EFRIGERANTS – WHERE ARE WE HEADED IN ORTH MERICA · – R22 is already out in North America ... [Data source: AHRI Low-GWP AREP Report 007, 2012] R450A R513A Decreased Efficiency-

REFRIGERANTS – WHERE ARE WE HEADED IN NORTH AMERICA? 2017 HESNI ANNUAL CONFERENCE

Jay Eldridge, Regional Applied Equipment Sales Mgr Daikin Applied, Minneapolis, MN

©2016 Daikin Applied

AGENDA – REFRIGERANT DISCUSSION

› Review refrigerant basics

› Common refrigerant questions

› Regulatory updates for US and Canada

› Research refrigerant alternatives

—  What are the choices

› What are the next steps?

—  How regulation will drive innovation


BASICS

› ODP › GWP › CFC HCFC HFC and HFO › SNAP › Toxicity › Flammability › Efficiency


BASICS

› ODP = Ozone Depletion Potential

› Ozone is depleted by compounds that contain chlorine that make it into the upper atmosphere

› To protect the ozone, the Montreal Protocol phased out CFCs and HCFCs

›  It Worked!


BASICS CLEAN AIR ACT / MONTREAL PROTOCOL

›  Reductions from US Clean Air Act ›  CFC – HCFC – HFC – HFO

2020 Stop all R22 Production No New R123 Chillers


BASICS

› GWP = Global Warming Potential

› GWP is a measure of the relative impact a refrigerant has on global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere

› GWP does not provide visibility to efficiency


BASICS - GWP

› This is the big one that is driving decisions today

No impact from Refrigerant if it stays in the chiller!


IS THERE A PROBLEM?

http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/24/

Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide


HURDLES FOR NEW REFRIGERANTS

Challenge › Ozone depletion

(ODP) › Global-warming

(GWP) ›  Flammability ›  Toxicity › Equipment cost › Efficiency:

Goal ›  Zero – No Chlorine

›  Zero or close to one

› Does not burn, or hard to burn › Safe › Same as today, or less, for similar

performance › Same as today, or better


REFRIGERANT BASICS – WHAT’S AN HFO?

› HFO - Hydrofluoro olefins › Composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon

and have a double bond connecting the atoms. ›  HFC + Double bond in molecule

› HFOs are › Non-ozone-depleting (no chlorine) › GWP = about 1 (Close to CO2)

HFO – Short atmospheric lifetime – Less climate impact


BASICS

›  The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) program originally intended to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone-depleting chemicals


BASICS


BASICS

›  Refrigerant number designations

›  Toxicity – A or B

›  Flammability – 1 thru 3

›  Used by ASHRAE to determine mechanical room safety requirements

ASHRAE Standard 34


›  Toxicity – ASHRAE 34 -  A (lower toxicity) or -  B (higher toxicity)

›  Flammability - ASHRAE 34 -  1 (no flame propagation) -  2L (lower flammability) -

effect of ignition is not so large, and typically difficult to ignite

-  2 (lower flammability) -  3 (higher flammability)

ASHRAE 34-2016

14

2L not yet recognized in North America building codes!


BASICS – FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY

IncreasingFlam

mabilitySafetyGroup

HigherFlammability

A3 B3

A2 B2

A2L B2L

NoFlamePropogation

A1 B1IncreasingFlam

mability

LowerFlammmability

IncreasingToxicity

Propane (R290)

Ammonia (R717)

R123 R134a R410A R22



IncreasingFlammability

SafetyGroup

HigherFlammability

A3 B3

A2 B2

A2L B2L

NoFlamePropogation

A1 B1IncreasingFlammability

LowerFlammmability

IncreasingToxicity

Ammonia (R717)

R123 R134a R410A R22

HFO1234yf HFO1234ze

HFO1233zd

R513A R513B R450A

New equipment alternative to R123 -Low pressure Centrif chillers

HFO/R134a blends -Drop-in replacements -Small performance changes

R32

Good R410A Alternative -Being used globally -Scroll compressors

R452B R454B R447A ARM-71a R410A

Alternatives (67-69% R32 Blends)

R134a Alternatives -  Autos -  Chillers

Retro-fit alternative for current R123 low pressure chillers

R514A

ASHRAE Safety Group


COMMON QUESTIONS


Q: WILL HCFCS SURVIVE?

›  HCFCs are being phased out –  R22 is already out in North

America –  R123 ends in 2020 and

will not get a “reprieve”

›  “Essentially Zero” ODP is necessary ›  Next generation will require

essentially ZERO ODP and lower GWP

2020 No new

HCFC-123 Equipment

allowed


Q: WILL WE END UP WITH A FEW REFRIGERANTS? (LIKE NOW?)

›  There are many options to start ›  HFCs & HFOs

›  HCFCs going away ›  Pure and blends. Blend refrigerants likely temporary

›  Long term: manufacturers will move to fewer options to lower cost

›  There will be transitional refrigerant blends to bridge older designs to new refrigerants

›  The total number of refrigerant options will end up about the same

Pure refrigerants will likely last vs blends


Q: HAS EUROPE BANNED R134A?

›  Europe has not banned R134a for chillers –  No restriction on refrigerants with a GWP below 2500

for chiller applications •  R134a = 1300, R410A = 1924

–  The F gas regulation includes some bans on certain types of HFCs in certain types of products, but there is no ban on the use of R410A or R134a in chiller applications.

–  Main focus has been on highly emissive applications

•  F Gas regulation has an HFC phase down schedule in place to support the recent amendment to the Montreal Protocol

Expect a gradual transition in the chiller market


Q: CAN I DROP IN R1233ZD IN A R123 CHILLER IN THE FUTURE?

›  HFO1233zd cannot be used in an R123 chiller in the future –  HFO1233zd operates at higher pressures vs R123 –  Will be above 15 psig –  Requires ASME and CRN construction for the heat

exchangers –  Requires compressor design changes

›  R514A is a retro-fit alternative for existing R123 chillers •  Some changes required, some performance loss •  Still a “B” refrigerant, so in the same higher toxicity classification

as R123 •  Not considered a “long-term” option for new equipment

–  R514A is a blend vs pure refrigerant


Q: SHOULD I USE THE LOWEST GWP FLUID?

›  Contribution to global warming is based on refrigerant (Direct Effect) and equipment efficiency (Indirect Effect) -  A low GWP fluid doesn’t help if there is an

efficiency loss (> 2% approximately) -  Majority of climate impact from chillers is power

generation for electricity use

›  So a lower GWP refrigerant with lower efficiency could actually create more global warming

There is no A1 refrigerant that offers a better alternative to R134a and R410A today!


R513A CHILLER TESTING

23

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

ARM-42a N-13a N-13b R-1234ze(E) XP-10

RelativePerform

acetoR-134a

230-tonWater-cooledScrewChiller(R-134a)CapacityCOP

T_chilled water,outlet=44°FT_coolingwater,inlet=85°Fmfr_chilledwater=550gpmmfr_coolingwater=700gpm

[Data source: AHRI Low-GWP AREP Report 007, 2012]

R450A R513A

Decreased Efficiency- Negative impact on Global Warming


REGULATORY UPDATE

› US

› Canada


CHANGES ARE COMING

› HFCs will be phased down

› Drivers: —  October 15, 2016 amendment to the

Montreal Protocol, phase down framework is defined

—  EPA SNAP Program / Climate Action Plan

—  F-gas regulations in Europe —  Canada HFC activities —  California HFC proposals


REGULATORY UPDATE – US

›  September 26, 2016 - EPA has announced Final Rule 21 ›  This rule changes the SNAP listing status of various refrigerants used for

new centrifugal and positive displacement chillers ›  As of January 1, 2024 R410A, R134a, and R407C can no longer be used

in new chiller applications —  The SNAP action stops the use of R134a and R410A in new chillers

in 2024, but does not impact the production of these refrigerants for use in other applications. As such, availability will extend well beyond 2024 to service equipment

—  R134a is used in HFC/HFO blends R513A, R513B and R450A so production of R134a will continue to support these products

›  Rule 21 also address new or unacceptable alternatives in other sectors: —  Refrigeration —  Foam Blowing —  MVAC (motor vehicle air conditioning)

Note this applies to chillers only – These refrigerants will still be used for other HVAC applications.


REGULATORY UPDATE – CANADA

›  Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) proposed new regulations designed to implement a phase down on the production and consumption of HFCs

›  Addresses foams, aerosols, refrigeration and chillers ›  Chillers - Starting January 1, 2025, prohibit the manufacture

and import of chillers that contain or are designed to contain: —  any HFC refrigerant with a GWP > 700; or —  a refrigerant blend that contains any HFC where that

blend has a GWP > 700

Also applies to chillers only – These refrigerants will still be used for other HVAC applications


PROPOSED GLOBAL HFC PHASE DOWN WOULD BEGIN IN 2024

›  In October 2016 a multi-national agreement was reached to phase down HFCs by 85% between now and 2047

›  This will be done as an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, so all countries (Including the US) who approve it will follow the guidelines

› Phase down will be done on a GWP weighted basis —  Eliminating higher GWP HFCs such as R404A

(GWP=3940) will have more of an impact than reductions in R134a (GWP=1300)


HFC PHASE DOWN – TIMING ›  Developed countries including the US, Canada and EU will

freeze HFC consumption at a baseline 2011-2013 level —  Reducing to about 10 percent of these levels by 2036.

›  Developing countries including China, Brazil and all of Africa, freeze HFC consumption at average 2020-2022 levels —  Reducing to 20 percent of 2024 levels by 2045.

›  The world’s hot climate countries — India, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait — will have a slower schedule. —  Freezing HFC consumption in 2028 at average

consumption 2024-2026, —  Reducing it to about 15 percent of 2028 levels by 2047.


HFC PHASE DOWN – ANALYSIS AND IMPACT

›  The Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy http://www.alliancepolicy.org/ has provided a rough analysis of the proposal, and for the U.S., the schedule appears to be manageable and consistent with current EPA SNAP rulemakings.

›  It is believed that the recent SNAP Change of Status rules (i.e. delisting rules) may have already achieved compliance with the first two steps: 2019 (10% reduction) and 2024 (40% reduction). —  These include the 2024 delisting of R134a and R410A in

chillers and the recent delisting of HFC refrigerants used in foam insulation, automobile A/C and commercial refrigeration.


HFCS – DAIKIN APPLIED POSITION

› R410A and R134a represent the best choices for use in positive pressure equipment today. —  We anticipate this to be the case until 2021, when building

codes will recognize A2L refrigerants. —  At that time, R32 and R1234ze will be the best

alternatives to R410A and R134a

› On the low pressure side, R514A (a “B1” fluid) and R1233zd (an “A1” fluid) are available today, so there is no reason to use R123, an HCFC that is nearing the end of the long, ongoing phase-out schedule.


HOW LONG DO I HAVE? Existing Chillers ›  No big changes. Only change if necessary. ›  Maintain and service to minimize leaks ›  May use refrigerant from replaced units to service newer ones

—  Confirm refrigerant is cleaned/processed. (oil, non-condensibles, acids, contaminants, etc)

New Chillers ›  New equipment has 25+ year life ›  Focus on efficiency for life-cycle cost and lowest total warming impact ›  Make sure new unit has long term refrigerant plan

Other Equipment? (RTU, WSHP, CRAC, Split Systems, etc) ›  They are not included in this change! ›  Maintain and service to minimize leaks and ensure performance


REFRIGERANT ALTERNATIVES


WHAT ARE THE CHOICES?

35

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

GWP100Value

AlternativeRefrigerantCandidates

A1

A2L

A3

B2L

R-134a(GWP=1430)replacements

R-404A(GWP=3900)replacements

R-410A(GWP=2100)replacements

R-22(GWP=1810)replacements



IncreasingFlammability

SafetyGroup

HigherFlammability

A3 B3

A2 B2

A2L B2L

NoFlamePropogation

A1 B1IncreasingFlammability

LowerFlammmability

IncreasingToxicity

Ammonia (R717)

R123 R134a R410A R22

HFO1234yf HFO1234ze

HFO1233zd

R513A R513B R450A

New equipment alternative to R123 -Low pressure Centrif chillers

HFO/R134a blends -Drop-in replacements -Small performance changes

R32

Good R410A Alternative -Being used globally -Scroll compressors

R452B R454B R447A ARM-71a R410A

Alternatives (67-69% R32 Blends)

R134a Alternatives -  Autos -  Chillers

Retro-fit alternative for current R123 low pressure chillers

R514A

ASHRAE Safety Group


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R134A ALTERNATIVES (POSITIVE PRESSURE CENTRIF AND SCREW CHILLERS)

RefrigerantASHRAE34

ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity

R134a A1 1300R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234zeR513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yfR513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yfR1234yf A2L 1R1234ze A2L 1

R134a is the best choice today for A1 applications

R1234ze is the best long-term choice Ø  Requires new compressors and code changes


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES (TYPICALLY SCROLL CHILLERS)

R410A is the best choice today for A1 applications

R32 appears to be the best long-term choice Ø  Requires new compressors and code changes

RefrigerantASHRAE34

ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition Efficiency Capacity

R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125R32 A2L 677R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125R454B A2L 467 68.9%R32/31.1%R1234yfR447A A2L 571 68%R32/28.5%R1234ze/3.5%R125

ARM-71a A2L 460 68%R32/26%R1234yf/6%R1234ze


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES

(Datasource:h/p://www.achrnews.com/ar6cles/134215-why-r-32-may-be-the-refrigerant-of-the-future


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY

RefrigerantASHRAE34

ClassificationGWP100(AR5) Composition

R134a A1 1300R450A A1 547 42%R134a/58%R1234zeR513A A1 572 44%R134a/56%R1234yfR513B A1 540 41.5%R134a/58.5%R1234yfR1234yf A2L 1R1234ze A2L 1R410A A1 1924 50%R32/50%R125R32 A2L 677

R452B A2L 675 67%R32/26%R1234yf/7%R125R125 A1 3170R22 A1 1760

R1233zd A1 1R514A B1 ~2 74.7%R1336mzz/25.3%R1130


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – PRICING ($USD/POUND)

AverageR134a $3.72R410A $4.28

R22 $13.36R123 $8.56R11 $18.85

R407C $5.55R513A $13.49


REFRIGERANT REGULATION WILL DRIVE INNOVATION

›  Environmental concerns continue to drive change in the refrigerant industry

—  Globally, the industry is actively and responsibly phasing down compounds and practices that contribute to global climate change — Need to innovate rigorously and responsibly

—  Regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive forces have resulted in a complex landscape of messages that are challenging to sift through — Need to create candid dialogue based on facts

›  Latest refrigerant discussions focus on Global Climate Change (energy efficiency and refrigerant GWP)

—  A lower GWP can come with trade offs —  Consider the big picture


SUMMARY

› What are the best choices for new equipment today? —  HFCs and HFOs

› What are the right “A” refrigerant choices today for HVAC applications? —  R134a, R410A and R1233zd

› Why stay away from HCFCs? —  There are better alternatives available

› Refrigerant alternatives should focus on: —  Efficiency and containment

QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU.


›  Outline topics: ›  • Basic refrigerant terms and descriptions ›  • Ozone layer and global warming situation ›  • Key drivers for refrigerant changes ›  • Large cooling system (chiller) issues ›  • Implications of standard and building codes ›  • Common questions people are asking today ›  • Recent findings from R&D of new refrigerants ›  • Recent regulatory changes ›  • Recommendations for what to do next ›  Key takeaways: ›  • What refrigerants and equipment will be affected next, and how? ›  • What should I do for equipment in my facility now? ›  • What should I look for in new equipment? ›  • How long do I have to make any changes? ›  • What are the impacts for efficiency, cost and life of my HVAC

equipment?


APPENDIX - COMMON TERMS

47

˃  CFCs – Chloroflourocarbons are any of several simple gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine and fluorine, that were used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams. Common examples are R-11 and R-12, have not been used in new HVAC equipment in North America since the mid 1990s.

˃  HCFCs - Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, hydrogen, and at least one chlorine atom connected by single bonds between the atoms. HCFCs are ozone-depleting substances, generally with shorter atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs and lower ozone depletion potentials (ODP). HCFCs are subject to phase-out by the Montreal Protocol and specific legislation in the US. Common examples are R-22 and R-123.

˃  HFCs – Hydrofluorocarbons are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen and connected by single bonds between the atoms. Hydrofluorocarbons are non-ozone-depleting substances and are considered long term replacements for CFCs and HCFCs. Recent concerns around global climate change are focusing more attention on the global warming potential (GWP) of these refrigerants. HFC examples are R-134a and R-410A.

˃  HFOs - Hydrofluoro olefins are those chemicals that are composed of fluorine and carbon and have at least one double bond connecting the atoms. Hydrofluoro olefins are non-ozone-depleting substances with relatively low GWP values.

˃  ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential is a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11. Thus, the ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that range from 0.01 to 1.0. HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine.

˃  GWP - Global Warming Potential is a number that refers to the amount of global warming caused by a substance. The GWP is the ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. Thus, the GWP of CO2 is defined to be 1.0. CFC-12 has a GWP of 8,500, while CFC-11 has a GWP of 5,000. Various HCFCs and HFCs have GWPs ranging from 93 to 12,100. Water, a substitute in numerous end-uses, has a GWP of 0.

˃  Montreal Protocol - The international treaty governing the protection of stratospheric ozone. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments control the phase out of ODS (ozone depleting substances) production and use. Under the Montreal Protocol, several international organizations report on the science of ozone depletion, implement projects to help move away from ODS, and provide a forum for policy discussions. In addition, the Multilateral Fund provides resources to developing nations to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies. The full text of the Montreal Protocol is available from the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).

˃  SNAP ‐ The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone‐depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In Section 612(c) of the Clean Air Act, the Agency is authorized to identify and publish lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for class I or class II ozone‐depleting substances. The purpose of the program is to allow a safe, smooth transition away from ozone‐depleting compounds by identifying substitutes that offer lower overall risks to human health and the environment.


APPENDIX - MORE DETAILS ON GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) ›  GWP is a measure of the relative impact a refrigerant has on global warming when compared to CO2.

›  All greenhouse gases are assigned a GWP value. This value is used to compare the abilities of different greenhouse gases to trap heat in the atmosphere. GWPs are based on the heat-absorbing ability of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years).

›  GWPs can also be used to define the impact greenhouse gases will have on global warming over different time periods or time horizons. These are usually 20 years, 100 years and 500 years. For most greenhouse gases, the GWP declines as the time horizon increases. This is because the greenhouse gas is gradually removed from the atmosphere through natural removal mechanisms, and its influence on the greenhouse effect declines. Some of the CFCs however, have long atmospheric lifetimes, and the 100-year GWP may be greater than the 20 year GWP.

›  By assigning a GWP value it allows policy makers to compare the impacts of emissions and reductions of different gases. For instance, methane is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect and has a GWP of 21. This means methane is approximately 21 times more heat-absorptive than carbon dioxide per unit of weight.

›  As climate science progresses, GWP values have been revised over time for many fluids, including the CO2 basis value. Numbers are often cited without specifying a source. The most current values are based on AR5 using the 100 year horizon. (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014)


KIGALI AND GWP PHASE DOWN

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/2015_benefits_of_addressing_hfcs_under_the_montreal_protocol_-_final_clean.pdf


REFRIGERANT SUMMARY – R410A ALTERNATIVES

(Datasource:ORNL/TM-2015/536;Alterna6veRefrigerantEvalua6onforHigh-Ambient-TemperatureEnvironments:R-22andR-410AAlterna6vesforMini-SplitAirCondi6oners)

R452B


WHERE ARE HFCS USED?

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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036

nA5ProposalUSGWPEstimatedReductions

SmallDomesticandLightRefrigeration SmallCharge Foam CommercialAC

MAC Other CommercialRefrig SmallDomesticandLightAC

ReclaimfornA5Proposal A2counter

Recclaim needed

2015SmallDomesticandLightRefrigeration 4%SmallCharge 1%Foam 14%CommercialAC 4%MAC 14%Other 7%CommercialRefrig 24%SmallDomesticandLightAC 32%

Foam

MAC

Documents

EFRIGERANTS – WHERE ARE WE HEADED IN ORTH MERICA · – R22 is already out in North America ... [Data source: AHRI Low-GWP AREP Report 007, 2012] R450A R513A Decreased Efficiency-