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Deber de materia: Sistemas de conversión de energía.
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ESCUELA SUPERIOR
POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HOMEWORK 1
GROUP 11:
MOROCHO MANUEL 33%
PALOMINO JUAN 33%
PAREDES JUAN JOSÉ 33%
Image 1:Cover.
Font: Energy bills. The Telegraphap. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02166/green-energy-
set_2166495c.jpg
EnergyConversionSystems
1. Find out how much energy per capita per sector Ecuador uses.
For answer this question, first is important look the energy consumed per sector in our
country. In the Chart 1 is possible see this information.
Chart 1: Balance Energético Nacional 2014.
Font: Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos.
According to the INEC (Ecuadorian Institute of Statistics and Censuses), Ecuador has
14'483.499 habitants (Font: INEC http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/resultados/). In
Figure 1, we see that the total energy consumption of Ecuador is 99 million barrels of oil.
So to calculate the consumption per sector per habitant, the total energy value will be
divided for the number of habitants and this result will be multiplied by the percentage of
the sector. Taking the trasport sector as an example:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 99′000.000 𝐵𝑂𝐸
14′483.499 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠∗ 49%
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 3,35𝐵𝑂𝐸
ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
In Table 1 are the values of energy consumption per capita for all sectors.
49%
18%
12%
4%
1%
1%3%
12%
Ventas
Transport
Industry
Residential
Commercial
Agriculture, mining and fishing
Other sectors
Non energy
Own consumption
99 millions BOE
Sector Energy Per capita
[BOE/habitant]
Transport 3,35
Industry 1,23
Residential 0,82
Commercial 0,27
Agriculture, mining
and fishing 0,07
Other sectors 0,07
Non energy 0,21
Own consumption 0,82
Table 1: Energy per capita per sector in Ecuador
The Chart 1 is a summary of Table 1.
Chart 2: Energy consumption per capita per sector in Ecuador
00,5
11,5
22,5
33,5
Ene
rgy
pe
r ca
pit
a [B
OE/
hab
itan
t]
Sectors
Energy consumption per capita per sector in Ecuador
Transport Industry Residential
Commercial Agriculture, mining and fishing Other sectors
Non energy Own Consumption
2. Compare this with at least 3 industrialized countries and 3 developing
countries.
Industrialized countries
Country: Germany Population:80’716.000 habitants
Total Energy: 1’’510’273.973 BOE Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 364 24 4,49
Industry 382 25 4,68
Residential 392 26 4,86
Commercial 223 15 2,81
Others 147 10 1,87
Table 2: Energy per capita per sector in Germany Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Germany&s=Final consumption
www.wikipedia.org/Germany
Country: Australia Population:22’870.000habitants Total Energy:491’723.666,2 BOE
Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 162 33 7,08
Industry 162 33 7,08
Residential 72 14 3,13
Commercial 63 13 2,76
Others 33 7 1,44
Table 3: Energy per capita per sector in Australia Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Australia&s=Final consumption
www.wikipedia.org/Australia
Country: Argentina Population: 41’090.000 habitants
Total Energy: 514’158.686 BOE
Sector Energy [MBOE] Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 122 2,98
Industry 110 2,69
Residential 91 2,21
Commercial 26 0,65
Table 4: Energy per capita per sector in Australia
Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Argentina&s=Final consumption
www.wikipedia.org/Argentina
Developing countries
Country: Honduras Population:8’725.000 habitants Total Energy: 29’698.630 BOE
Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 8 25 0,85
Industry 7 23 0,78
Residential 13 43 1,46
Commercial 1 5 0,17
Others 1 4 0,14
Table 5: Energy per capita per sector in Honduras Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Honduras&s=Final consumption
www.wikipedia.org/Honduras
Country: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)
Population:25’200.000habitants
Total Energy:75’545.539,92 BOE Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 3 4 0,12
Industry 49 64 2,12
Residential 0,3 0.99 0,01
Commercial 24 31 1,05
Others 0,01 0.01 0,0001
Table 6: Energy per capita per sector in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Democratic People’s Republic of Korea &s=Finalconsumption
www.wikipedia.org/North_Korea
Country: Angola Population: 20’082.000 habitants
Total Energy: 664’500.683 BOE
Sector Energy [MBOE] Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]
Transport 16 0,40
Industry 8 0,80
Residential 46 2,22
Commercial 6 0,29
Table 7: Energy per capita per sector in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Angola &s=Finalconsumption
www.wikipedia.org/Angola
3. Analyze the differences in amount and sectorial distribution.
Chart 3: Energy per capita in Ecuador and Industrialized Countries
Differences with Germany:
The consumption per capita in Ecuador is focused in the transport sector but in Germany
the principal sector where the energy is consumed is in the Residential, our country has 14
millions of habitants meanwhile Germany has 80 millions of habitants, that means in
Germany there are more houses, buildings, urbanizations where the citizens lives. For
satisfy the demand of those people like refrigeration, light, hot water or others; that country
uses more energy in residential sector.
The second important sector en Germany is the Industry, actually Germany has a great
economy impulsed by its industry, it has companies global recognized like Siemens,
Volkswagen, Alianz, SAP o BASF and other thousands of small and medium companies
with 25 millions of workers. All of that, represent for the country a big consumption of
energy for satisfy all the industry process.
Germany shown us that the energy consumption is linked with the number of habitants, the
developed of its industry and with its area, while more industrialized is the country, the
people has a better life style and that means more uses for the energy. This country hopes
to use the 20 percent of its demand like renewable energy.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ECUADOR GERMANY AUSTRALIA ARGENTINA
Ene
rgy
pe
r ca
pit
a [B
OE/
hab
itan
t]
Sectors
Energy per capita Ecuador and Industrialized Countries
Transport Industry Residential Commercial Others
Differences with Australia:
At first, we must say that Australia has two very good things over Ecuador: They have a
great energy availability, a lot of energy sources and the technology to transform this
sources into common energy supplies. This allows Australia supplying all domestic energy
demand and having high Energy per capita values for all its domestic sectors.
Meanwhile, Ecuador doesn’t have the technology to transform some of its energy sources
into common energy supplies, for what the country import these supplies. But, as the
Ecuador’s regulation laws for exploring and obtaining oil from its Amazon are so strict, the
oil’s production has been stagnant, exportations have had decreased and the money to
import energy supplies has been limited: This is why Ecuador’s Energy per capita values for
its domestic sectors are low.
In the amounts per sector, we can see Australia’s Energy per capita values exceeds
Ecuador’s ones for a lot: Some reasons for this could be that Australia’s number of habitants
is near the double of Ecuador’s one and the fact that Australia has much more industries and
technology with respect to Ecuador. We can see also that transport and industries sectors in
Australia have the same highest level of energy domestic demand, while in Ecuador only
one sector has the highest level of demand and this is transport sector. A reason for this is
the inefficient transport system in Ecuador, both for industrial applications and for
residential uses: In Ecuador, people travels generally one person per car and the export and
imported machinery is transported a big element per vehicle.
Differences with Argentina:
How we can see in the table 2 Argentina has a value of 2.69 BOE per capita in the industry
sector that is more than twice that in Ecuador. That is because in the last years in the first
country, being both Latin-American, there have been new policies that favor the production
and importation of oil, which has helped improve their industrialization, placing it among
the four largest Latin American powers. And actually Ecuador is in a development stage
where its economy is recently on rise, after a sharp economic crisis.
Other sectors that are influenced by the production of oil fuels are the residential and
commercial, the reason is the country has grown and its economic too, generating
employment and give to the people the capacity to improve their status and comfort, for
example, buying air conditioners, computers, etc. and the demand of energy consume
increase. At the same way the commercial sector has grown, the business owners expand
their market contributing to the development of the country. This is reflected in the
indicators of BOE per capita of the residential and commercial sector, to Argentina has
values well above those of Ecuador. Comparing the transport sector indicator, Ecuador has
the highest value. Both countries are in process of progressive development, but how to
transport Ecuador, is inefficient.
Chart 4: Energy per capita in Ecuador and Developing Countries
Differences with Honduras:
All the levels of energy consumption of Honduras are many less than the levels of Ecuador.
Honduras is a country in Central America, it has a population of 8’725.000 of habitants and
its area is of 112.492 Km2. It’s a developing country, its principal sector of energy
consumption is the residential sector. The lack of public and private sources of renewable
energy investment has caused energy demand has emerged in recent years was covered with
thermal plants using fossil fuels. Currently, 65% of the energy consumed comes from these
plants. The 36% of hydrocarbons are used in the production of electricity, the rest is mostly
consumed in transport. Honduras does not produce oil, so this dependence greatly affects its
trade balance. The country spends approximately $ 1,250 million in purchase of oil (13% of
revenues).
Differences with Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK):
In DPRK’s case, its relationships with China, Republic of Korea and Rusia have been
influenced by DPRK’s nuclear weapons manufacturing and an excessive military activity in
the country: This has reduced exportations and importations from this countries to South
Korea and vice versa and this has caused that Energy supplying per capita reaches low
values with respect of Ecuador.
Although DPRK has a good Energy resources availability, its old technology and its “ball”
relationships have influenced its Energy supplying per sectors: Only in its domestic
Industry sector, DPRK exceeds Ecuador with respect of their Energy supplying values: This
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
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ECUADOR HONDURAS DPRK ANGOLA
Ene
rgy
pe
r ca
pit
a [B
OE/
hab
itan
t]
Sectors
Energy per capita Ecuador and Devoloping Countries
Transport Industry Residential Commercial Others
could be because the military control that DPRK has. Only in this sector, the DPRK’s
military force affects its domestic Energy distribution.
Differences with Angola:
Angola is the second largest oil producer of Africa, but that does not mean it is an
industrialized country, on the contrary it is an underdeveloped country. This is because over
90% of fossil fuel it produces is exported, and the domestic energy consumption is
minimal. Only 30% of the population has electricity. And for everything mentioned we can
see in the table 2 that the values of industry, transport and commercial sector indicators of
Angola are below those of Ecuador. The factor that surprise is the consumption of the
residential sector of Angola that is the triple of the value of Ecuador. It is because the
people of Africa use the solid biomass and waste to get energy, in high quantities, to cook,
get warm, and obtain energy.
4. Answer the question: why is transport the biggest energy consumption
sector in Ecuador?
Graphic 1: Energy consumption by sector and by energy resource in Ecuador
How we can see in the graphic 1, in our country the sector that has more participation in the
energy consumption is the transport. With the 50%, it is almost triple in comparison with
the industrial sector that is second with 17.5%. Showing that the economic conditions of
Ecuador are based on service and production resources, and has had a great growth in what
is the fleet.
In the same graphic we can see that exist more intervention of petroleum, and its derivates,
like gasoline and diesel, referred to energy consumption of the country, it contribute to the
high participation of the automotive sector. The second energy resource more used is the
electricity but it should be noted that in Ecuador that the unique way of transport that use
that resource is the TroleBus in Quito, and it is almost a minimal participation in compared
with fossil fuel.
Graphic 2: Types of transport and its respective consumption of energy
In Ecuador we have more amounts of vehicles and jeeps, but we can see that who consume
more energy are the heavy and light load cars, with more than the 80%. That means the
industrialized sector have big relationship and participation in the transport energy demand
in the country.
We can conclude that the reason for why the transport is the biggest energy consumption
sector in Ecuador, is because it have had a big development in the industry in the last years,
and the quantity of raw material, primary products raised, and the way to transport them is
by road. In Ecuador doesn`t exist modern ways to transport large amount of merchandise,
like for example trains, and the come to use heavy or light load cars, and that is what make
increase the consumption of energy.
Another reason to be named is the not energy awareness, that means the bad habit that have
the Ecuadorian people using one vehicle for one person. That increases considerably the
consumption of the energy resources.
5. References
1. http://www.iea.org/sankey - 22/05/2015
2. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4604.0main+features42011-12 - 22/05/2015
3. http://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/about-energy/energy-in-australia.html -24/05/2015
4. http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/an-updated-summary-of-energy-
supply-and-demand-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk/ - 24/05/2015
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