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European Background to Its Incursion in and Settlement
(Conquest) of North America
How did the United States come to be?
• Conquest of a continent was not a foregone conclusion.
• A unitary state did not have to emerge out of the conquered lands of native peoples.
• In many way, the European encounter with the Americas was an accident.
Portuguese Forays
• Along the African Coast to India (Prince Henry the Navigator)
• Bartholomew Dias around the Cape of Good Hope (1488)
• Vasco da Gama to India (1498)
• Pedro Cabral to Brazil (1500)
Spanish Forays
• Christopher Columbus (1492—first of 4 voyages)
• Columbus Controversy—hero or instigator of genocide?
Christopher Columbus
The Pinta and the Santa Maria
European Motives
• Escape disease and scarcity• Technological, economic, and political,
intellectual transformations• Why Europe and not China? Zheng He
commanded a large treasure fleet in the 1430s, but China had no incentive to explore beyond the Indian Ocean and East African Coast.
Spanish Empire in the New World
• Conquistadors conquer Mexica and Quechua (Cortes and Pizarro)
• Coronado and DeSoto explore interior of North America
• Focus on Silver in Mexico, especially rich strikes at Zacatecas.
• Encomienda• Great Biological Exchange
Reformation
• Martin Luther
• John Calvin
• English Reformation—from Henry to Elizabeth
Martin Luther
John Calvin
ELIZABETH I—1558-1603
• Marriage politics• Aided Protestants in
Netherlands• Supported “Sea
Dogs”—really pirates like Drake
Spanish Armada
• Phillip II desired to rid himself of both his English and Protestant problems in the north.
• Mythology of Armada or why we can’t get the obvious falsehood on page 40—[‘smaller . . . English vessels to go Away.]
Results of Armada
• English freer to exploit North Atlantic
• Spanish sea power was considerably weakened
• English morale heightened.
Walter Raleigh
• Established Roanoke on Carolina’s outer banks
• Armada interfered with supplying ti.
• “Lost Colony”
Roanoke
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