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Gestational Hypertension. Objectives Definitions Diagnosis Management Fetal / Maternal assessment Anti-Hypertensive therapy Anti-Seizure therapy Transport. Definitions Preexisting hypertension Gestational hypertension without proteinuria with proteinuria - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Gestational HypertensionInternational
Gestational Hypertension
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Objectives• Definitions• Diagnosis• Management
- Fetal / Maternal assessment- Anti-Hypertensive therapy- Anti-Seizure therapy- Transport
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Definitions• Preexisting hypertension• Gestational hypertension
- without proteinuria - with proteinuria - with proteinuria and adverse conditions
• Preexisting hypertension with superimposed gestational hypertension with proteinuria
• Unclassifiable antenatally
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Definitions• Hypertension
- absolute value of 140/90 mmHg incremental rise of 30/15 mmHg diastolic BP of ³ 90 mmHg
• sitting position with arm at heart level• appropriate size cuff• accurate mercury sphygmomanometer• Korotkoff sounds I and IV recorded• confirm BP in 4 hours unless very high
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Definitions• Proteinuria
- urine protein 2+ on dipstick- urine protein 300 mg/d on 24 hour collection
• proteinuria indicates glomerular dysfunction• 24 hour urine should be considered if urine protein
1+ on dipstick• edema may result from vasospasm and decreased
oncotic pressure but this is not part of the definition
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Manifestations of SeverityGestational hypertension with adverse conditions
• diastolic BP > 110 mmHg• laboratory evidence - platelets, LFT's, uric acid• renal effects - proteinuria > 3 g/d, oliguria• CNS effects - seizure, headache, visual disturbances• other organ involvement - lung, liver, hematologic• fetal compromise
- previously known as severe preeclampsia
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Incidence• 10% of all pregnancies complicated by hypertension
- one third of these will have proteinuria• majority of preeclampsia in nulliparous patients
- increased mortality risk in older gravidas- increased risk in first pregnancy with new partner- increased risk with preexisting hypertension, renal
disease, diabetes mellitus• preeclampsia is a leading cause of direct maternal
mortality
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Management• Stress reduction first• Assessment of mother and fetus• Treat blood pressure if dBP > 110 mmHg• Treat nausea and vomiting• Treat epigastric pain• Consider seizure prophylaxis• Consider timing/mode of delivery
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Stress Reduction• component of maternal BP is adrenergic• maternal discomfort must be minimized• several components
- quiet, dimly lit, isolated room - well planned management protocol- clear explanation of plan to patient/family- minimization of negative stimuli- consistent, confident team approach
nursing, obstetrics, anaesthesia, hematology, pediatrics
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Assessment of Mother - Clinical• Blood Pressure
- assess severity- consistency in measuring- relationship of high BP to CVA not seizure
• Central Nervous System- presence and severity of headache- vision disturbances - blurring, scotomata- tremulousness, irritability, hyperreflexia, somnolence- nausea and vomiting
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Assessment of Mother - Clinical• Hematologic
- edema- bleeding, petechiae
• Hepatic- RUQ and epigastric pain- nausea and vomiting
• Renal- urine output and colour
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Assessment of Mother - Laboratory• Hematologic
- hemoglobin, platelets, blood film- PTT, INR, fibrinogen, FDP- LDH, uric acid, bilirubin
• Hepatic- ALT, AST- (glucose, ammonia to R/O AFLP)
• Renal- proteinuria- creatinine, urea, uric acid
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Assessment of Fetus• Fetal movement• Fetal heart rate assessment• Ultrasound for growth• Biophysical profile• Amniotic fluid volume• Doppler flow studies
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Treatment• Nausea and Vomiting
- antiemetic of choice
• RUQ / Epigastric Pain- morphine 2 - 4 mg IV- antacid- minimize palpation
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Anti-hypertensive Therapy - Goals• minimize risk of maternal CVA• maximize maternal condition for safe delivery• gain time for further assessment
- facilitate vaginal delivery if possible- prolong gestation where appropriate/feasible
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Anti-hypertensive Agents - Acute Therapy• Arteriolar Dilators
- hydralazine
• ß-Blockers- labetalol
• Calcium Channel Blockers- nifedipine
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Anti-hypertensive Agents - Maintenance Therapy
• Centrally Acting Sympatholytic Agents- methyl-dopa
• ß-Blockers- atenolol- labetalol
• Calcium Channel Blockers- nifedipine
ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Hydralazine• direct vasodilator, first line agent in acute settings• intravenous rapid onset useful for hypertensive crisis• can be used orally• Dosage - 5 mg IV test dose 5-10 mg q 20-40 minutes• Cautions - hypotension with fetal compromise may occur
in slow acetylators and hypovolemic patients • Side Effects - may cause flushing, headache, tachycardia
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Methyldopa• centrally acting a2-receptor agonist, oral agent• long history of safe use in pregnancy, well tolerated• some concern regarding ability to control BP• not for use in acute settings• Dosage - 500 - 3000 mg po in 2 - 4 divided doses• Cautions - drug of choice in essential hypertension• Benefits - minimal side-effects and safe
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Atenolol• ß1-receptor antagonist, oral agent cardiac output, renin release, vasomotor inhibitor• onset of action in 1 hour peak levels in 2-4 hours• long half life once a day dosing• Dosage - 50 -100 mg po OD• Cautions - DM, asthma, baseline FH, variability present
- risk of IUGR with chronic use• Benefits - often only agent needed
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Labetalol• combined 1 and ß-blocker with ISA• intravenous rapid onset useful for hypertensive crisis• can be used orally• Dosage - maximum 300 mg IV dose
- 20 mg IV followed by 20-80 mg IV titrated to BP• Cautions - concern re: fetal responses to hypoxia• Benefits - dependable, titratable, familiar
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Nifedipine• calcium channel blocker, oral agent• direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle• rapid onset of action if regular capsule used• Dosage - Adalat-PA 10 mg bid 40 mg bid• Side Effects - magnesium toxicity, edema, flushing,
headache, palpitations, tocolytic
use of short acting form discouraged
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Hypertensive Crisis• Stabilize severe hypertension
- use hydralazine, ß-blocker, and/or Adalat-PA- goal maintain diastolic BP at 90 - 100 mmHg- monitor fetal status while treating BP
• Seizure prophylaxis• Intravascular volume status
- Foley catheter seldom experience ARF- do not fluid overload seldom require CVP line
• Deliver
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Seizure Prophylaxis • difficult to predict who will seize
- not directly related to degree of hypertension or level of proteinuria
• high 'number needed to treat' to prevent seizure
• agents not innocuous nor completely effective
• MgSO4 is agent of choice when seizure prophylaxis is felt to be indicated
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Magnesium Sulfate• obstetrical standard but not used in other settings• superior to phenytoin for prophylaxis• superior to phenytoin or diazepam in preventing recurrence
• Dosage - 4 g IV followed by 1 - 4 g / hour IV or 4 g IM q4h• Side Effects - weakness, paralysis, cardiac toxicity• Monitor - reflexes, respiration, level of consciousness
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Magnesium Sulfate - Overdose• close observation for side effects
- weakness, respiratory paralysis, somnolence• especially high risk in those with oliguria or
receiving Ca2+ channel blockers
ANTIDOTE• stop magnesium infusion • 10% Calcium gluconate 10 mL IV over 3 minutes
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Transport• consider transport only if resources limited and
maternal/fetal condition permits • maternal BP and symptoms stable• fetal status reassuring• appropriate anti-hypertensive agents started• MgSO4 started if appropriate • discuss with accepting centre and patient/family• MgSO4 and anti-hypertensives potentially fatal in overdose
Gestational HypertensionInternational
When to Deliver 37 weeks with gestational hypertension 34 weeks with severe gestational hypertension• < 34 weeks with any of:
- poorly controlled dBP- lab evidence of worsening end-organ involvement- suspected fetal compromise- uncontrolled seizures- symptoms unresponsive to appropriate therapy
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Delivery - The Cure• timely delivery minimizes maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality • optimize maternal status before interventions to deliver• delay delivery to gain fetal maturity and to allow transfer
only when maternal and fetal condition allow it
• gestational hypertension is a progressive disease, expectant management is potentially harmful in presence of severe disease or suspected fetal compromise
Gestational HypertensionInternational
Peri- and Postpartum Management• do not drop BP too low risking fetal compromise• do not fluid overload• epidural analgesia is favoured in the absence of
low platelets or coagulopathy • multi-specialty approach• patient must be monitored post-partum
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