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Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication
DNA polymerase
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Sugar used to make DNA
dexoyribose
Process of making a DNA copy
replication
Nitrogen base with 1 ring such ascytosine and thymine
pyrimidine
Organism whose cells have a nucleus
eukaryote
Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA
transcription
Three sequential nucleotides in anmRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid
codon
Organism without a nucleusprokaryote
Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine
Purine
Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases
Base pairing
Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another
transformation
Series of genes that controls development and differentiation inthe developing embryo
Hox genes
Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells
chromatin
Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
Tightly packed DNA and proteins thatare “scrunched up” into rod-shapedbundles in dividing cells
chromosomes
Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
exon
Process of making proteins from an RNA message
Translation (protein synthesis)
Type of RNA that carries DNA codefrom the nucleus out to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
Region of DNA where RNA polymerasebinds to start transcription
promoter
Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin
histone
Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together
Hydrogen bonds
Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones
nucleosome
Type of RNA that matches itsanticodon and attaches the correctamino acid to the growing proteinchain during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Structures found in the cytoplasmmade of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Sugar found in RNA molecules
ribose
Group of genes in a prokaryote thatoperate together
operon
Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off
operator
Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
Protein that binds to the operator siteand stops RNA polymerase frombinding and transcribing a gene
repressor
Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions
differentiation
Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophage
Another name for a protein chain
polypeptide
Macromolecule made by joining aminoacid subunits together
protein
Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps positionRNA polymerase
TATA box
Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which is cut out
of the m-RNA molecule before it is read
by the ribosomes
intron
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
GENE MUTATIONS
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
Change in one or just a few nucleotide in the code
Deletion or insertion that causes the remaining nucleotides to be regrouped & read incorrectly
Point mutation
Frameshift mutation
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
One nucleotide in code is replaced by another
Complete set of chromosomes fails to separate resulting in 3N or 4N organisms
substitution
polyploidy
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
Piece of DNA is broken off and lost
Piece of DNA breaks off and reattaches to another
deletion
translocation
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
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