Electric Charges and Forces...Department of Physics and Applied Physics PHYS.1440 Lecture 1...

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Lecture 1

Chapter 22

Electric Charges and Forces

PHYSICS II

I am ready.Let’s start.

Course website:https://sites.uml.edu/andriy-danylov/teaching/physics-ii/

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Everything you need to know about the course can be found on the course website or Blackboard

https://sites.uml.edu/andriy‐danylov/teaching/physics‐ii/ Blackboard

https://www.uml.edu/IT/Services/Academic‐Technology/Learning‐Management‐System.aspx

TherearetwoBlackboards(BB).Howtofindtherightone?

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

PhysicsIILectures:8:00‐9:50

M‐FrFalmouth205

The textbook: “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, a Strategic Approach,” Fourth Edition by Randall Knight (Pearson, 2016)

Quizzeswillbeannounced

Noquizzeswillbedroppedattheendof

thesemester.

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Homework & Attendance

Online HW (Mastering Physics)Registration MUST be done through BB(just click on any link inside the folder and you will be guided. You need to have an access number, which comes with a book or you can buy it with a credit card during your registration.)Course name: PHYS1440SU19Course ID: danylov43455The online HW is typically due midnight on Wednesday and Sunday(You are penalized 25% for each day late)

http://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com/northamerica/

Lecture attendance is mandatory and it will be checked using iClickers. They are provided.Please, return them at the end of the semester.

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Course Grading

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Today we are going to discuss:

Chapter 22:

Charges,Insulators,Conductors:Section 22.1-3 Coulomb’sLaw:Section 22.4

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Electricity

• Electricity and magnetism is all around us.microphones, calculators, televisions, radio, computers.

• The colors of the rainbow in the blue sky are there because of electricity

• Your nerve system is driven by electricity.• You could not see without electricity.

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Electrostatics

Electrical forces arise from particles in atoms Electrons – negatively chargedProtons – positively charged (by convention)

Like charges repel Opposite charges attract

Observations: charges interact

Coulomb found an expression to describe these interactions

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Coulomb’s law

In SI units K = 8.99 109 N m2/C2.

When two charged particles are a distance, r, apart, they each experience a force.

Enormous!!!

F1on2

r

q1

q2F2on1

Rewriting Coulomb’s law in terms of 0 gives us:

Let’s define a new constant, called the permittivity constant 0:

ConcepTest Coulomb Force

A) 9F

B) 3F

C)F

D)F/3

E)F/9

The force between two charges separatedby a distance d is F. If the charges arepulled apart to a distance 3d, what is theforce on each charge?

QF

QF

dQ

?Q

?

3dOriginally we had:

Fbefore = k(Q)(Q)/d2 = F

Now we have:

Fafter = k(Q)(Q)/(3d)2 = 1/9F

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Principle of superposition

F1 F2F3

F4

q1 q2

q3

q4

+ + +

q

If multiple charges are present, the net electric force on a charge q due to all other charges is

ConcepTest SuperpositionA) 1

B) 2

C)3

D)4

E)5

Whichofthearrowsbestrepresentsthedirectionofthenetforceoncharge+Qduetotheothertwocharges?

Thecharge+2Q repels+Q towardtheright.Thecharge+4Q repels+Q upward,butwithastrongerforce.Therefore,thenetforceisupandtotheright,butmostlyup.

+2Q

+4Q

+Q

1 23

45

d

d

+2Q

+4Q

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Charged ions

Ifanatomlosesoneormoreelectrons,itbecomespositivelychargedcalledapositiveion

Ifanatomgainsoneormoreelectrons,itbecomesnegativelychargedcalledanegativeion

electrons

Usuallyanatomisneutral

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Insulators and conductors

The electrons in an insulator are all tightlybound to the positive nuclei and not free tomove around.

In metals, the outer atomic electrons are onlyweakly bound to the nuclei.These outer electrons become detached fromtheir parent nuclei and are free to wanderabout through the entire solid.

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Now to describe processes of charging insulators and conductors we will need a charged object, a charged rod.

Whenaplasticrodisrubbedwithatowel,theplasticacquiresanegativechargeandthetowelacquiresanequalamountofpositivecharge.(Thechargesareseparatedbutthesumiszero)

It leads to CONSERVATION OF CHARGEThe net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Induced charge in conductor

Althoughthemetalasawholeisstillelectricallyneutral,wesaythattheobjecthasbeenpolarized.

MetalChargepolarizationisaslightseparationofthepositiveandnegativechargesinaneutralobject.

Demo: rod/metallized balloon

F

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Charge induction in an insulator

A neutral atom is polarized by an external charge, forming an electric dipole.

Center of negative charge

negatively charged surface

positively charged surface

electric dipole

F

Demo:rod/paper

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Demonstrations

A Van de Graff generator (named after its inventor) is a high voltage generator. It basically loads a spherical hollow conductor with static charges which brings the conductor to a very high (or very low) potential.

DepartmentofPhysicsandAppliedPhysicsPHYS.1440Lecture1A.Danylov

Thank you

ConcepTest Polarization/DipoleX andY aretwounchargedmetalspheresoninsulatingstands,andareincontactwitheachother.ApositivelychargedrodR isbroughtclosetoX asshowninFigure(a).

A) Both X and Y are neutral

B) X is positive and Y is neutral

C) X is neutral and Y is positive

D) X is negative and Y is positive

E) Both X and Y are negative

So we created a dipole.

SphereY isnowmovedawayfromX,asinFigure(b)

WhatarethefinalchargestatesofX andY?

+ + + + + + + X Y + + + + + + + X Y___

__ ++++

One piece of metalTwo pieces of metal

__

_ ___

++++

+++

+