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REFRIGERANTS – WHERE ARE WE HEADED IN NORTH AMERICA? 2017 HESNI ANNUAL CONFERENCE
Jay Eldridge, Regional Applied Equipment Sales Mgr Daikin Applied, Minneapolis, MN
©2016 Daikin Applied
AGENDA – REFRIGERANT DISCUSSION
› Review refrigerant basics
› Common refrigerant questions
› Regulatory updates for US and Canada
› Research refrigerant alternatives
— What are the choices
› What are the next steps?
— How regulation will drive innovation
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
› ODP › GWP › CFC HCFC HFC and HFO › SNAP › Toxicity › Flammability › Efficiency
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
› ODP = Ozone Depletion Potential
› Ozone is depleted by compounds that contain chlorine that make it into the upper atmosphere
› To protect the ozone, the Montreal Protocol phased out CFCs and HCFCs
› It Worked!
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS CLEAN AIR ACT / MONTREAL PROTOCOL
› Reductions from US Clean Air Act › CFC – HCFC – HFC – HFO
2020 Stop all R22 Production No New R123 Chillers
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
› GWP = Global Warming Potential
› GWP is a measure of the relative impact a refrigerant has on global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere
› GWP does not provide visibility to efficiency
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS - GWP
› This is the big one that is driving decisions today
No impact from Refrigerant if it stays in the chiller!
©2016 Daikin Applied
IS THERE A PROBLEM?
http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/24/
Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide
©2016 Daikin Applied
HURDLES FOR NEW REFRIGERANTS
Challenge › Ozone depletion
(ODP) › Global-warming
(GWP) › Flammability › Toxicity › Equipment cost › Efficiency:
Goal › Zero – No Chlorine
› Zero or close to one
› Does not burn, or hard to burn › Safe › Same as today, or less, for similar
performance › Same as today, or better
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT BASICS – WHAT’S AN HFO?
› HFO - Hydrofluoro olefins › Composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon
and have a double bond connecting the atoms. › HFC + Double bond in molecule
› HFOs are › Non-ozone-depleting (no chlorine) › GWP = about 1 (Close to CO2)
HFO – Short atmospheric lifetime – Less climate impact
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
› The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) program originally intended to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone-depleting chemicals
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS
› Refrigerant number designations
› Toxicity – A or B
› Flammability – 1 thru 3
› Used by ASHRAE to determine mechanical room safety requirements
ASHRAE Standard 34
©2016 Daikin Applied
› Toxicity – ASHRAE 34 - A (lower toxicity) or - B (higher toxicity)
› Flammability - ASHRAE 34 - 1 (no flame propagation) - 2L (lower flammability) -
effect of ignition is not so large, and typically difficult to ignite
- 2 (lower flammability) - 3 (higher flammability)
ASHRAE 34-2016
14
2L not yet recognized in North America building codes!
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS – FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY
IncreasingFlam
mabilitySafetyGroup
HigherFlammability
A3 B3
A2 B2
A2L B2L
NoFlamePropogation
A1 B1IncreasingFlam
mability
LowerFlammmability
IncreasingToxicity
Propane (R290)
Ammonia (R717)
R123 R134a R410A R22
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS – FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY
IncreasingFlammability
SafetyGroup
HigherFlammability
A3 B3
A2 B2
A2L B2L
NoFlamePropogation
A1 B1IncreasingFlammability
LowerFlammmability
IncreasingToxicity
Ammonia (R717)
R123 R134a R410A R22
HFO1234yf HFO1234ze
HFO1233zd
R513A R513B R450A
New equipment alternative to R123 -Low pressure Centrif chillers
HFO/R134a blends -Drop-in replacements -Small performance changes
R32
Good R410A Alternative -Being used globally -Scroll compressors
R452B R454B R447A ARM-71a R410A
Alternatives (67-69% R32 Blends)
R134a Alternatives - Autos - Chillers
Retro-fit alternative for current R123 low pressure chillers
R514A
ASHRAE Safety Group
©2016 Daikin Applied
COMMON QUESTIONS
©2016 Daikin Applied
Q: WILL HCFCS SURVIVE?
› HCFCs are being phased out – R22 is already out in North
America – R123 ends in 2020 and
will not get a “reprieve”
› “Essentially Zero” ODP is necessary › Next generation will require
essentially ZERO ODP and lower GWP
2020 No new
HCFC-123 Equipment
allowed
©2016 Daikin Applied
Q: WILL WE END UP WITH A FEW REFRIGERANTS? (LIKE NOW?)
› There are many options to start › HFCs & HFOs
› HCFCs going away › Pure and blends. Blend refrigerants likely temporary
› Long term: manufacturers will move to fewer options to lower cost
› There will be transitional refrigerant blends to bridge older designs to new refrigerants
› The total number of refrigerant options will end up about the same
Pure refrigerants will likely last vs blends
©2016 Daikin Applied
Q: HAS EUROPE BANNED R134A?
› Europe has not banned R134a for chillers – No restriction on refrigerants with a GWP below 2500
for chiller applications • R134a = 1300, R410A = 1924
– The F gas regulation includes some bans on certain types of HFCs in certain types of products, but there is no ban on the use of R410A or R134a in chiller applications.
– Main focus has been on highly emissive applications
• F Gas regulation has an HFC phase down schedule in place to support the recent amendment to the Montreal Protocol
Expect a gradual transition in the chiller market
©2016 Daikin Applied
Q: CAN I DROP IN R1233ZD IN A R123 CHILLER IN THE FUTURE?
› HFO1233zd cannot be used in an R123 chiller in the future – HFO1233zd operates at higher pressures vs R123 – Will be above 15 psig – Requires ASME and CRN construction for the heat
exchangers – Requires compressor design changes
› R514A is a retro-fit alternative for existing R123 chillers • Some changes required, some performance loss • Still a “B” refrigerant, so in the same higher toxicity classification
as R123 • Not considered a “long-term” option for new equipment
– R514A is a blend vs pure refrigerant
©2016 Daikin Applied
Q: SHOULD I USE THE LOWEST GWP FLUID?
› Contribution to global warming is based on refrigerant (Direct Effect) and equipment efficiency (Indirect Effect) - A low GWP fluid doesn’t help if there is an
efficiency loss (> 2% approximately) - Majority of climate impact from chillers is power
generation for electricity use
› So a lower GWP refrigerant with lower efficiency could actually create more global warming
There is no A1 refrigerant that offers a better alternative to R134a and R410A today!
©2016 Daikin Applied
R513A CHILLER TESTING
23
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
ARM-42a N-13a N-13b R-1234ze(E) XP-10
RelativePerform
acetoR-134a
230-tonWater-cooledScrewChiller(R-134a)CapacityCOP
T_chilled water,outlet=44°FT_coolingwater,inlet=85°Fmfr_chilledwater=550gpmmfr_coolingwater=700gpm
[Data source: AHRI Low-GWP AREP Report 007, 2012]
R450A R513A
Decreased Efficiency- Negative impact on Global Warming
©2016 Daikin Applied
REGULATORY UPDATE
› US
› Canada
©2016 Daikin Applied
CHANGES ARE COMING
› HFCs will be phased down
› Drivers: — October 15, 2016 amendment to the
Montreal Protocol, phase down framework is defined
— EPA SNAP Program / Climate Action Plan
— F-gas regulations in Europe — Canada HFC activities — California HFC proposals
©2016 Daikin Applied
REGULATORY UPDATE – US
› September 26, 2016 - EPA has announced Final Rule 21 › This rule changes the SNAP listing status of various refrigerants used for
new centrifugal and positive displacement chillers › As of January 1, 2024 R410A, R134a, and R407C can no longer be used
in new chiller applications — The SNAP action stops the use of R134a and R410A in new chillers
in 2024, but does not impact the production of these refrigerants for use in other applications. As such, availability will extend well beyond 2024 to service equipment
— R134a is used in HFC/HFO blends R513A, R513B and R450A so production of R134a will continue to support these products
› Rule 21 also address new or unacceptable alternatives in other sectors: — Refrigeration — Foam Blowing — MVAC (motor vehicle air conditioning)
Note this applies to chillers only – These refrigerants will still be used for other HVAC applications.
©2016 Daikin Applied
REGULATORY UPDATE – CANADA
› Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) proposed new regulations designed to implement a phase down on the production and consumption of HFCs
› Addresses foams, aerosols, refrigeration and chillers › Chillers - Starting January 1, 2025, prohibit the manufacture
and import of chillers that contain or are designed to contain: — any HFC refrigerant with a GWP > 700; or — a refrigerant blend that contains any HFC where that
blend has a GWP > 700
Also applies to chillers only – These refrigerants will still be used for other HVAC applications
©2016 Daikin Applied
PROPOSED GLOBAL HFC PHASE DOWN WOULD BEGIN IN 2024
› In October 2016 a multi-national agreement was reached to phase down HFCs by 85% between now and 2047
› This will be done as an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, so all countries (Including the US) who approve it will follow the guidelines
› Phase down will be done on a GWP weighted basis — Eliminating higher GWP HFCs such as R404A
(GWP=3940) will have more of an impact than reductions in R134a (GWP=1300)
©2016 Daikin Applied
HFC PHASE DOWN – TIMING › Developed countries including the US, Canada and EU will
freeze HFC consumption at a baseline 2011-2013 level — Reducing to about 10 percent of these levels by 2036.
› Developing countries including China, Brazil and all of Africa, freeze HFC consumption at average 2020-2022 levels — Reducing to 20 percent of 2024 levels by 2045.
› The world’s hot climate countries — India, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait — will have a slower schedule. — Freezing HFC consumption in 2028 at average
consumption 2024-2026, — Reducing it to about 15 percent of 2028 levels by 2047.
©2016 Daikin Applied
HFC PHASE DOWN – ANALYSIS AND IMPACT
› The Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy http://www.alliancepolicy.org/ has provided a rough analysis of the proposal, and for the U.S., the schedule appears to be manageable and consistent with current EPA SNAP rulemakings.
› It is believed that the recent SNAP Change of Status rules (i.e. delisting rules) may have already achieved compliance with the first two steps: 2019 (10% reduction) and 2024 (40% reduction). — These include the 2024 delisting of R134a and R410A in
chillers and the recent delisting of HFC refrigerants used in foam insulation, automobile A/C and commercial refrigeration.
©2016 Daikin Applied
HFCS – DAIKIN APPLIED POSITION
› R410A and R134a represent the best choices for use in positive pressure equipment today. — We anticipate this to be the case until 2021, when building
codes will recognize A2L refrigerants. — At that time, R32 and R1234ze will be the best
alternatives to R410A and R134a
› On the low pressure side, R514A (a “B1” fluid) and R1233zd (an “A1” fluid) are available today, so there is no reason to use R123, an HCFC that is nearing the end of the long, ongoing phase-out schedule.
©2016 Daikin Applied
HOW LONG DO I HAVE? Existing Chillers › No big changes. Only change if necessary. › Maintain and service to minimize leaks › May use refrigerant from replaced units to service newer ones
— Confirm refrigerant is cleaned/processed. (oil, non-condensibles, acids, contaminants, etc)
New Chillers › New equipment has 25+ year life › Focus on efficiency for life-cycle cost and lowest total warming impact › Make sure new unit has long term refrigerant plan
Other Equipment? (RTU, WSHP, CRAC, Split Systems, etc) › They are not included in this change! › Maintain and service to minimize leaks and ensure performance
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT ALTERNATIVES
©2016 Daikin Applied
WHAT ARE THE CHOICES?
35
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
GWP100Value
AlternativeRefrigerantCandidates
A1
A2L
A3
B2L
R-134a(GWP=1430)replacements
R-404A(GWP=3900)replacements
R-410A(GWP=2100)replacements
R-22(GWP=1810)replacements
©2016 Daikin Applied
BASICS – FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY
IncreasingFlammability
SafetyGroup
HigherFlammability
A3 B3
A2 B2
A2L B2L
NoFlamePropogation
A1 B1IncreasingFlammability
LowerFlammmability
IncreasingToxicity
Ammonia (R717)
R123 R134a R410A R22
HFO1234yf HFO1234ze
HFO1233zd
R513A R513B R450A
New equipment alternative to R123 -Low pressure Centrif chillers
HFO/R134a blends -Drop-in replacements -Small performance changes
R32
Good R410A Alternative -Being used globally -Scroll compressors
R452B R454B R447A ARM-71a R410A
Alternatives (67-69% R32 Blends)
R134a Alternatives - Autos - Chillers
Retro-fit alternative for current R123 low pressure chillers
R514A
ASHRAE Safety Group
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R134A ALTERNATIVES (POSITIVE PRESSURE CENTRIF AND SCREW CHILLERS)
RefrigerantASHRAE34
ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity
R134a A1 1300R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234zeR513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yfR513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yfR1234yf A2L 1R1234ze A2L 1
R134a is the best choice today for A1 applications
R1234ze is the best long-term choice Ø Requires new compressors and code changes
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES (TYPICALLY SCROLL CHILLERS)
R410A is the best choice today for A1 applications
R32 appears to be the best long-term choice Ø Requires new compressors and code changes
RefrigerantASHRAE34
ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity
R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125R32 A2L 677R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125R454B A2L 467 68.9%R32/31.1%R1234yfR447A A2L 571 68%R32/28.5%R1234ze/3.5%R125
ARM-71a A2L 460 68%R32/26%R1234yf/6%R1234ze
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES
(Datasource:h/p://www.achrnews.com/ar6cles/134215-why-r-32-may-be-the-refrigerant-of-the-future
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY
RefrigerantASHRAE34
ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition
R134a A1 1300R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234zeR513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yfR513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yfR1234yf A2L 1R1234ze A2L 1R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125R32 A2L 677
R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125R125 A1 3170R22 A1 1760
R1233zd A1 1R514A B1 ~2 74.7%R1336mzz/25.3%R1130
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – PRICING ($USD/POUND)
AverageR134a $3.72R410A $4.28
R22 $13.36R123 $8.56R11 $18.85
R407C $5.55R513A $13.49
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT REGULATION WILL DRIVE INNOVATION
› Environmental concerns continue to drive change in the refrigerant industry
— Globally, the industry is actively and responsibly phasing down compounds and practices that contribute to global climate change — Need to innovate rigorously and responsibly
— Regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive forces have resulted in a complex landscape of messages that are challenging to sift through — Need to create candid dialogue based on facts
› Latest refrigerant discussions focus on Global Climate Change (energy efficiency and refrigerant GWP)
— A lower GWP can come with trade offs — Consider the big picture
©2016 Daikin Applied
SUMMARY
› What are the best choices for new equipment today? — HFCs and HFOs
› What are the right “A” refrigerant choices today for HVAC applications? — R134a, R410A and R1233zd
› Why stay away from HCFCs? — There are better alternatives available
› Refrigerant alternatives should focus on: — Efficiency and containment
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU.
©2016 Daikin Applied
› Outline topics: › • Basic refrigerant terms and descriptions › • Ozone layer and global warming situation › • Key drivers for refrigerant changes › • Large cooling system (chiller) issues › • Implications of standard and building codes › • Common questions people are asking today › • Recent findings from R&D of new refrigerants › • Recent regulatory changes › • Recommendations for what to do next › Key takeaways: › • What refrigerants and equipment will be affected next, and how? › • What should I do for equipment in my facility now? › • What should I look for in new equipment? › • How long do I have to make any changes? › • What are the impacts for efficiency, cost and life of my HVAC
equipment?
©2016 Daikin Applied
APPENDIX - COMMON TERMS
47
˃ CFCs – Chloroflourocarbons are any of several simple gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine and fluorine, that were used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams. Common examples are R-11 and R-12, have not been used in new HVAC equipment in North America since the mid 1990s.
˃ HCFCs - Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, hydrogen, and at least one chlorine atom connected by single bonds between the atoms. HCFCs are ozone-depleting substances, generally with shorter atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs and lower ozone depletion potentials (ODP). HCFCs are subject to phase-out by the Montreal Protocol and specific legislation in the US. Common examples are R-22 and R-123.
˃ HFCs – Hydrofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen and connected by single bonds between the atoms. Hydrofluorocarbons are non-ozone-depleting substances and are considered long term replacements for CFCs and HCFCs. Recent concerns around global climate change are focusing more attention on the global warming potential (GWP) of these refrigerants. HFC examples are R-134a and R-410A.
˃ HFOs - Hydrofluoro olefins are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine and carbon and have at least one double bond connecting the atoms. Hydrofluoro olefins are non-ozone-depleting substances with relatively low GWP values.
˃ ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential is a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11. Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that range from 0.01 to 1.0. HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine.
˃ GWP - Global Warming Potential is a number that refers to the amount of global warming caused by a substance. The GWP is the ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. Thus, the GWP of CO2 is defined to be 1.0. CFC-12 has a GWP of 8,500, while CFC-11 has a GWP of 5,000. Various HCFCs and HFCs have GWPs ranging from 93 to 12,100. Water, a substitute in numerous end-uses, has a GWP of 0.
˃ Montreal Protocol - The international treaty governing the protection of stratospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments control the phase out of ODS (ozone depleting substances) production and use. Under the Montreal Protocol, several international organizations report on the science of ozone depletion, implement projects to help move away from ODS, and provide a forum for policy discussions. In addition, the Multilateral Fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies. The full text of the Montreal Protocol is available from the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
˃ SNAP ‐ The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone‐depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In Section 612(c) of the Clean Air Act, the Agency is authorized to identify and publish lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for class I or class II ozone‐depleting substances. The purpose of the program is to allow a safe, smooth transition away from ozone‐depleting compounds by identifying substitutes that offer lower overall risks to human health and the environment.
©2016 Daikin Applied
APPENDIX - MORE DETAILS ON GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) › GWP is a measure of the relative impact a refrigerant has on global warming when compared to CO2.
› All greenhouse gases are assigned a GWP value. This value is used to compare the abilities of different greenhouse gases to trap heat in the atmosphere. GWPs are based on the heat-absorbing ability of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years).
› GWPs can also be used to define the impact greenhouse gases will have on global warming over different time periods or time horizons. These are usually 20 years, 100 years and 500 years. For most greenhouse gases, the GWP declines as the time horizon increases. This is because the greenhouse gas is gradually removed from the atmosphere through natural removal mechanisms, and its influence on the greenhouse effect declines. Some of the CFCs however, have long atmospheric lifetimes, and the 100-year GWP may be greater than the 20 year GWP.
› By assigning a GWP value it allows policy makers to compare the impacts of emissions and reductions of different gases. For instance, methane is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect and has a GWP of 21. This means methane is approximately 21 times more heat-absorptive than carbon dioxide per unit of weight.
› As climate science progresses, GWP values have been revised over time for many fluids, including the CO2 basis value. Numbers are often cited without specifying a source. The most current values are based on AR5 using the 100 year horizon. (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014)
©2016 Daikin Applied
KIGALI AND GWP PHASE DOWN
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/2015_benefits_of_addressing_hfcs_under_the_montreal_protocol_-_final_clean.pdf
©2016 Daikin Applied
REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES
(Datasource:ORNL/TM-2015/536;Alterna6veRefrigerantEvalua6onforHigh-Ambient-TemperatureEnvironments:R-22andR-410AAlterna6vesforMini-SplitAirCondi6oners)
R452B
©2016 Daikin Applied
WHERE ARE HFCS USED?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036
nA5ProposalUSGWPEstimatedReductions
SmallDomesticandLightRefrigeration SmallCharge Foam CommercialAC
MAC Other CommercialRefrig SmallDomesticandLightAC
ReclaimfornA5Proposal A2counter
Recclaim needed
2015SmallDomesticandLightRefrigeration 4%SmallCharge 1%Foam 14%CommercialAC 4%MAC 14%Other 7%CommercialRefrig 24%SmallDomesticandLightAC 32%
Foam
MAC
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