During the early part of World War II a brigade of French soldiers were trapped by a superior force...

During the early part of World War II a brigade of French soldiers were trapped by a superior force of German force and unable to escape. The French were without adequate food and virtually out of water for several hot September days.

When they finally escaped the encirclement, the soldiers retreated. They came across a farm with many bee hives and quickly removed the combs and ate large amounts of honey.

All but one perished within several hours. WHY??? (They did not die from enemy fire or bee stings.)

Organic Chemistry

Carbon• Living things are mostly made

of very few elements

• C H O N P S

• Carbon is the most useful

• Plants take in carbon from CO2 .

• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

• Vitalism vs. mechanism.

Carbon

Remember Miller?

Isomers• Structural

• Geometric

• Enantiomers

Isomers• Structural

vs.

• Geometric

• Enantiomers

Isomers• Structural

vs.

• Geometric

vs.

• Enantiomers

Isomers• Structural

vs.

• Geometric

vs.

• Enantiomers

vs.

Functional Groups• hydroxyl• carbonyl• carboxyl• amino• sulfhydryl• phosphate

-OH

>CO

-COOH

-NH2

-SH

-OPO32-

ATP• Adenosine triphosphate is the

primary energy source for the cell

℗-℗-℗-adenosine

ATP → ADP + energy.

Macromolecules• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates• Sugars (CH2O)

• Dehydration → polymers

• Storage polymers

• Structural polysaccharides .

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis:

CH2OH CH2OHCH2OH

CH2OH CH2OHCH2OH CH2OHCH2OH

starch

CH2OH

CH2OH CH2OH

CH2OH CH2OHCH2OH

cellulose

CH2OH

Lipids• Fats

• Fatty acid has hydroxyl group

• Triglycerides

• Saturated and unsaturated

• Phospholipids

• Steroids.

fatty acid

fatty acid

glycerol

dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

triglycerid

e

saturated

unsaturated

saturated

ph

osp

ho

lipid

OH

cholesterol

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

testosterone

CH3

CH3

OH

OH

estradiol

CH3

OH

Concept Check Questions

Concept Check Questions

Draw a structural formula for C2H4.

Concept Check Questions

What is the chemical similarity between gasoline and fat?

Concept Check Questions

What does the term “amino acid” signify

about the structure of such a molecule?

Concept Check Questions

How many molecules of water are needed to

completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?

Concept Check Questions

After you eat a slice of apple, which reactions must occur

for the amino acid monomers in the protein of the apple to be converted into proteins in

your body?

Concept Check Questions

A dehydration reaction joins two glucose

molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is

C6H12O6. what is the formula for maltose?

Concept Check Questions

Compare and contrast starch and cellulose.

Concept Check Questions

Compare the structure of a fat with that of a

phospholipid.

Concept Check Questions

How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats, both in structure

and behavior?

.