Does biofuels can be Does biofuels can be commodities?commodities?

Marcia Real, D.Sc.Fluminense Federal University

WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

• Transport and energy current situation;

• Evolution of transport energy demand;

• Technologies for road transport;

• New fuels and technologies for road vehicles;

• Main barriers for biofuels;

• Points to consider

WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013

Organizing ours thoughtsOrganizing ours thoughts

• Speed: 100.000 km/h

• Fuel: Solar Energy

• Autonomy: Non-Stop to refuel

• Maintenance: Absorption of solar energy and recycling of matter

• Surface area: 70% Water and 10% desertsWBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013

The earth is blue and must be green The earth is blue and must be green also!!also!!

Word Energy Outlook- 2050, EC - 2006

Were are we Were are we and where are and where are we going?we going?

• Population in 2050 = 9 bi

+> 30% > than 2010

• Energy demand will double by 2050

Population

Energy demand

Lets take a look at Lets take a look at

energy sources and their consumptionenergy sources and their consumption• 2002: ~9.6 billion tonnes of oil equivalent

• 2012: ~12,5 billion tonnes of oil equivalent+ 30%

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013

Free of fossil

carbon

11,2%11,2%

Biofuels=

1,9%

Biofuels=

1,9%

WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013

Source: World Energy Outlook, IEA, 2012

Lets take a look at oil Lets take a look at oil consumption consumption by sectorsby sectors

• Every day transport is even more dependent on oil

Source: Pathways to a Clean Energy, IEA, 2012Road transportation:

More than 75% of total oil

Lets take a look at Lets take a look at oil consumption by transport oil consumption by transport

modemode

Our reality:Our reality:World Car Fleet in 2010: 1,015,261 vehicles

"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31, July 2012"

WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013

Low rate

By 2050, the total stock of light duty passenger

vehicles could triple, and reach 2.2 to 2.7 billion.

The International Energy Agency estimates that it

would be difficult to supply the volume of liquid fuels

required by this forecast. It also warn about the

danger for the climate stability to allow the

corresponding CO2 emissions: on a “well to wheel”

basis, the total fleet.

What can we expect for the What can we expect for the future?future?

3 Possible futures3 Possible futures

2DSA sustainable energy

system to reduce Greenhouse Gas

(GHG)

The Scenario of 2° C

4DSreflects countries'

commitments to reduce their emissions and

increase energy efficiency

The Scenario of 4°C

6DSWhere the world is

going, with potentially devastating results.

The Scenario of 6°C

Global Warming: Global Warming: We need to stabilize global We need to stabilize global

temperaturetemperature

Source: IPCC, 2012

Back to the transport.. Back to the transport..

By 2050 the CO2 levels will be the same than By 2050 the CO2 levels will be the same than

in in 20002000

We cannot keep moving the same We cannot keep moving the same wayway

1. Improving vehicles efficiency:

• More efficient vehicles / lighter=> ICE (Internal Combustion Engine);

2. Changing fuels and propulsion:

Fuels:  Renewable Electricity/ H2, Biofuels

Propulsion:

Hybrid vehicles=> ICE + Electric Motor;

Electric Motors =>Renewable energy supply

Low carbon fuels

We need to change:We need to change:

Key technologies and practicesto reduce GHG emissions from Road

Vehicles

Mola da válvulaVálvula deadmissão

Vela de ignição

Válvula deEscapamento

Água para refrigeração

Bloco domotor

Biela

Braço de manivela

Admissão da

mistura

Eixo demanivelas

Mistura Comprimida

Corrente elétrica

A misturaé queimada

Os gases de escapamento saem

(a)Admissão

(b)Compressão

(c)Explosão

(d)Escapamento

Mola da válvulaVálvula deadmissão

Vela de ignição

Válvula deEscapamento

Água para refrigeração

Bloco domotor

Biela

Braço de manivela

Admissão da

mistura

Eixo demanivelas

Mistura Comprimida

Corrente elétrica

A misturaé queimada

Os gases de escapamento saem

(a)Admissão

(b)Compressão

(c)Explosão

(d)Escapamento

MOTOR OTTO

(spark ignition)

Válvula de entrada

Pistão

Ar

Injetor de combustível

combustível

Mistura ar-combustível

Válvula de saída

Gases de escape

(a)Indução

(b)Compressão

(c)Combustão

(d)Escapamento

Válvula de entrada

Pistão

Ar

Injetor de combustível

combustível

Mistura ar-combustível

Válvula de saída

Gases de escape

(a)Indução

(b)Compressão

(c)Combustão

(d)Escapamento

MOTOR DIESEL

(compression ignition)

Propulsion technology prevalent in Propulsion technology prevalent in today's vehiclestoday's vehicles

They are working to improve fuel They are working to improve fuel efficiencyefficiency

IEA, 2012, Tapping technology’s potential to secure a clean energy future

IEA Scenarium for Car IEA Scenarium for Car Sales and Sales and clean energy clean energy

futurefuture

/ICE

/ICE

/ICE

Biofuels can be usedin all these propulsion technologies

Electric motor

Sources of Automotive FuelsSources of Automotive Fuels

Automotive FuelsGasolineDieselGLPGNV

DMEMethanolEthanolBiodieselHydrogen

Electricity

Biomass

Other (Wind solar ,

geothermal, Hydro)

Renewable

Non-Renewable

`

Oil

Natural gas

Coal,Oil shale, Tar Sands.

Uranium

Synthetic Diesel

• Diesel Oil - Fuel traditionally extracted oil. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (CxHy) with

appropriate chemical and physical characteristics to diesel engines;

• Synthetic Diesel - Mix of Hydrocarbons (Cx Hy) produced from organic raw materials,

renewable (biomass) or not (natural gas or coal) with physicochemical characteristics similar

to diesel.

• Biodiesel - is a mixture of esters of long chain carboxylic acids produced from the trans

esterification or esterification of materials greases, fats of vegetable or animal origin, or other

renewable raw materials;

• Ethanol - also called ethyl alcohol (CH3 CH2 OH) is an organic substance that can be produced from many ways: (a) fermentation of carbohydrate, (b) hydration of ethane or (c) reducing the acetaldehyde. Regardless of the production process the final product is the same...

• So what is BIOETANOL???

Nomenclature of Biofuels

Starchy

vegetables

Animal fats

Oilseeds

FatsFatsDiesel

(CxHy)

Processing /

extraction

Vegetal

oils

Vegetal

oils

esterification /transesterification

Biodiesel (esters)

hydrolysis Sugars Sugars fermentation EthanolEthanol

Plant

saccharidesGrinding /

Extraction

Hydrotreating /

Refining

AlgaeAlgae

Traditional Processes for Biofuels Traditional Processes for Biofuels ProductionProduction

Biofuels production by regionBiofuels production by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalentMillion tonnes oil equivalent

Source: BP, 2013

• Raw materials compete with food;

• Requires arable land for production inputs;

• Promotes or Induces Deforestation;

• Needs a lot of water for crop;

• Tendency to monoculture=> bad for biodiversity;

• The supply chain of some biofuels emits more CO2 than

petroleum liquids.

The main criticism against biofuels The main criticism against biofuels made by traditional processesmade by traditional processes

Lignocellulosic materials OilOilPyrolysis

HydrothermLiquefaction

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Synthesis BTL

Diesel (CxHy)

Diesel (CxHy)

Diesel (CxHy)

Hydrotreating / Refining

AlgaeAlgae

Gasification

EthanolEthanol

Hydrogenation

FermentationSugars Sugars

Advanced Biofuel Production ProcessesAdvanced Biofuel Production Processes

– Use of residual biomass;

– Production does not compete for land with food;

– Possibility of use of degraded land;

– Compared to traditional fuels, biofuels have better

environmental and energetic benefits => higher yield of energy-

biomass / unit area;

– Capital cost of the facility is higher than traditional processes,

but lower cost MPs.

Advantages of Advanced BiofuelsAdvantages of Advanced Biofuels

Source: Second-generation biofuels: potential and perspectives, IEA, 2010

Global potential of bioenergy for 2050Global potential of bioenergy for 2050: : ((Highly variable)Highly variable)

Stage of Technologies Stage of Technologies

Development for the Production of Development for the Production of

BiofuelsBiofuels

Stage development of BiofuelsStage development of BiofuelsEuropean Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP)European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP)

Main Plants in EU

Main Plants in EU

Main Plants in U.S.

Main Plants in U.S.

Source:2011

• Indirect use of solar energy;

• Use of waste and recyclable materials;

• More balance in the carbon cycle (photosynthesis);

• Reduces emissions from fossil carbon;

• Reduces the risk of increase in average temperature of the planet;

• Need for economies of scale and investment in infrastructure for

new fuels and vehicles;

• Increases energy and climate security.

Points to consider Does biofuels can be

commodities? YES: Only if we produce advanced biofuels, because: YES: Only if we produce advanced biofuels, because:

Thank you!

marciarealambiente@gmail.com