Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 2.21 – 2.40

Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb

Chapter 2

Basic Chemistry

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Biochemistry: Essentials for LifeBiochemistry: Essentials for Life

Slide 2.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Organic compounds

• Contain carbon

• Most are covalently bonded

• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)

• Inorganic compounds

• Lack carbon

• Tend to be simpler compounds

• Example: H2O (water)

Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds

Slide 2.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Water

• Most abundant inorganic compounds

• Vital properties

• High heat capacity

• Polarity/solvent properties

• Chemical reactivity

• Cushioning

Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds

Slide 2.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Salts

• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water

• Vital to many body functions

• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds

Slide 2.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Acids

• Can release detectable hydrogen ions

• Bases

• Proton acceptors

• Neutralization reaction

• Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

pHpH

Slide 2.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions

• pH 7 = neutral

• pH below 7 = acidic

• pH above 7 = basic

• Buffers

• Chemicals that can regulate pH change

Figure 2.11

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Carbohydrates

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Include sugars and starches

• Classified according to size

• Monosaccharides – simple sugars

• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Slide 2.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.12a, b

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Slide 2.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.12c

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Lipids

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

• Insoluble in water

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Common lipids in the human body

• Neutral fats (triglycerides)

• Found in fat deposits

• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

• Source of stored energy

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Common lipids in the human body (continued)

• Phospholipids

• Form cell membranes

• Steroids

• Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Slide 2.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.14a, b

LipidsLipids

Slide 2.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.14c

CholesterolCholesterol

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.33aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Proteins

• Made of amino acids

• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.33bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Account for over half of the body’s organic matter

• Provides for construction materials for body tissues

• Plays a vital role in cell function

• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

EnzymesEnzymes

Slide 2.34Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Act as biological catalysts

• Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Figure 2.16

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nucleic Acids

• Provide blueprint of life

• Nucleotide bases

• A = Adenine

• G = Guanine

• C = Cytosine

• T = Thymine

• U = Uracil

• Make DNA and RNA

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

• Replicates before cell division

• Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

• Chemical energy used by all cells

• Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond

• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Slide 2.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.18a

How ATP Drives Cellular WorkHow ATP Drives Cellular Work

Slide 2.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.19