View
289
Download
16
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 2.21 – 2.40
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Biochemistry: Essentials for LifeBiochemistry: Essentials for Life
Slide 2.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Most are covalently bonded
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• Tend to be simpler compounds
• Example: H2O (water)
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity/solvent properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids
• Can release detectable hydrogen ions
• Bases
• Proton acceptors
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
pHpH
Slide 2.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Slide 2.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12a, b
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Slide 2.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12c
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Common lipids in the human body
• Neutral fats (triglycerides)
• Found in fat deposits
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Source of stored energy
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Common lipids in the human body (continued)
• Phospholipids
• Form cell membranes
• Steroids
• Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
Slide 2.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14a, b
LipidsLipids
Slide 2.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14c
CholesterolCholesterol
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
• Provides for construction materials for body tissues
• Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
EnzymesEnzymes
Slide 2.34Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
• Make DNA and RNA
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
• Replicates before cell division
• Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Slide 2.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.18a
How ATP Drives Cellular WorkHow ATP Drives Cellular Work
Slide 2.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.19
Recommended