut/kernel

(nucleus)ote = type

• Eukaryotic cells – cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles–Plants–Animals–Fungi–Protists

Eukaryotic cells have…

Organelles• Structures in eukaryotic cells

that perform certain functions for the cell

Cell Membrane

• Flexible outer covering of the cell.

• Has tiny holes & gates to control what goes in or out of the cell.

Cytoplasm• Clear thick, jelly-like fluid.

• Supports cell’s organelles

• Fills up the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

• It is constantly flowing.

Nucleus• Largest organelle

in the cell.

• The control center of the cell.

• Contains the directions for making proteins.

• Contains the genetic material

Chromatin• Stringy material spread

throughout nucleus – uncoiled chromosomes

• Consists of DNA bound to protein

• Contains instructions for making protein

Chromosome• Wound up

chromatin structures that contain DNA

• Only present in cell during cell division

Protein Transport Chain

• A cell’s job is to make protein • That protein is produced in the nucleus

and shipped out to other cells

Nucleolus• Small round

object found in the nucleus

• Place where ribosomes are made.

Ribosomes• Small round

structures found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm

• Place where protein is made.

Nuclear Envelope (Membrane)

• Double-membrane layer around nucleus

• Contains tiny pores

• Allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Two types:

– Smooth ER (no proteins on surface)

– Rough ER (proteins on surface – like sprinkles!)

• Tunnels in the cytoplasm.

• The transport system used to get protein from one part of the cell to another.

Golgi Apparatus

• Smooth, stack-like membranes.

• Protein is sent here from the ER and is packaged for shipment out of the cell.

Other Organelles

• Much more happens in a cell besides protein production and transport

• Many other organelles are present and have their own function within the cell!

Don’t Write This!

Mitochondria• Bean

shaped.• Has 2

membranes• Place where

sugar is broken down.

• Supplies energy to the cell.

• The “powerhouse” of the cell.

Centrioles

• Tube made of many smaller “microtubules”

• Assist during cell division – only present during division

Cilia & FlagellaCilia short hair-like projections from cell surface

Cilia & FlagellaFlagellaLong whip-like projections

Both help the cell to move

Lysosomes• Small round

structures filled with enzymes – found only in animal cells.

• The “clean up crew”.

• Dissolves old cell parts.

Cell Wall

• Rigid, Strong outer covering of a plant cell.

• Helps protect and support the cell.

• Made of cellulose (fiber).

• Liquid Storage Tanks

• Plants cells have one large vacuole.

• Animals cells have a few small vacuoles.

• Holds waste, water, enzymes.

Vacuoles

Chloroplast

• Large green structures found only in plant cells

• Contains chlorophyll that captures sunlight.

• Place where food is made.

SPECIALIZED CELLSDiversity of Life Overview

This presentation highlights the specialized organelles that each

type of living thing has in order to survive in its conditions.

This information can be written anywhere on your note page – if you cannot fit it in the slide, write in

the margins around the slide!

BACTERIA

Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

Cell Wall – in some – cell membrane in ALL

Pilli – Sex/Communication Organs Flagella – For Movement

Protists (Single Celled Eukaryotes)

Cilia – for movement and engulfing prey Flagella – whips for moving themeslves

Fungi (Multicullular Eukaryotes)

Many different organelles Cell wall, but no chloroplasts

Plants(Multicellular Eukaryote)

Cell Wall – Rigid covering – for protection Chloroplasts – for absorbing sun Chlorophyll – makes plant appear green Vacuole – Stores water – makes plant

strong

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

Animals(Multicellular Eukaryotes)

Centrioles – used in cell division

Homework

• Cell Choice #2

PROKARYOTE

ANIMAL

CELL

PLANT

CELL

Monday September 27th

1.What type of eukaryotic cell is shown?

2.What are the things inside of the cell called?

3.What is the function of the nucleus?

Goal #4:

Focus magnification on a specimen

using a microscope

Parts of Microscope

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4584444570497215104&ei=M3z-SOCPKofA-wHW-4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en

Parts of Microscope

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4584444570497215104&ei=M3z-SOCPKofA-wHW-4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en

Pond Water

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4573224209896349246&hl=en

Key Terms

Specimen – the object that you are looking at

Clean slide – a glass slide that does not have a specimen on it

Field of View – the area that you see when looking through the microscope

Things You Never DoTouch the lenses

Place slide on table

Place scope towards edge of table

Turn large knob when using the high power

Touch the specimen on a slide

Things You Always Do

Carry scope with two hands

Use lens paper to clean lens

Keep slides in slide box

Turn small knob when using high power

How to Focus

1. With low power2. Turn large knob to focus3. Turn diaphragm to adjust light4. Slowly turn to medium/high power5. Focus by turning small knob ONLY

Magnification

Ocular lens X Objective lens = Total magnification

Low Power _____ x _____ = ______

Medium Power _____ x _____ = ______

High Power _____ x _____ = ______

Making a Wet Mount Slide

1. Place 1 drop of water on glass slide using pipet.

2. Place specimen on glass slide.3. Place cover slip on specimen.

(Do not push down on cover slip!)

How to Store a Microscope

1. Turn off light2. Turn to low-power objective3. Lower stage4. Remove slide5. Cover the microscope

Goal #5Cell Membrane

I. The Plasma Membrane Function (Cell Membrane)

Selectively permeable

• Permeable – things can go in and out

• Selective – some things can, some can’t

Provides

• Protection

• support

What is the plasma membrane’s job?

• To allow nutrients to come into the cell when amounts become low.

• To remove excess nutrients when levels get too high.

• To allow waste products to leave the cell.

The Fluid Mosaic Model• Fluid – phospholipids and proteins

are always moving• Mosaic – the proteins are scattered

with no pattern

Phospholipid bilayer:2 layers of phospholipids arranged back-to-back

Phospholipid Draw

Cholesterol – prevents fatty acids chains from sticking together

Protein FunctionPassageways for

molecules to pass through using transport proteins

Communication with other cells using carbohydrates

2 types of Proteins

• Channel – small molecules (ions) diffuse (pass through)

• Carrier – binds specific molecule and changes shape to allow molecule through