Energy Conservation on Main Street

Dr Brian DealBuilding Research Council

School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Energy Conservation on Main Street

Overview

Why is Energy an important issue? Main Street Programs and

Strategies

Smart Energy?

Energy World Energy Consumption

United States, Russia, China, Japan, and Germany consumed half of the world's energy in 1997.

United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were responsible for half of the world's carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels in 1997.

Asia recorded the largest absolute increase in consumption between 1988 and 1997, 33 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu). This was more than double the increase of 16 quadrillion Btu for North America, the second largest regional increase in consumption

Asia also had the largest absolute increase in energy production between 1988 and 1997, 22 quadrillion Btu. The Middle East had the second largest regional increase at 16 quadrillion Btu.

Source: DOE/EIA-0484(98) World Energy Consumption

World Energy Use

US Energy Use

Energy Information Administration 2000

Scientific American, March 98 (Jean H. LeHerrere)

World Oil Production

Worldwatch Institute

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World Oil Production

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Billions of Barrels per Year

Ultimate Resource (billions of barrels)

1800 2200 2600

Year of Peaking 2007 2013 2019

Global Oil Stocks

DOE/EIA-0383 2002

US Energy Use/Capita

US Net Oil Imports

US Oil Imports

EIA Weekly 2002

U.S. Energy Flows 1997

US Electrical Energy

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Compiled by Worldwatch Institute

Atmospheric CO2

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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Compiled by Worldwatch Institute

Global Carbon Emissions/Person

The Built Environment A significant impact on available natural resources Globally, the building industry consumes

40% of the raw stone, gravel, and sand 25% of the virgin timber

In the United States, buildings consume 31% of the total energy expended each year 50% of the SO2 25% of the NOx 35% of the CO2 produced $ 210 billion for energy each year

120 billion for residential $90 billion for commercial buildings

Why Conserve Energy?

Stabilize atmospheric carbon Reduce global climate change impacts Reduce fossil fuels consumption

Finite supply world oil consumption will soon surpass

production in the next decade world oil production will peak

Curtail poor air quality and ozone depletion

The challenge is to modify current practices

SmartEnergy Solutions

Illinois Concerns

Annual energy expenditures in Illinois $30.1 billion

Commercial buildings $5.2 billion

The vitality of small businesses in Illinois is affected by these costs

Small Business $mart Energy Program Seeks to help Illinois businesses to identify

opportunities to save energy and money Create and save jobs

Energy and Historic Structures

Energy Conservation Two types

Embodied energy The energy that the building embodies

Operational energy The energy required to run the building

Energy code requirements Any permitted project typically requires

adherence to code Doesn’t apply to single family residences Historic buildings are exempt

Determination that you are eligible

Conservation Strategies Lighting HVAC Thermal Envelope

Lighting An important consideration for Main

Street buildings Energy savings through lighting choices

may occur directly or indirectly Directly, lowering the average number of

Watts used per fixture will lower energy consumption. Indirectly, lowering the number of Watts used will also lower the amount of heat added to the building. This reduction will assist with reducing cooling

efforts in warmer months.

Lighting Alternatives Incandescent versus Fluorescent lighting

Incandescent lighting a high-energy choice especially for the amount of light provided Color Considerations

Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent

No change in fixture or lumens 15,000 hours

three-times the average lifetime of an incandescent bulb Tube fluorescents

T12 bulbs 40-Watt and 32-Watt type 32-Watt reduces light levels by15%

T8 can used without replacing fixtures replacing only ballasts

Other considerations Color rendition, and luminance levels should be considered in

lighting choices, and may alter the amount of energy savings. new energy efficient bulbs realize desired color rendition and

luminance

Lighting Comparison

Lighting Comparison

Other Control Strategies Exit Signs

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) do not require bulb replacement. Average life is ten years Incandescent sign is less than one year

Lighting Controls Time-based controls

Where occupancy and lighting needs are predictable Light-based sensors

valuable in Main Street retail and office space, where large front windows allow natural light to enter the building

Occupancy-based controls Controlling light usage in rooms where occupancy is

unpredictable

Exit Lights Analysis Assuming exit lights per Main Street space

Operating 8,760 hours per year (24 hours a day, 365 days a year)

Incandescent 20 Watts per sign cost $35 a year for two signs

LED fixture, 2.5 Watts per sign Cost $4.40 per year Immediate savings of $30.60 per year

Lifecycle approach Ten-year period First cost + operational costs

two incandescent fixtures is approximately $365 two LED fixtures $125

HVAC

Air Based Systems Radiant Systems Ground Source Heat Pumps Controls

Air Based Systems Ducted systems

Can do heat and cool Use 90% condensing furnaces and SEER 14+ AC

units Avoid ducts in un-conditioned spaces (attics)

Define the thermal envelope Use high-low returns wherever possible

Downside Require extensive remodeling and may compromise

the existing space May encourage moisture problems Heat the air not necessarily the ‘stuff’ Moves dirt Stratification in high spaces

Radiant Systems Heat things not the air

CI Radiators Base board Floor based systems

Effective in historic structures Work well with typical envelope construction

techniques Keeps the wall dry

Work well in volume spaces Require alternative AC systems

Ground Source Heat Pumps Radiant based Heat and Cool Conserves energy Minimum retrofit required Drawbacks

Need space for wells Electric based

Controls Programmable Thermostats

help reduce energy consumption used for heating, cooling, and set back during non-business or unoccupied hours reducing the amount of energy used

For typical office use For operations of ten hours a day, five days a week Can reduce heating and cooling functions for 118

out of the 168 hours in a week—70% of the time For Retail

Hours of operation 9-9 (12 hours a day, 84 hours a week)

Setback 84 out of 168 hours of the week—50%!

Setback Thermostats

Envelopes Define the thermal

envelope Walls

Insulating walls R-20 minimum

assembly Rigid foam Fiberglass Dense packed

cellulose From interior Vapor barriers Moisture concerns

Windows LowE Don’t need to replace for

efficiency Poor paybacks on

replacement Wash U

Energy efficient storm windows

Need operable windows Roofs

R-40 minimum Green roofs High albedo (reflectance)

Illinois SmartEnergy Assistance Center

www.sedac.orgunder construction

contact

deal@uiuc.edu