Fig. 2.44 Half-wave rectifier.

Robert L. Boylestad

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9e

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Fig. 2.45 Conduction region (0 T/2).

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.46 Nonconduction region (T/2 T).

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.47 Half-wave rectified signal.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.48 Effect of VK on half-wave rectified signal.

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Fig. 2.49 Network for Example 2.16.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.50 Resulting vo for the circuit of Example 2.16.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.51 Effect of VK on output of Fig. 2.50.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.52 Determining the required PIV rating for the half-wave rectifier.

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Fig. 2.53 Full-wave bridge rectifier.

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Fig. 2.54 Network of Fig. 2.53 for the period 0 T/2 of the input voltage vi.

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Fig. 2.55 Conduction path for the positive region of vi.

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Fig. 2.56 Conduction path for the negative region of vi.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.57 Input and output waveforms for a full-wave rectifier.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.58 Determining VOmaxfor silicon diodes in the bridge configuration.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.59 Determining the required PIV for the bridge configuration.

Robert L. Boylestad

APPLICATIONS OF DIODES

Diodes are used in so many ways that we will not be able to discuss

all of them.

The major applications of the diodes that are within the scope of this

book are

(a) Rectifiers

(b) Clippers or Limiters

(c) Clampers

(d) Voltage Multipliers

Robert L. Boylestad

Half-Wave Rectifier

Robert L. Boylestad

The difference between the

maximum and the minimum

values is called the peak-to-

peak ripple voltage.

The peak-to-peak ripple is

often expressed in terms of

its percent ripple as

In this case, percent voltage ripple is 100%.

Full-Wave Rectifier using a center-tapped secondary

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.61 Network conditions for the positive region of vi.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.62 Network conditions for the negative region of vi.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.63 Determining the PIV level for the diodes of the CT transformer full-wave rectifier.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.64 Bridge network for Example 2.17.

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Fig. 2.65 Network of Fig. 2.64 for the positive region of vi.

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Fig. 2.66 Redrawn network of Fig. 2.65.

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Fig. 2.67 Resulting output for Example 2.17.

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Series clipper.

Robert L. Boylestad

CLIPPERS OR LIMITERS

•How to draw the output waveform

•How to draw the transfer function

Series clipper with a dc supply.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.70 Determining the transition level for the circuit of Fig. 2.69.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.71 Using the transition voltage to define the “on” and “off” regions.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.72 Determining vo for the diode in the “on” state.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.73 Sketching the waveform of vo using the results obtained for vo above and below the transition level.

Robert L. Boylestad

Example : Draw Vout and sketch the transfer function

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Fig. 2.75 Determining the transition level for the clipper of Fig. 2.74.

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Fig. 2.76 Sketching vo for Example 2.18.

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Fig. 2.77 Applied signal for Example 2.19.

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Fig. 2.78 vo at vi = +20 V.

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Fig. 2.79 vo at vi = -10 V.

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Response to a parallel clipper.

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Example : draw Vo and the transfer curve

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Fig. 2.83 Determining the transition level for Example 2.20.

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Fig. 2.85 Determining the transition level for the network of Fig. 2.82.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.86 Determining vo for the diode of Fig. 2.82 in the “on” state.

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Clipping circuits.

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Clamper.

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Fig. 2.90 Diode “on” and the capacitor charging to V volts.

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Fig. 2.91 Determining vo with the diode “off.”

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.92 Sketching vo for the network of Fig. 2.91.

Robert L. Boylestad

• Example : For the given input signal , sketch the output voltage if :

1- Diode is ideal

2- Diode is silicon

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.94 Determining vo and VC with the diode in the “on” state.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.95 Determining vo with the diode in the “off” state.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.96 vi and vo for the clamper of Fig. 2.93.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.97 Determining vo and VC with the diode in the “on” state.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.98 Determining vo with the diode in the open state.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.99 Sketching vo for the clamper of Fig. 2.93 with a silicon diode.

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Fig. 2.100 Clamping circuits with ideal diodes (5 = 5RC >> T/2).

Robert L. Boylestad

Example :Clamping network with a sinusoidal input.

Robert L. Boylestad

Zener Diode

A zener diode is a specially fabricated diode with heavily doped

p- and n- type Semiconductors . It has relatively low reverse

breakdown voltage. When the inverse voltage applied across s the

Zener diode increases beyond its reverse breakdown voltage , the

electric field thus created in the depletion cause s some electrons

to go across the

potent ia l barrier .

Robert L. Boylestad

A zener diode behave s exactly like any other diode when i t is

forward biased, i . e. the anode voltage is greater than the cathode

voltage. There is no reason to use a zener

diode for an application that calls for a regular , low-cost diode.

Therefore, the zener diode is almost always reverse biased and is

expected to carry cur rent in the reverse direction.

Fig. 2.102 Approximate equivalent circuits for the Zener diode in the three possible regions of application.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.106 Basic Zener regulator.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.107 Determining the state of the Zener diode.

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Fig. 2.108 Substituting the Zener equivalent for the “on” situation.

Robert L. Boylestad

Example

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Let us first sketch the output voltage ignoring the presence of the

zener diode. In terms of v (t) in , the output voltage i s

v in (t) 12 V , V o (t) = 8V Likewise,

v in (t) =24 V , V o (t) = 16V

Fig. 2.109 Zener diode regulator for Example 2.26.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.110 Determining V for the regulator of Fig. 2.109.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.111 Resulting operating point for the network of Fig. 2.109.

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Fig. 2.112 Network of Fig. 2.109 in the “on” state.

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Fig. 2.113 Voltage regulator for Example 2.27.

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Fig. 2.114 VL versus RL and IL for the regulator of Fig. 2.113.

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Fig. 2.115 Regulator for Example 2.28.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.116 VL versus Vi for the regulator of Fig. 2.115.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.117 Waveform generated by a filtered rectified signal.

Robert L. Boylestad

Practical Zener diode

Robert L. Boylestad

Thevenin theorem helps us replace the circuit with an equivalent circuit

Example

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When the input voltage is 12 V,

Likewise, when the input voltage i s 24V,

Half-wave voltage doubler.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.119 Double operation, showing each half-cycle of operation: (a) positive half-cycle; (b) negative half-cycle.

Robert L. Boylestad

Full-wave voltage doubler.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.121 Alternate half-cycles of operation for full-wave voltage doubler.

Robert L. Boylestad

Voltage tripler and quadrupler.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.123 Battery charger: (a) external appearance; (b) internal construction.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.124 Electrical schematic for the battery charger of Fig. 2.123.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.125 Pulsating response of the charger of Fig. 2.124 to the application of a headlamp as a load.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.126 (a) Transient phase of a simple RL circuit; (b) arcing that results across a switch when opened in series with an RL circuit.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.126 (continued) (a) Transient phase of a simple RL circuit; (b) arcing that results across a switch when opened in series with an

RL circuit.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.127 (a) Inductive characteristics of a relay; (b) snubber protection for the configuration of part (a); (c) capacitive protection

for a switch.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.127 (continued) (a) Inductive characteristics of a relay; (b) snubber protection for the configuration of part (a); (c)

capacitive protection for a switch.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.127 (continued) (a) Inductive characteristics of a relay; (b) snubber protection for the configuration of part (a); (c) capacitive

protection for a switch.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.128 Diode protection for an RL circuit.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.129 (a) Diode protection to limit the emitter-to-base voltage of a transistor; (b) diode protection to prevent a

reversal in collector current.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.129 (continued) (a) Diode protection to limit the emitter-to-base voltage of a transistor; (b) diode protection to

prevent a reversal in collector current.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.130 Diode control of the input swing to an op-amp or a high-input-impedance network.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.131 (a) Alternate appearances for the network of Fig. 2.130; (b) establishing random levels of control with

separate dc supplies.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.131 (continued) (a) Alternate appearances for the network of Fig. 2.130; (b) establishing random levels of

control with separate dc supplies.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.132 (a) Polarity protection for an expensive, sensitive piece of equipment; (b) correctly applied polarity; (c)

application of the wrong polarity.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.132 (continued) (a) Polarity protection for an expensive, sensitive piece of equipment; (b) correctly applied

polarity; (c) application of the wrong polarity.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.132 (continued) (a) Polarity protection for an expensive, sensitive piece of equipment; (b) correctly applied

polarity; (c) application of the wrong polarity.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.133 Protection for a sensitive meter movement.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.134 Backup system designed to prevent the loss of memory in a car radio when the radio is removed from the

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.135 Polarity dector using diodes and LEDs.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.136 EXIT sign using LEDs.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.137 Providing different reference levels using diodes.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.138 (a) How to drive a 6-V load with a 9-V supply (b) using a fixed resistor value. (c) Using a series

combination of diodes.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.138 (continued) (a) How to drive a 6-V load with a 9-V supply (b) using a fixed resistor value. (c) Using a

series combination of diodes.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.138 (continued) (a) How to drive a 6-V load with a 9-V supply (b) using a fixed resistor value. (c) Using a

series combination of diodes.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.139 Sinusoidal ac regulation: (a) 40-V peak-to-peak sinusoidal ac regulator; (b) circuit operation at vi = 10 V.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.140 Simple square-wave generator.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.141 PSpice Windows analysis of a series diode configuration.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.142 The circuit of Fig. 2.141 reexamined with Is set at 3.5E-15A.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.143 Output file for PSpice Windows analysis of the circuit of Fig. 2.142.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.144 Network for obtaining the characteristics of the D1N4148 diode.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.145 Characteristics of the D1N4148 diode.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.146 Verifying the results of Example 2.13 using Multisim.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.147 Problems 1 and 2.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.147 (continued) Problems 1 and 2.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.149 Problem 4.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.163 Problems 22 through 24.

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.176 Problem 37

Robert L. Boylestad

Fig. 2.44 Half-wave rectifier. -...

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