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The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860) Early Antebellum (1800-1840) American nationalism Age of the “common man” Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy Late Antebellum (1840-1860) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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■The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)–Early Antebellum (1800-1840)Early Antebellum (1800-1840)
•American nationalism•Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy
–Late Antebellum (1840-1860)Late Antebellum (1840-1860)•Manifest Destiny into the West•Sectionalism divided North & South
1. George Washington
2. John Adams3.3. Thomas Thomas
JeffersonJefferson4. James
Madison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
■Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”:–For the first time, a new
political party took the presidency
–Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-RepublicansJefferson Video
Jefferson as President■As a Democratic-Republican,
Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:
–He reduced the size of the army
–Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire
Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty
“Midnight Judges”■Before leaving office, President
Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts
–John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court
–Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court
The Legacy of John Marshall The Legacy of John Marshall
■ Marbury v. Madison (1803) ■ McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ■ Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (1819) ■ Cohens v. Virginia (1821) ■ Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ■ Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
(1831)
In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the
national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts
Marbury v. Madison■Jefferson invalidated as many of
Adams’ midnight judges as possible–One judge, William Marbury, sued
claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress
–The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Judicial Review
The United States in 1800
From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA
Kentucky (1792)
Ohio (1803)
Tennessee (1796)
In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana
The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
In 1803, Jefferson authorized the
Louisiana Purchase from France
for $15 million
Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory;
Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America
As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power
to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway
Louisiana Purchase Video
Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804
Jefferson’s Legacy■Jefferson came into office trying
to reduce the size & power of the national government, but:–By buying Louisiana, he
expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution
–He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade
Napoleon’s Empire
Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it
hurt the English or French
Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase
the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo
1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4.4. James James
MadisonMadison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
■James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812–Madison was the architect
of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP
–Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t
The War of 1812■Unfortunately, the war between
England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:–England & France continued to
violate American free trade–The British navy continued to
“impress” American merchants–Many Congressmen, called
“War HawksWar Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor
“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave
in & asked Congress for a declaration of
war in June 1812
The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)
■ The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began–Had a weak
navy & poorly trained army
–The war went badly at first
…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key
wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”
The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)
■ Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly
The The War of 1812 War of 1812 (1812—1814)(1812—1814)
■ In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
■ Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans
The Americans were led by
Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war
Treaty of Ghent■ Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent ended the war, but
it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war
■Effects of the War of 1812:–Americans were united in a sense
of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British
–America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy
1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4. James
Madison5.5. James James
MonroeMonroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
■James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:–To promote national unity –To promote America’s
power in the world■Monroe was a Democratic-
Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything
The Era of Good Feelings■ After the War of 1812, America
experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:
–Monroe & the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism
–NationalismNationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests
American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in
Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of
the national gov’t over the states
American Nationalism ■John Marshall (1801-1835) used
the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t:
American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in
Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of
the national gov’t over the states–Economy: Encourage industry &
build better transportation to link the South, North, & West
The American System■In 1816, Congressman Henry
Clay proposed the American American SystemSystem to unify the economies of the North, South, & West–Created a 2nd Bank of the U.S. –Created a tariff to promote U.S.
industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods
–A nat’l system of roads & canals
Transportation by 1840:
Rivers, Roads, Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Canals, & RailroadsRailroads
The American System allowed the USA to create a national market economy for the 1st time
Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories
Northern factories made manufactured goods that were sold
throughout the country
Western farms grew grains & raised livestock that fed the nation
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union:
Louisiana (1812)
Indiana (1816)
Mississippi (1817)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the
population lived in the WestThis economic & territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national boundaries
American Nationalism■Monroe & the Republicans in
Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:–Gov’t: Increasing the power of
the national gov’t over the states–Economy: Encourage industry &
build better transportation to link the South, North, & West
–Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs
American Nationalism President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to
promote nationalism & territorial expansion
In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the
US/Canada border set at the 49º
In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the
Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty
Nationalist Foreign Policy■When Latin American nations
gained independence, the U.S. supported the new republics:–Monroe did not want Europeans
re-colonizing in Latin America –Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (1823) warned
European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere & that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe
Sectionalism ■The Era of Good Feelings was a
time of nationalism, but there were problems between North & South –SectionalismSectionalism—when regional
interests are placed above national interests
–Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, national taxes, & the role of national gov’t
–These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860
Missouri Compromise■When Missouri applied to become
a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged–Missouri wanted to become a
slave state, like the South –Northerners did not want to see
Southern slave states increase their power in the national gov’t
–If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North
Because of the 3/5 Compromise, the South had more members of
the House of Representatives
President Monroe was from Virginia, so the South controlled the presidency too
In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise
Missouri became a slave state
Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state
Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'