George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams

■The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)–Early Antebellum (1800-1840)Early Antebellum (1800-1840)

•American nationalism•Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy

–Late Antebellum (1840-1860)Late Antebellum (1840-1860)•Manifest Destiny into the West•Sectionalism divided North & South

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3.3. Thomas Thomas

JeffersonJefferson4. James

Madison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

■Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”:–For the first time, a new

political party took the presidency

–Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-RepublicansJefferson Video

Jefferson as President■As a Democratic-Republican,

Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:

–He reduced the size of the army

–Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire

Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

“Midnight Judges”■Before leaving office, President

Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts

–John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court

–Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court

The Legacy of John Marshall The Legacy of John Marshall

■ Marbury v. Madison (1803) ■ McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ■ Dartmouth College v.

Woodward (1819) ■ Cohens v. Virginia (1821) ■ Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ■ Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831)

In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the

national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts

Marbury v. Madison■Jefferson invalidated as many of

Adams’ midnight judges as possible–One judge, William Marbury, sued

claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress

–The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Judicial Review

The United States in 1800

From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA

Kentucky (1792)

Ohio (1803)

Tennessee (1796)

In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

In 1803, Jefferson authorized the

Louisiana Purchase from France

for $15 million

Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory;

Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power

to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway

Louisiana Purchase Video

Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

Jefferson’s Legacy■Jefferson came into office trying

to reduce the size & power of the national government, but:–By buying Louisiana, he

expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution

–He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

Napoleon’s Empire

Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it

hurt the English or French

Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase

the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4.4. James James

MadisonMadison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

■James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812–Madison was the architect

of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP

–Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

The War of 1812■Unfortunately, the war between

England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:–England & France continued to

violate American free trade–The British navy continued to

“impress” American merchants–Many Congressmen, called

“War HawksWar Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor

“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry

Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”

Madison eventually gave

in & asked Congress for a declaration of

war in June 1812

The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)

■ The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began–Had a weak

navy & poorly trained army

–The war went badly at first

…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key

wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…

The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)

■ Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)

■ In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war

■ Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans

The Americans were led by

Andrew Jackson who became a national hero

The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

Treaty of Ghent■ Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent ended the war, but

it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war

■Effects of the War of 1812:–Americans were united in a sense

of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British

–America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy

1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4. James

Madison5.5. James James

MonroeMonroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

■James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:–To promote national unity –To promote America’s

power in the world■Monroe was a Democratic-

Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything

The Era of Good Feelings■ After the War of 1812, America

experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:

–Monroe & the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism

–NationalismNationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests

American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in

Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of

the national gov’t over the states

American Nationalism ■John Marshall (1801-1835) used

the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t:

American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in

Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of

the national gov’t over the states–Economy: Encourage industry &

build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

The American System■In 1816, Congressman Henry

Clay proposed the American American SystemSystem to unify the economies of the North, South, & West–Created a 2nd Bank of the U.S. –Created a tariff to promote U.S.

industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods

–A nat’l system of roads & canals

Transportation by 1840:

Rivers, Roads, Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Canals, & RailroadsRailroads

The American System allowed the USA to create a national market economy for the 1st time

Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories

Northern factories made manufactured goods that were sold

throughout the country

Western farms grew grains & raised livestock that fed the nation

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi

Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union:

Louisiana (1812)

Indiana (1816)

Mississippi (1817)

Illinois (1818)

Alabama (1819)

After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the

population lived in the WestThis economic & territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national boundaries

American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in

Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of

the national gov’t over the states–Economy: Encourage industry &

build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

–Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs

American Nationalism President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to

promote nationalism & territorial expansion

In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the

US/Canada border set at the 49º

In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the

Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty

Nationalist Foreign Policy■When Latin American nations

gained independence, the U.S. supported the new republics:–Monroe did not want Europeans

re-colonizing in Latin America –Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (1823) warned

European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere & that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe

Sectionalism ■The Era of Good Feelings was a

time of nationalism, but there were problems between North & South –SectionalismSectionalism—when regional

interests are placed above national interests

–Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, national taxes, & the role of national gov’t

–These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860

Missouri Compromise■When Missouri applied to become

a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged–Missouri wanted to become a

slave state, like the South –Northerners did not want to see

Southern slave states increase their power in the national gov’t

–If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North

Because of the 3/5 Compromise, the South had more members of

the House of Representatives

President Monroe was from Virginia, so the South controlled the presidency too

In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise

Missouri became a slave state

Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state

Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'