Exam Review – Part 1 Cell Biology and Genetics. End-of-Semester Information 1. The last day of...

Exam Review – Part 1

Cell Biology and Genetics

End-of-Semester Information

1. The last day of classes is Monday, June 20.

2. Exam Date: Friday June 24th, 2011Time: 8:45am

Room: 511 and 512

Special Instructions: No Dictionaries, No Calculators, No Notes of any kind

Bring with you: Pens, Pencils, Erasers

(a) If you cannot attend the exam due to illness please phone the school (239-2707) by 9:30 am for a

morning exam or 12:00 noon for an afternoon exam. As soon as you return to school you should present a medical certificate to the vice-principal. You will be told when to write a make-up examination.

(b) Bring your calculator to the exam. You cannot use a graphing calculator.

(c) A student caught cheating will have his or her examination paper taken away immediately. The paper will be assigned a mark of zero.

(d) The exam is worth 20% of your final mark in the course.

3. Textbooks

• Please return your textbook to 411A (my office) in the half-hour before the examination. Make sure to bring your “Textbook Deposit Form” to be signed. The examination will not be marked until the student has returned the textbook for the course.

4. Graduation Day is Wednesday, June 29. The ceremony is in our auditorium.

5. Report Cards will be available from Wednesday, July 6 for pick-up in the main office.

Office hours are 9:00 am to 12:00 noon.

Remember that you will not be given your marks or report cards until your texts, as well as all library books, have been returned. You must pay your library charges as well.

6. If you fail a course you may register for the Summer School make-up program until June 29in the Guidance Office.

7. Classes for Semester One begin on Friday, September 9.

How to write• For multiple choice:

– Read the question looking for key words– Read all the options– If you do not know the answer right away, use the

process of elimination if you can

• For short and long answers– How many marks is it worth (you should have this

many points)– Do you need to:

• Explain: Describe a process or situation• Define: Definition• Compare: State similarities or differences

Make sure you...

1) Eat well2) Sleep well 3) Get some exercise and fresh air4) Not too much caffeine or nicotine!!!

You should know...• Diagram of cell• What key terms mean• Function of cell organelles• Differences between plant and animal cell• The 4 macromolecules –function and example of

each• Cell cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis• Non disjunction disorders• Inheritance (simple, multiple alleles, sex-linked and

dihybrid)• Punnett Squares• Codominance and Incomplete dominance

• BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE CELL PARTS AND STATE THEIR FUNCTION USING EITHER THE CHART PROVIDED OR INDEX CARDS OR A PERSONAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

• LABEL ALL CELL PARTS THAT APPEAR ON THE DIAGRAM PROVIDED.

Terminology

• Homologous chromosomes

• Duplicated chromosomes

• Sister chromatids 

Cell Cycle, Mitosis and MeiosisCell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

• Gamete –

• Diploid Cell –

• Diploid Number –

• Haploid Cell –

• Haploid Number –

Homologous pairs separate

Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes

Meiosis Overview

Homologous chromosomes pair

Homologous pairs align independently at the equator

Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards poles

Spindle disappears, nuclei form, and cytokinesis takes place

Interkinesis:Chromosomes still consist of 2 chromatids

Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair

Chromosomes align at equator

Daughter chromosomes move toward the poles

Spindle disappears, nuclei form, & cytokinesis takes place

Meiosis results in 4 haploid daughter cells

Mitosis Meiosis

Purpose To ensure growth & to repair cells of the organism

To ensure the procreation of the species

Type of Cell produced

Somatic (body) cells Gametes (sex) cells-Female: egg/ovum-Male: sperm

Number of Nuclear Divsions

1 nuclear division 4 phases

2 nuclear divisionsMeiosis I – 4 phasesMeiosis II – 4 phases

Number of Cells Produced

2 new identical daughter cells (identical to each other & parent)

4 new non-identical daughter cells

Number of chromosomes in each new cell

46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes

Name given to this type of cell

Diploid cell -complete set of chromosomes

Haploid cell-a half set of chromosomes

Symbol given to this type of cell

2n n

Terminology…• What is a gene? A short section on the DNA responsible for a particularcharacteristic or trait.

• What is an allele? An alternate form of a gene.

• What is a dominant gene or allele?The gene (characteristic) or allele that is alwaysexpressed if at least one is present in the homologous pair of chromosomes.

• What is a recessive gene or allele? The gene (characteristic) or allele that isonly expressed when two identical alleles are present in the homologous pair of chromosomes.

• What does heterozygous mean?

• Paired genes or alleles for a trait are different.

• What does homozygous mean?

• Paired genes or alleles for a trait are the same.

Genotype/Phenotype

• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

• Genotype: Bb, BB, bb

• Phenotype: Brown hair, Brown hair, blond hair

Punnet Square

• We represent the likelihood of inheriting a particular trait using percent (%).

• Using a punnett square, give the percentages of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of a woman who is left handed (recessive) and a man who is heterozygous for right handedness.

• Which trait did we talk about that was controlled by one gene, but had 3 (instead of the usually two) possible alleles coding for different variations.

• Blood type (Also an example of CODOMINANCE)

• A, B, AB and O

• We use IA and i

Multiple alleles

• A man with blood type A has a mother with blood type O. He marries a woman who is heterozygous for blood type A. Complete a Punnett square for possible blood types of their children. Give percentages of all possible genotypes and phenotypes. This is an example of what kind of inheritance?

Sex-Linked Inheritance

• What is unique about sex-linked inheritance?

• The traits are carries on the sex chromosomes instead of the autosomes.

• We use Xh X and XY

• Hemophilia, a condition in humans, is controlled by a recessive sex-linked gene. If a man has hemophilia and a woman is a carrier for the condition, what is the probability of phenotypes and genotypes for their offspring. Complete a Punnett square to answer this question. This is an example of what kind of inheritance?

Codominance/Incomplete Dominance

• Which one is which?

Your Work….

• Complete the Genetics Practice

• There will be at least one Punnett Square question on the example

• There will be a few genetics questions relating to genetics terms