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Does biofuels can be Does biofuels can be commodities?commodities?
Marcia Real, D.Sc.Fluminense Federal University
WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
• Transport and energy current situation;
• Evolution of transport energy demand;
• Technologies for road transport;
• New fuels and technologies for road vehicles;
• Main barriers for biofuels;
• Points to consider
WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013
Organizing ours thoughtsOrganizing ours thoughts
• Speed: 100.000 km/h
• Fuel: Solar Energy
• Autonomy: Non-Stop to refuel
• Maintenance: Absorption of solar energy and recycling of matter
• Surface area: 70% Water and 10% desertsWBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013
The earth is blue and must be green The earth is blue and must be green also!!also!!
Word Energy Outlook- 2050, EC - 2006
Were are we Were are we and where are and where are we going?we going?
• Population in 2050 = 9 bi
+> 30% > than 2010
• Energy demand will double by 2050
Population
Energy demand
Lets take a look at Lets take a look at
energy sources and their consumptionenergy sources and their consumption• 2002: ~9.6 billion tonnes of oil equivalent
• 2012: ~12,5 billion tonnes of oil equivalent+ 30%
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013
Free of fossil
carbon
11,2%11,2%
Biofuels=
1,9%
Biofuels=
1,9%
WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013
Source: World Energy Outlook, IEA, 2012
Lets take a look at oil Lets take a look at oil consumption consumption by sectorsby sectors
• Every day transport is even more dependent on oil
Source: Pathways to a Clean Energy, IEA, 2012Road transportation:
More than 75% of total oil
Lets take a look at Lets take a look at oil consumption by transport oil consumption by transport
modemode
Our reality:Our reality:World Car Fleet in 2010: 1,015,261 vehicles
"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31, July 2012"
WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013
Low rate
By 2050, the total stock of light duty passenger
vehicles could triple, and reach 2.2 to 2.7 billion.
The International Energy Agency estimates that it
would be difficult to supply the volume of liquid fuels
required by this forecast. It also warn about the
danger for the climate stability to allow the
corresponding CO2 emissions: on a “well to wheel”
basis, the total fleet.
What can we expect for the What can we expect for the future?future?
3 Possible futures3 Possible futures
2DSA sustainable energy
system to reduce Greenhouse Gas
(GHG)
The Scenario of 2° C
4DSreflects countries'
commitments to reduce their emissions and
increase energy efficiency
The Scenario of 4°C
6DSWhere the world is
going, with potentially devastating results.
The Scenario of 6°C
Global Warming: Global Warming: We need to stabilize global We need to stabilize global
temperaturetemperature
Source: IPCC, 2012
Back to the transport.. Back to the transport..
By 2050 the CO2 levels will be the same than By 2050 the CO2 levels will be the same than
in in 20002000
We cannot keep moving the same We cannot keep moving the same wayway
1. Improving vehicles efficiency:
• More efficient vehicles / lighter=> ICE (Internal Combustion Engine);
2. Changing fuels and propulsion:
Fuels: Renewable Electricity/ H2, Biofuels
Propulsion:
Hybrid vehicles=> ICE + Electric Motor;
Electric Motors =>Renewable energy supply
Low carbon fuels
We need to change:We need to change:
Key technologies and practicesto reduce GHG emissions from Road
Vehicles
Mola da válvulaVálvula deadmissão
Vela de ignição
Válvula deEscapamento
Água para refrigeração
Bloco domotor
Biela
Braço de manivela
Admissão da
mistura
Eixo demanivelas
Mistura Comprimida
Corrente elétrica
A misturaé queimada
Os gases de escapamento saem
(a)Admissão
(b)Compressão
(c)Explosão
(d)Escapamento
Mola da válvulaVálvula deadmissão
Vela de ignição
Válvula deEscapamento
Água para refrigeração
Bloco domotor
Biela
Braço de manivela
Admissão da
mistura
Eixo demanivelas
Mistura Comprimida
Corrente elétrica
A misturaé queimada
Os gases de escapamento saem
(a)Admissão
(b)Compressão
(c)Explosão
(d)Escapamento
MOTOR OTTO
(spark ignition)
Válvula de entrada
Pistão
Ar
Injetor de combustível
combustível
Mistura ar-combustível
Válvula de saída
Gases de escape
(a)Indução
(b)Compressão
(c)Combustão
(d)Escapamento
Válvula de entrada
Pistão
Ar
Injetor de combustível
combustível
Mistura ar-combustível
Válvula de saída
Gases de escape
(a)Indução
(b)Compressão
(c)Combustão
(d)Escapamento
MOTOR DIESEL
(compression ignition)
Propulsion technology prevalent in Propulsion technology prevalent in today's vehiclestoday's vehicles
They are working to improve fuel They are working to improve fuel efficiencyefficiency
IEA, 2012, Tapping technology’s potential to secure a clean energy future
IEA Scenarium for Car IEA Scenarium for Car Sales and Sales and clean energy clean energy
futurefuture
/ICE
/ICE
/ICE
Biofuels can be usedin all these propulsion technologies
Electric motor
Sources of Automotive FuelsSources of Automotive Fuels
Automotive FuelsGasolineDieselGLPGNV
DMEMethanolEthanolBiodieselHydrogen
Electricity
Biomass
Other (Wind solar ,
geothermal, Hydro)
Renewable
Non-Renewable
`
Oil
Natural gas
Coal,Oil shale, Tar Sands.
Uranium
Synthetic Diesel
• Diesel Oil - Fuel traditionally extracted oil. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (CxHy) with
appropriate chemical and physical characteristics to diesel engines;
• Synthetic Diesel - Mix of Hydrocarbons (Cx Hy) produced from organic raw materials,
renewable (biomass) or not (natural gas or coal) with physicochemical characteristics similar
to diesel.
• Biodiesel - is a mixture of esters of long chain carboxylic acids produced from the trans
esterification or esterification of materials greases, fats of vegetable or animal origin, or other
renewable raw materials;
• Ethanol - also called ethyl alcohol (CH3 CH2 OH) is an organic substance that can be produced from many ways: (a) fermentation of carbohydrate, (b) hydration of ethane or (c) reducing the acetaldehyde. Regardless of the production process the final product is the same...
• So what is BIOETANOL???
Nomenclature of Biofuels
Starchy
vegetables
Animal fats
Oilseeds
FatsFatsDiesel
(CxHy)
Processing /
extraction
Vegetal
oils
Vegetal
oils
esterification /transesterification
Biodiesel (esters)
hydrolysis Sugars Sugars fermentation EthanolEthanol
Plant
saccharidesGrinding /
Extraction
Hydrotreating /
Refining
AlgaeAlgae
Traditional Processes for Biofuels Traditional Processes for Biofuels ProductionProduction
Biofuels production by regionBiofuels production by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalentMillion tonnes oil equivalent
Source: BP, 2013
• Raw materials compete with food;
• Requires arable land for production inputs;
• Promotes or Induces Deforestation;
• Needs a lot of water for crop;
• Tendency to monoculture=> bad for biodiversity;
• The supply chain of some biofuels emits more CO2 than
petroleum liquids.
The main criticism against biofuels The main criticism against biofuels made by traditional processesmade by traditional processes
Lignocellulosic materials OilOilPyrolysis
HydrothermLiquefaction
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Synthesis BTL
Diesel (CxHy)
Diesel (CxHy)
Diesel (CxHy)
Hydrotreating / Refining
AlgaeAlgae
Gasification
EthanolEthanol
Hydrogenation
FermentationSugars Sugars
Advanced Biofuel Production ProcessesAdvanced Biofuel Production Processes
– Use of residual biomass;
– Production does not compete for land with food;
– Possibility of use of degraded land;
– Compared to traditional fuels, biofuels have better
environmental and energetic benefits => higher yield of energy-
biomass / unit area;
– Capital cost of the facility is higher than traditional processes,
but lower cost MPs.
Advantages of Advanced BiofuelsAdvantages of Advanced Biofuels
Source: Second-generation biofuels: potential and perspectives, IEA, 2010
Global potential of bioenergy for 2050Global potential of bioenergy for 2050: : ((Highly variable)Highly variable)
Stage of Technologies Stage of Technologies
Development for the Production of Development for the Production of
BiofuelsBiofuels
Stage development of BiofuelsStage development of BiofuelsEuropean Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP)European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP)
Main Plants in EU
Main Plants in EU
Main Plants in U.S.
Main Plants in U.S.
Source:2011
• Indirect use of solar energy;
• Use of waste and recyclable materials;
• More balance in the carbon cycle (photosynthesis);
• Reduces emissions from fossil carbon;
• Reduces the risk of increase in average temperature of the planet;
• Need for economies of scale and investment in infrastructure for
new fuels and vehicles;
• Increases energy and climate security.
Points to consider Does biofuels can be
commodities? YES: Only if we produce advanced biofuels, because: YES: Only if we produce advanced biofuels, because:
Thank you!
marciarealambiente@gmail.com
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