Filogenija - ARNESsspasorg/didaktika/evolucija/Evolucija-Filogenija.pdf · Poenostavljena evolucija...

Filogenija

Evolucija, Andrej Šorgo, FNM, 2011/12

Poenostavljena evolucija živega

Relativna evolucijska ura

http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/

Predhodniki živega

Protobionti in Liposomi

www.ph.utexas.edu/~ctalk/talks/.../originoflife.ppt

Black smokers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blacksmoker_in_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg

Najstarejši fosili: Warrawoona Group, - 3.465 Glet

Stromatoliti - cyanobacteria

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html

http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/3194/evidence-of-earths-earliest-life

Moderni stromatoliti (Shark Bay, Avstralija)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg

Od dveh do šestih kraljestev

Linnaeus 1735[23] 2 kingdoms

Haeckel 1866[24] 3 kingdoms

Chatton 1925[25][26] 2 empires

Copeland 1938[27][28] 4 kingdoms

Whittaker 1969[4] 5 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1977[6][29] 6 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1990[30] 3 domains

Cavalier-Smith 2004[11] 6 kingdoms

(not treated) Protista

Prokaryota Monera Monera

Eubacteria Bacteria

Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaea

Eukaryota

Protoctista Protista Protista

Eukarya

Protozoa

Chromista

Vegetabilia Plantae

Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae

Protoctista Fungi Fungi Fungi

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Sistem treh domen (Carl Woese)

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/File:Tree_phylogeny_3_domain.gif

Tri domene življenja: (A) archaea, (B–J) bacteria, and (K) eukaryote.

Species are labeled with different colors based on their inferred HGT rates: red, >4%; yellow, 3%–4%; pink, 2%–3%; blue, 1%–2%; green, <1%. Taxonomy labels are (A) Euryarchaea, (B) Proteobacteria, (C) Chlamydiae, (D) Spirochaetes, (E) Thermotogae, (F) Aquificae, (G) Actinobacteria, (H) Deinococcus, (I) Cyanobacteria, (J) Firmicutes, and (K) Fungi.

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/prokaryote_phylogeny_and_evolution

Delitev prokariontov na osnovi 16s RNA

Filogenija zasnovana na redkih genomskih spremembah- značilne delecije ali insercije

Mehanizmi genskega transfera med prokarionti

• Main mechanisms of gene transfer in prokaryotes

• HGT between distant microbial taxa is mediated by bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and specialized cellular DNA uptake mechanisms. These mechanisms usually categorized with the following commonly used technical terms:

• Bacterial transformation , the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material, generally DNA (This process is relatively common in certain naturally transformable bacteria, such as the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Transformation is often used as a biotechnology to insert novel genes into bacteria for scientific research experiments, or for industrial or medical applications.

• Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, commonly called a phage).

• Bacterial conjugation ( or mating), a process in which a living bacterial cell transfers genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact (see the animation conjugation in Escherichia coli).

Transformacija: Griffithovi eksperimenti

Transformacija

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2003/Siegenthaler/Transformation.htm

Transdukcija: prenašalec je virus

Bakterijska konjugacija: plazmid

Endosimbiontska teorija (Lynn Margulis, 1970’s)

www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/.../Lecture%209%20-...

Endosimbioza

Primarna in sekundarna endosimbioza

http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/1v5bgx5jhujtu/i3jefd/1.jpg

Protisti

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protist_collage.jpg

Sistem protistov

Mnogocelična (večcelična) organizacija

• Razvije se večkrat v evolucijsko nesorodnih skupinah

Prva stopnja: kolonije enoceličnih organizmov

Fruiting bodies formed by a myxobacterium (Chondromyces crocatus), seen by scanning electron microscopy

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28332/figure/A65/?report=objectonly

Zelene alge

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28332/figure/A66/?report=objectonly

Jovan Hadži (1894-1972

Izpis iz Kongresne knjižnice Washington

LC Control No. 62056209

Other System No. (OCoLC)29106890

LC Classification QL378 .H18

Personal Name Hadži, J. 1884-1972. (Jovan),

Main Title Turbelarijska teorija knidarijev; filogenija knidarijev in njih položaj v živalskem sistemu.

Published/Created Ljubljana, 1944.

Description 237 p. 24 cm.

Series Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. Razred za matematične, prirodoslovne, medicinske in tehnične vede. Dela ; 3.

Subjects Ctenophora.

Source Library of Congress

Sincicijska teorija

http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=39112

http://www.arcodiv.org/seaice/turbellarians/images/Turbellaria_400x300.jpg

Kolonijska teorija

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/lesson/YM-12-25.pdf

Hallucigenia: Kambrij

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HallucigeniaSparsa-ROM-June11-10.jpg

Placozoa: Trichoplax adherens

http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPlacozoa/Placozoa.html

http://www.lorologiaiomiope.com/la-piadina-misteriosa-trichoplax-adhaerens/

Ovratničarke: Choanoflagellata

http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/pix201101074213853.jpg

http://darwinevolving.blogspot.com/2008/11/our-closest-single-celled-cousin.html

Spužve

Princeton geoscientist Adam Maloof holds a rock from South Australia

that may contain the oldest fossils of animal bodies ever discovered.

The fossils, visible here as red shapes, suggest that sponge-like animals were

in existence about 650 million years ago. (Credit: Photo courtesy of Adam Maloof)

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100817144641.htm

Hidrozoji

Turbelaria: vrtinčarji

Protostomiji-Deuterostomiji

Bilateria

Protostomia

Deuterostomia